Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time? | AskScience Blog

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Monday, December 7, 2020

Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?

Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?


Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:02 AM PST

Take the BCG vaccine, as far as I'm concerned they inject you with M. bovis and it gives you something like 80% protection for life. That is my understanding at least. Or say Hepatitis B, 3 doses and then you're done.

But tetanus? Needs a boost every 5-10 years... why? Influenza I can dig because it mutates, but I don't get tetanus. Is it to do with the type of vaccine? Is it the immune response/antibodies that somehow have an expiry date? And some don't? Why are some antibodies short-lived like milk, and others are infinite like Twinkies?

submitted by /u/mrFabz
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What’s the deal with the Sputnik V vaccine? How effective is it and why is it so controversial?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 12:39 AM PST

Different countries are planning to use the vaccine, isn't it dangerous if it wasn't properly tested? How does it stack up with BionTech or Moderna for example?

Edit: was->wasn't

submitted by /u/Manuclaros
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What is the most genetically diverse species? Or I should would word it, “what species has the most phenotypic variability yet can still interbreed to be considered a ‘species’? “

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 09:23 PM PST

This is roughly phrased and rather generic parameters but you get what I mean...

submitted by /u/ALjaguarLink
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How do protons and electrons ACTUALLY merge into neutrons?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 12:14 PM PST

I assume there have to be intermediate steps, but it's not clear what those would be, and what byproducts there would be.

Does it amount to the proton being fully disassociated into its quarks, one electron and one up quark combine to form a down quark, and then the quarks reassociate into a neutron? This fits with charge conservation, e + u --> d, -1 + 2/3 = -1/3

What role do bosons play in this, are there any intermediate steps involving antiparticles, and are neutrinos and/or photons released? Are these byproducts part of the output of a neutron star?

submitted by /u/malenkylizards
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Why is light able to escape a huge star but not able to escape when the same star collapses on itself and becomes a black hole?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:31 AM PST

Hello reddit,

I would love to get a bit more understanding of why the size/density of mass is so crucial for formation of blackhole.

As I understand , If a single huge star has a Gravitational field of "A" . Then , even it becomes a black hole by collapsing on itself , the gravitational field would not be able to increase more than "A" . But the radius of star does decrease , having the more or less the same field.

Could someone explain this relation to me?

Appreciation in advance .

submitted by /u/hari2897
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What does it mean for a coordinate to be timelike?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 02:38 PM PST

In the wikipedia article about Schwarzschild black holes, it says : For r < rs the Schwarzschild radial coordinate r becomes timelike and the time coordinate t becomes spacelike.

What does it mean for a coordinate to be "timelike" ? Does it just mean that an object must move forwards in that coordinate?

submitted by /u/MilitaryModelSpotPi
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If somone gets the COVID-19 vaccine, would the PCR test come back positive in the weeks to follow?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 08:12 AM PST

Can a single mRNA molecule make more than one protein?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:47 AM PST

I don't mean more than one kind of protein, but I want to know the number of proteins (of the same kind) that can be made from one mrna molecule. I saw somewhere that many proteins can be made from a single mrna molecule so I'm a bit confused as to what it means.

submitted by /u/looneytoes
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What does "True" signify in taxonomy? ir "True Bugs; True Parrots; True Lizards, etc"

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 08:02 AM PST

Is the family of bugs "true bugs" more buggy than other bugs, are the True Lizards more lizardy? What do scientists/taxonomists mean when certain familys are called "true"

submitted by /u/seeasea
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Does sweating empty the bladder?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:08 PM PST

Let's say you have a full bladder, but you hold it. If you sweat a lot, will your bladder eventually empty? Can some or all of your urine go back into your body to hydrate you?

submitted by /u/ec6412
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Will an object sink faster in less dense/viscous fluids?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:20 PM PST

If you drop a substance with, let's say, a density of 10 g/ml in different fluids, will it sink at different speeds depending on the density or viscosity of the fluid? Like, will it sink fastest in air, then alcohol, then water, and lastly syrup? If so, does it have anything to do with the density or viscosity of the fluid?

submitted by /u/xspicypotatox
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How can the FDA effectively review annual influenza vaccines so quickly when an expedited process still took almost a year for this new vaccine?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:44 PM PST

I read recently that the CDC decides which influenza strains to vaccinate for by February of any given year, and by June these annual vaccines are approved. What makes this process so quick and effective?

submitted by /u/TheHumanRavioli
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How fast are stars traveling around the Milky Way?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 01:17 AM PST

I know we are traveling very quickly.But, I am wondering how quickly and if it is a constant speed for all stars?

submitted by /u/truckballs69
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Do microRNA's in food effect gene expression in humans?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:44 PM PST

Can a rapid temperature change cause an explosion?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 11:46 PM PST

I was writing a story and I thought of a character with the power to rapidly change his body temperature to a greater extent than normal humans can. I thought that this would give him the ability to create explosions of air. Is this assumption correct?

submitted by /u/RazAlKil
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What caused the planets to have elliptical orbits?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:51 PM PST

I don't mean why are they circling the sun on elliptical orbits right now.

I mean what mechanisms are at work during the formation of planets to not let the orbits be circular (or almost).

submitted by /u/CheesyLama
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What is the combined effect of jupiter and saturn being in a close orbital position on the orbit of earth and can this effect be measured in current weather or climate patterns?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 06:48 PM PST

and by extension are there climate models that are currently used that actually have as an input variable the position of these neighbour planets in the solar system?

submitted by /u/Enjoy____
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is there any scientific basis for genetics making you fat?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 05:06 PM PST

if you eat below your maintenance calories and somehow gain weight, you'd be producing mass from nothing. or you simply miscalculated your consumption, or maintenance calorie amount.

humans were mostly thin 100 years ago and humans live about 60-70ish years on average. so there is no way we evolved to be that efficient in 5-6 generations.

submitted by /u/Skeletore-full-power
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How would a scientist be able to tell if a sample of sand had microplastics in it?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 12:04 PM PST

Imagine a scientist who wants to take a sand sample because they suspect a beach is being filled with microplastic particulate. (manufactured sand.)

How can the scientist tell if something is a plastic particle made to look like sand? Is this something that's obvious under a microscope because of the structure of the particulate? Or would testing for something like this require gas chromatogarphy or something? How could a scientist tell if beach sand was actually fake plastic sand?

submitted by /u/Sexycornwitch
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If you smell something enough, is it possible for the smelly thing (let’s say a candle) to lose it’s smell?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 11:52 AM PST

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