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Wednesday, December 23, 2020

Why don't we ever sneeze while sleeping?

Why don't we ever sneeze while sleeping?


Why don't we ever sneeze while sleeping?

Posted: 22 Dec 2020 06:29 PM PST

Coronavirus Vaccine and Autoimmunity? Can the new vaccine cause autoimmune disease?

Posted: 23 Dec 2020 05:00 AM PST

I read that the covid vaccine is probably safe in people with autoimmune disease, but also that there is a chance for the vaccine to active your immune system and possibly cause autoimmunity. How have the studies shown so far that it does, or doesn't do this?

submitted by /u/MotorcycleDood
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If a vaccine causes a stronger immune response, why does it not increase the risk of cytokine storms?

Posted: 23 Dec 2020 07:14 AM PST

Prompted by covid19, but the question is general enough to apply to other diseases.

Vaccines prevent diseases by preparing our immune systems, which decreases risk of disease. However, some diseases are most dangerous through an overreaction of the immune system called a cytokine storm. One would think that preparing the immune system would cause an increased risk of cytokine storms.

Clearly, this is not a large enough problem to not vaccinate people. How come?

submitted by /u/Magisidae
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 23 Dec 2020 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How long does it take our lungs to absorb the oxygen from a breath?

Posted: 22 Dec 2020 08:46 AM PST

To clarify: -when we breath we take atmospheric air (21% oxygen) in, and exhale air around 15-17% O2. -I know that the diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli saturates the red cells in the capillaries in less than 0.25 seconds (And that this is impacted by PO2 gradient, membrane thickness, surface area and capillary transit time) -I am also aware that due to the residual volume in our lungs mixing with the air we inhale the air in our lungs is actually always lower than 21% oxygen atmosphere

I just want to know how quickly the inhaled air loses its oxygen. Does it drop to 15% oxygen in a few seconds? Faster? How much of the 6% O2 drop happened in the first second?

Pretty much if I breathed in and then exhaled as fast as I could would the expelled air have more than 15-17% oxygen? Since it spent so little time in the lungs? What if I took a bigger breath?

It may seem like a weird aspect to focus on (how fast is the AIR is deoxygenated, as opposed to how fast is our blood oxygenates) but I'm thinking in terms of CPR rescue breaths. I've seen people argue that by breathing out fast you can give the patient almost 21% oxygen air. This got me wondering if that is true, or how quickly the inhaled air loses its oxygen.

submitted by /u/IronyDeficientAnemia
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Since at the end of the Krebs cycle Fat turns into CO2 and Water, are you less likely to be dehydrated in Ketosis?

Posted: 23 Dec 2020 07:11 AM PST

Do people who are tone-deaf actually hear the song differently than those who aren’t? and, therefore, sing the song as they hear it? If not, why is it so difficult for them to mimic notes in music?

Posted: 23 Dec 2020 06:50 AM PST

Can we predict volcanic eruptions? If so, how much time in advance can we predict the eruption?

Posted: 23 Dec 2020 05:48 AM PST

For example, Etna volcano is a popular attraction for hikers. How can they prevent to be caught unprepared by an eruption while hiking?

Are there any sort of measurements that they track, or do they just hope that it won't actually happen?

submitted by /u/stochastic_racoon403
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Will it make any difference if I got exposed with a small amount of covid compared to high amount?

Posted: 23 Dec 2020 07:14 AM PST

Do countries with more gendered language than English have a more progressive view of gender politics?

Posted: 23 Dec 2020 03:58 AM PST

It seems that a society more used to assigning gender independent of biological sex may have an easier time accepting that gender is a social construct? Would two countries which are similar on other progressive issues differ on gender issues due to linguistic differences on gender?

submitted by /u/ikkleste
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How do I estimate both bounds of a uniform distribution?

Posted: 22 Dec 2020 10:46 AM PST

As the German Tank Problem teaches us, you can estimate the upper bound b of a Uniform Distribution on (0, b) from N samples by simply taking the maximum observed value M. But that's a biased estimator, and an unbiased estimator would be b = M * (N+1)/N.

That's all well and good when we know that the lower bound of the distribution is fixed at 0. But what happens when that's also a parameter that we wish to estimate? I.e., we have a Uniform Distrbution (a, b), and we wish to estimate both a and b based on N samples.

I'm assuming that the biased estimators are the min and max samples, respectively. But how does the bias correction work? Does it get cut in half, doubled, neither? Is there an implicit length parameter (i.e. b-a) which vanishes when a=0 but now needs to re-appear? I tried searching, but everything I can find goes back to the German Tank problem where the lower bound is fixed at 0.

submitted by /u/throwaway_lmkg
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What prevents all dense stars from collapsing into black holes?

Posted: 22 Dec 2020 05:54 PM PST

I'm just starting to try and learn more about astronomy and physics, and black holes are super interesting to me. From my understanding, it seems that stars with large enough mass collapse under their own gravity when they die out as there isn't enough energy to keep it stable, and as the mass crunches together from its own gravity it becomes ever more dense and thus, creating ever stronger gravity bringing it more mass until it results in a singularity.

If I am not fundamentally misunderstanding this (which I probably am), why doesn't every large star just collapse into a black hole? If gravity brings all of its mass down into the center, thus making it more dense and thus having a stronger gravity to bring in even more mass, wouldn't anything with a sufficient enough starting mass collapse into singularity?

submitted by /u/xCosmicChaosx
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Does applying pressure on a small wound (paper cut) help it heal faster?

Posted: 22 Dec 2020 05:02 PM PST

One one hand I think it condenses the cells for faster travel of white blood cells and those clotting proteins, helps seal the affected area, but on the other hand it restricts blood flow. If there is a significant difference between applying pressure and not, is there a combination of both (for example, 2 minute pressure and 3 minute release) that optimizes wound regeneration?

submitted by /u/Duke8x
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What is the Blue Ocean event?

Posted: 22 Dec 2020 04:43 PM PST

I can't find any reputable sources on the blue ocean event, or if it's even a legit scientific theory. I know it has to do with no more North Pole ice in the summer, and that many think it will occur by 2022 and cause world ending feedback loops. If it's occurring in 2 years, why do scientists act like we still have a chance of surviving as a species? I apologize if this question is not phrased in a scientific manner, I've never posted on this sub before. Thanks.

submitted by /u/MaryJaneCrunch
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