AskScience AMA Series: We're Cheryl Bowman, Deputy Branch Chief for High Temperature and Smart Alloys, and Sean Clarke, Principal Investigator, X-57 Maxwell Experimental Aircraft. We are part of the NASA team that is developing new technology for Electrified Aircraft. Ask us anything. | AskScience Blog

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Thursday, December 17, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We're Cheryl Bowman, Deputy Branch Chief for High Temperature and Smart Alloys, and Sean Clarke, Principal Investigator, X-57 Maxwell Experimental Aircraft. We are part of the NASA team that is developing new technology for Electrified Aircraft. Ask us anything.

AskScience AMA Series: We're Cheryl Bowman, Deputy Branch Chief for High Temperature and Smart Alloys, and Sean Clarke, Principal Investigator, X-57 Maxwell Experimental Aircraft. We are part of the NASA team that is developing new technology for Electrified Aircraft. Ask us anything.


AskScience AMA Series: We're Cheryl Bowman, Deputy Branch Chief for High Temperature and Smart Alloys, and Sean Clarke, Principal Investigator, X-57 Maxwell Experimental Aircraft. We are part of the NASA team that is developing new technology for Electrified Aircraft. Ask us anything.

Posted: 17 Dec 2020 04:00 AM PST

Join us today at 2 p.m. ET (19 UT) to ask anything about NASA's recent technology developments for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion - the use of propulsors (propellers or fans) driven by electric motors to propel or help propel aircraft ranging from air taxis to subsonic transports. From developing technology to aircraft concepts to flight testing, we're working toward a new generation of aircraft with a lower carbon footprint.

  • We built and tested a lithium-ion battery pack that uses Space Station technologies to improve safety and reliability - already being used in other experimental aircraft!
  • We've doubled the temperature capability of soft magnetics for flight electronics.
  • We will soon be flight testing the all-electric X-57 Maxwell Experimental Aircraft in a 2-motor, 150 kW mode followed by a 14-motor, 300 kW flight test on a high-performance wing.
  • We are using what we learn on experimental aircraft and in laboratories to help write the design and test standards for electric propulsion system in future passenger aircraft.
  • We can't wait to answer your questions on how we're turning this idea from science fiction to reality.

Participants include:

  • Cheryl Bowman, Deputy Branch Chief for High Temperature and Smart Alloys
  • Sean Clarke, Principal Investigator, X-57 Maxwell Experimental Aircraft and Advanced Systems Development Engineer

Proof: https://twitter.com/NASAaero/status/1338884365632331779

Username: /u/nasa

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Does a photon travel more than 1 billion light years in 1 billion years due to the expansion of space?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 10:41 AM PST

Assuming we shoot a photon out into space, it would go 1 light year after 1 year, and 1 million light years after 1 million years.

Because after that the expansion of space is noticeable, would photon be farther than 1 billion light years after 1 billion years?

Does the expansion of space (Hubble flow) carry the photon forward?

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If regularly donating blood without being re-exposed to a particular pathogen, will circulating antibody levels decline over time?

Posted: 17 Dec 2020 07:06 AM PST

I'm not an immunologist so please forgive me if there are glaring errors.

My understanding as I remember it from many years ago is that when a previously encountered pathogen is detected by B-memory cells, they proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, which begin to produce antibodies until the pathogen is cleared. Whilst the B-memory cells will survive, the plasma cells and antibodies in the blood stream will decline over time until the pathogen is reintroduced and more are produced?

I ask this in relation to Covid as I had Covid-19 back in early March and was very sick. However I've just had a negative antibody test when trying to donate plasma. I've donated blood on at least 4 occasions since and have been very careful with distancing etc so would hope I have not come back into contact with any viral particles.

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Is it possible to change skin colour from constant tanning?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 06:38 PM PST

When I was a kid I had light skin. I tanned easily and always stayed in the sun without sunscreen. Fast forward to being near 20 I have a lot darker skin (brown) although its gotten lighter slowly since I stopped tanning. Is my dark skin a result of staying in the sun for my whole childhood or would it have happened regardless, and will it return to my natural colour, I've just been curious about this for a while.

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Does taking a vitamin D supplement stop natural vitamin D production?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 10:04 AM PST

If I would for example take 1000 IU of oral vitamin D every day, does my natural vitamin D production in the sun stop due to the supplement taking?

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Given that light travels faster in air than in water, and sound travels faster in water than air. Is there a theoretical (or real) substance where sound travels faster than light?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 08:59 PM PST

If so, what sort of properties does that substance have? Is it possible to be the density required while still being transparent? (Assuming my not transparent on the visible spectrum, but anywhere else?)

Would a sound wave travelling through it create 'photonic booms'

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Does NASA have a plan to save astronauts that are stranded on the ISS?

Posted: 17 Dec 2020 06:39 AM PST

Could NASA save astronauts, or are they just crossing their fingers and hoping that this situation won't happen.

submitted by /u/Puppy_Cat_Meowz2020
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What are the implications of a COVID positive, asymptomatic person donating blood?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 04:53 PM PST

My understanding is here in the US the Red Cross tests blood donations for COVID antibodies, but do not test the donee for COVID. Obviously, given the amount of asymptomatic COVID carriers I am sure that people who are actively positive have donated. What would this mean for recipients of this blood?

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How do I calculate the celestial coordinates of an object in the solar system at a given time from its ephemerides?

Posted: 17 Dec 2020 12:12 AM PST

More specifically, do I need to account for Earth's axial precession (Precession of the Equinox), and if so, how?

Not a homework question, although it sounds like one. Just something that came up in a discussion.

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How does our body know the spike protein made from the mRNA vaccines is foreign?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 07:27 PM PST

Just what the question says. How does the body know something made by our cells is foreign?

submitted by /u/roweira
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Can Human Beings become immune to the Corona Virus due to evolution?

Posted: 17 Dec 2020 04:22 AM PST

There are a number of diseases that no longer affect us, since we have undergone enough evolution to become immune to it. So, is it possible that the body (given enough time), can develope an immediate immunity even to a virus as deadly as the Corona virus in the future?

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Is there a uniquely "Human" protein, or a unique aspect of a Human protein that exists in humans and no other species?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 07:42 AM PST

Asking for a television script I'm writing.

Thank you!

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What makes fusion power so hard to keep self-sustaining?

Posted: 17 Dec 2020 03:24 AM PST

I've read up a bit on fusion power plants, and it seems to be some pretty end-game energy production. Though the most recent top efficiency I've seen is 67% energy return.

My question is, if it's capable of producing so much energy how come it takes more than it gives back?

Is it sustaining the reaction for long enough, or does more have to be generated at a time and it's an issue with containment?

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How is electron degeneracy pressure different from thermal/kinetic pressure?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 09:24 PM PST

How do space vehicles know how to orientate themselves? (Specifically unmanned spacecraft)

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 11:11 AM PST

Do they use a gyroscope system? Or the planets magnetic field?

(I got curious watching a Scott Manley video on YouTube, he talked about the pitch and yaw of the recent 'Astra' rocket launch and I realised I'd never questioned the method - hard to get a straight-forward answer out of google)

submitted by /u/Metaforeman
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How do the vaccine companies prove they have 94/95 percent effectiveness? How can they possibly test this, how do they know the people they injected in the clinical trials just weren't exposed to the disease yet?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 11:01 PM PST

Ex: how do they know whether the vaccine worked or whether the person's social distancing worked? How can they be sure it was the vaccine doing something?

Basically how they design their experiment to be able prove it was actually the vaccine?

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Is there evidence that suggests whether getting the primary vaccine and the booster shot in the same arm is better/worse/equivalent to getting them in opposite arms?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 12:29 PM PST

(Vaccines in general, rather than just the Covid vaccine...)

submitted by /u/scottsinct
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How are other common seasonal viruses transmitted?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 02:48 PM PST

So Covid is transmitted most by air droplets. What about the seasonal flu? Common cold? Stomach flu/Norovirus? Is everything air droplets or are some more apt to live on surfaces for longer?

submitted by /u/Meilikah
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How do COVID19 vaccinations complication rates compare to flu vaccinations complication rates?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 05:05 AM PST

From the FDA report, roughly twice as many people had fatigue/headaches compared to placebo, and 10 times as many had chills compared to placebo. When I get a flu shot I always feel pretty shitty and get chills the next day or two. I guess I was wondering, "If I already feel very shitty from a flu shot, how much better/worse is this going to be?"/"Will I be able to handle it?"

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Can a planet have an elliptical ring system and/or an "offset" orbital point?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 11:01 AM PST

I am wondering a few things:

  1. Can a planet have an elliptical ring system?
  2. Can the barycenter between a planet and its ring system be outside the planet's axis of rotation?
  3. Can a planet with high obliquity have a ring system? Assuming ~90° obliquity, where would the ring system be in relation to the planet's axis of rotation?

If multiple questions aren't allowed: I apologize and will be satisfied to just have the answer to one of my questions.

submitted by /u/mez1337
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