How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication?

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• How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication?
• What steps are in place to ensure the quality control of both Pfizer and moderna vaccines as they are being produced, stored, transported and distributed? Is this data available to the public?
• How do you mass produce vaccines in the huge quantities needed to fight Covid-19?
• Why are most moons tidally locked?
• How are the vaccine efficacy rates for Covid-19 reflective of the infection rates that will occur during the 'social normality' it hopes to acheive?
• If mRNA vaccine produced proteins are released from cytoplasm through exostosis, how does the immune system recognize them if they are inside the human plasma membrane?
• Generally speaking, how does the magnitude of an earthquake vary with distance?
• Is there any evidence humans lived with Neanderthals or other species?
• Will repeated exposure increase the efficacy or duration of an immunization?

How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication? Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:01 AM PST I've read in a number of articles that SARS-CoV-2 has a low mutation rate because corona viruses check their copied RNA for errors. I thought that viruses used the internal processes of the cells they invade to handle replication so what is "proof reading" the replication as before replication the virus has made no proteins of its own. submitted by /u/Richard210363 [link] [comments]

What steps are in place to ensure the quality control of both Pfizer and moderna vaccines as they are being produced, stored, transported and distributed? Is this data available to the public? Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:24 AM PST submitted by /u/Kate111991 [link] [comments]

How do you mass produce vaccines in the huge quantities needed to fight Covid-19? Posted: 30 Dec 2020 09:12 AM PST submitted by /u/NulloK [link] [comments]

Why are most moons tidally locked? Posted: 30 Dec 2020 08:03 AM PST With the exception of Pluto's smaller moons, all the moons in the Solar System are, to my knowledge, tidally locked with their respective planets. Why is this? Wikipedia says, Most major moons in the Solar System, the gravitationally rounded satellites, are tidally locked with their primaries, because they orbit very closely and tidal force increases rapidly (as a cubic function) with decreasing distance. But I don't honestly have any idea what any of this means. submitted by /u/Lindvaettr [link] [comments]

How are the vaccine efficacy rates for Covid-19 reflective of the infection rates that will occur during the 'social normality' it hopes to acheive? Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:34 PM PST Another vaccine question! So the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine was 70% effective in preventing symptomatic infections. This was calculated as 30 people of the 5807 people who received the two doses developed covid 19. I just can't wrap my head around how this is reliably calculated. The participants were not intentionally exposed to Covid-19, so the developers have no idea to what frequency the participants were exposed to the virus. It is more than likely that half or more of the participants have been careful and had limited social contacts. How can the health of those 5807 vaccinated people who have lived through intermittent lockdowns and decreased social contacts, compare to the massive increase of social mixing that will occur sometime in 2021, to create a reliable efficacy percentage? submitted by /u/leafchewer [link] [comments]

If mRNA vaccine produced proteins are released from cytoplasm through exostosis, how does the immune system recognize them if they are inside the human plasma membrane? Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:14 AM PST Doesn't the human plasma membrane express markers to evade humoral response? Is this a concern for triggering autoimmune disease? Traditional vaccines release proteins that aren't encased in plasma membrane. How do mRNA vaccines get past this issue? submitted by /u/AthensGA [link] [comments]

Generally speaking, how does the magnitude of an earthquake vary with distance? Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:44 PM PST For example, if the epicenter of a M9 earthquake is 100 km away, what would the felt magnitude be? Certainly there are a ton of variables here such as ground composition, but I'm curious about a general idea. submitted by /u/makhno [link] [comments]

Is there any evidence humans lived with Neanderthals or other species? Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:15 PM PST Since modern humans have Neanderthal DNA did any human settlements have multiple species living together do we have evidence such as bones? submitted by /u/fearbrady [link] [comments]

Will repeated exposure increase the efficacy or duration of an immunization? Posted: 30 Dec 2020 06:01 PM PST I haven't had luck finding this exact answer so forgive me if it has been asked: Many vaccines require boosters after the immunity starts to wane. However it seems that many of these are also diseases most people don't frequently encounter, for instance rabies or tetanus. It makes sense in these instances that immunity would wane over time as the body forgets the pathogens. However, with something like COVID-19, where the immunity is presumed to not be long-lasting (although longer than natural immunity,) while also being highly prevalent and contagious--is it feasible that repeat exposures during the window of immunity could extend or increase it? For instance, would frequent exposure increase efficacy past 95%? Extend the immunity past a year or more? I tried asking this earlier, but it appears to have not actually posted and I haven't been notified of it being hidden, so apologies if this is a duplicate. TIA! submitted by /u/Cleric2145 [link] [comments]

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