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Thursday, December 31, 2020

How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication?

How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication?


How does SARS-CoV-2 proof read its RNA replication?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:01 AM PST

I've read in a number of articles that SARS-CoV-2 has a low mutation rate because corona viruses check their copied RNA for errors.

I thought that viruses used the internal processes of the cells they invade to handle replication so what is "proof reading" the replication as before replication the virus has made no proteins of its own.

submitted by /u/Richard210363
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What steps are in place to ensure the quality control of both Pfizer and moderna vaccines as they are being produced, stored, transported and distributed? Is this data available to the public?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:24 AM PST

How do you mass produce vaccines in the huge quantities needed to fight Covid-19?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 09:12 AM PST

Why are most moons tidally locked?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 08:03 AM PST

With the exception of Pluto's smaller moons, all the moons in the Solar System are, to my knowledge, tidally locked with their respective planets. Why is this?

Wikipedia says,

Most major moons in the Solar System, the gravitationally rounded satellites, are tidally locked with their primaries, because they orbit very closely and tidal force increases rapidly (as a cubic function) with decreasing distance.

But I don't honestly have any idea what any of this means.

submitted by /u/Lindvaettr
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How are the vaccine efficacy rates for Covid-19 reflective of the infection rates that will occur during the 'social normality' it hopes to acheive?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:34 PM PST

Another vaccine question! So the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine was 70% effective in preventing symptomatic infections. This was calculated as 30 people of the 5807 people who received the two doses developed covid 19.

I just can't wrap my head around how this is reliably calculated. The participants were not intentionally exposed to Covid-19, so the developers have no idea to what frequency the participants were exposed to the virus. It is more than likely that half or more of the participants have been careful and had limited social contacts.

How can the health of those 5807 vaccinated people who have lived through intermittent lockdowns and decreased social contacts, compare to the massive increase of social mixing that will occur sometime in 2021, to create a reliable efficacy percentage?

submitted by /u/leafchewer
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If mRNA vaccine produced proteins are released from cytoplasm through exostosis, how does the immune system recognize them if they are inside the human plasma membrane?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 05:14 AM PST

Doesn't the human plasma membrane express markers to evade humoral response? Is this a concern for triggering autoimmune disease? Traditional vaccines release proteins that aren't encased in plasma membrane. How do mRNA vaccines get past this issue?

submitted by /u/AthensGA
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Generally speaking, how does the magnitude of an earthquake vary with distance?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:44 PM PST

For example, if the epicenter of a M9 earthquake is 100 km away, what would the felt magnitude be? Certainly there are a ton of variables here such as ground composition, but I'm curious about a general idea.

submitted by /u/makhno
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Is there any evidence humans lived with Neanderthals or other species?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:15 PM PST

Since modern humans have Neanderthal DNA did any human settlements have multiple species living together do we have evidence such as bones?

submitted by /u/fearbrady
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Will repeated exposure increase the efficacy or duration of an immunization?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 06:01 PM PST

I haven't had luck finding this exact answer so forgive me if it has been asked:

Many vaccines require boosters after the immunity starts to wane. However it seems that many of these are also diseases most people don't frequently encounter, for instance rabies or tetanus. It makes sense in these instances that immunity would wane over time as the body forgets the pathogens.

However, with something like COVID-19, where the immunity is presumed to not be long-lasting (although longer than natural immunity,) while also being highly prevalent and contagious--is it feasible that repeat exposures during the window of immunity could extend or increase it?

For instance, would frequent exposure increase efficacy past 95%? Extend the immunity past a year or more?

I tried asking this earlier, but it appears to have not actually posted and I haven't been notified of it being hidden, so apologies if this is a duplicate.

TIA!

submitted by /u/Cleric2145
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Wednesday, December 30, 2020

Are antibodies resulting from an infection different from antibodies resulting from a vaccine?

Are antibodies resulting from an infection different from antibodies resulting from a vaccine?


Are antibodies resulting from an infection different from antibodies resulting from a vaccine?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 06:25 PM PST

Are they identical? Is one more effective than the other?

Thank you for your time.

submitted by /u/SatansSwingingDick
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Is teleportation actually a thing, or is it science fiction?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 02:16 AM PST

A friend of mine told me the other day that "they" (he didn't specify who "they" were) able to teleport "particles" (again, he did not specify what exactly) from the east coast of the US to the west coast of the US. I want to believe him but I haven't been able to find solid information on it that I can believe to be true. So my question is, has teleportation been achieved and or is it truly possible or is it more or less science fiction still?

submitted by /u/using-your-name
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How did we come to detect the new, more contagious variant of Covid-19 in the US (Colorado) ?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 05:27 AM PST

The patient in Colorado is a male in his 20'a who has NOT traveled out of the country recently. This implies he contracted the new strain somewhere domestically & that the virus made it's way here undetected.

How did we detect this new variant if the presentation is the same as normal Covid? How did anyone know to do genetic sequencing of that patient's virus?

submitted by /u/Prismane_62
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If you get the vaccine while having Covid, what happens with the virus?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 04:59 AM PST

Why can you still infect others with covid-19 after vaccination?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:14 AM PST

I always thought that after having had a vaccine and developed antibodies, your immune system is so efficient at getting rid of the virus that it can't be spread to others.

For example, if you had a successful chicken pox vaccine with formation of sufficient quantity of antibodies, you will no longer be contagious even when the virus enters your body. I thought that was the main reason why chicken pox is relatively rare now and how herd immunity works. Otherwise, chicken pox would be just as common, just milder.

Is that wrong? Are you still contagious after vaccinations in general, you just get much milder or no symptoms? Are you less contagious but still contagious? Does it depend on the concentration of antibodies at the time of encountering the virus? Or is being contagious after vaccination a covid specific phenomenon?

submitted by /u/vezzzag
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Earthquakes are devastating to human civilization; is it the same for nature?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:53 AM PST

Watching the recent videos of earthquakes in Croatia, and older footage of the Paloma earthquakes made me think of how anthropocentric this perspective is. When the world was covered in forests and an earthquake shook the land, what happened?

submitted by /u/NoTrickWick
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Why doesn't the orbital period of Saturn match what the math predicts?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 11:37 AM PST

The orbital period of two masses orbiting each other is supposed to be

2 * π * √(a^3 / (G * (M + m))) 

where a is the semimajor axis of the orbit and M and m are the masses of the two bodies. If I plug in the values for Saturn and the Sun (a = 1.43353 * 1012 m, M = 1.9885 * 1030 kg, m = 5.6834 * 1026, the result is

2×π×√((1.43353E12)^3÷(6.6743E-11×(1.9885E30+5.6834E26))) = 935,970,871 seconds, or 10,833 days 

This is several months away from the actual period, which is 10,759 days. Where is the error in my math? Or are there other factors not captured by Kepler's Third Law? I'm trying to write a virtual planetarium using the recent great conjunction as a test case, and I suspect this is a source of error.

submitted by /u/dpitch40
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Would vaccinating the entire US population with one dose first be of any benefit?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 06:23 AM PST

It seems that right now - and I could be wrong about this - the priority for the US is to get vulnerable populations such as health care workers, older people and people with preexisting conditions vaccinated with both doses of the vaccine before the rest of the general population gets one dose. This means that we can only use the vaccine on half as many people as we have doses. If we instead decide to prioritize vaccinating everyone with the one dose first, and then cycle back around to the ones who need it most for the second dose, would this give us any benefit? Do people build up any sort of significant immunity with just a single dose and could this start us on the path towards herd immunity? If so, how long does this immunity last? How long can we wait between the first and second dose of the vaccine? Could less vulnerable people need only one dose all together?

submitted by /u/sube7898
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How are skeletons dated, and is it accurate?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 01:39 AM PST

I've recently had my eyes opened to the fact the cult I'm in is not so right after all. If there are skeletons from humans dating back further than the bible, how does this not straight up disprove Adam and Eve being the first people on earth? How are skeletons dated, and is it accurate?

submitted by /u/Gingertiger94
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Are there any bacteria that are pathogenic to other species of bacteria?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 03:14 AM PST

Is there a way to calculate the amount of heat energy released during the oxidation of a certain amount of a certain substance?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 10:49 PM PST

When our immune system found an effective antibody during an infection, what signals it to produce more of it?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 04:41 AM PST

There are numerous instances in the animal kingdom of viviparous animals that (obviously) arose form oviparous ancestors. Are there any examples of the reverse, i.e. egg-laying animals whose evolutionary ancestors gave birth to live young?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:39 AM PST

Why can our body build lifelong immunity against some viruses, but not against all?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 04:08 AM PST

First things first, I don't even know if that statement above is fully accurate, I just asume it is because for example once you've had smallpox you're immune for life while other viruses need multiple vaccinations and for the coronavirus it's not clear yet how long the immunity lasts. There were cases of people being infected twice.

But why is it that our bodies are able to build immunity against certain viruses for a lifetime, while for others it can't?

Thanks for your time! :)

submitted by /u/marshumaro323
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Was gold easier to find in the past?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 12:12 AM PST

History tells us that ancient civilizations had hoards and hoards of gold, which seems odd considering their lack of modern mining capabilities. Was gold more easily found in the past? In the history of gold, there was surely some that was much more easily accessible, leaving only the increasingly less accessible to all future miners.

Is that right? Like gold could have just been lying around at some point. Don't know if I'm even making sense lmao.

submitted by /u/RealTartuffeTheSpry
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If a person is shedding the virus for 14 days after the symptoms have finished then why does the cdc recommend that they don’t need to quarantine, shouldn’t they be considered contagious?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 09:35 AM PST

Is this understanding of Hawking radiation correct and if so why does it lead to mass loss?

Posted: 30 Dec 2020 01:09 AM PST

This is the way I understand HR at the moment, can someone explain if this is correct or incorrect and if it's correct then I have a follow up question.

So in my understanding - all around us the vacuum energy produces virtual particle pairs of particles and antiparticles, let's say a pair of one electron and one positron. In ordinary spacetime the particle pair gets annihilated, however at the event horizon boundary at a quantum level, one of the particles falls in while the other particle escapes. So if an electron falls in a positron gets released, so instead of being a virtual particle it now becomes an actual particle. From a different perspective a black hole just emitted a positron and that's what Hawking radiation is. Is that right? If so I'm not understanding how this leads to mass loss. Doesn't the black just gain an electron? Didn't the universe just gain a positron? Isn't this just adding mass to both the universe and the balck hole? In any case it makes no sense to me so I probably got some part of it wrong, if anybody would be so kind as to correct this, thank you.

submitted by /u/VanillaSnake21
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What do the H and N mean in a virus, along with its associated numbers? What does it mean if they change?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 05:20 PM PST

I've always wondered what they mean; Is there a 'maximum' number the viruses can reach?

Do they apply to all viruses or just certain ones?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/SevernBill
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How are new Covid-19 strains detected?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 02:02 PM PST

With the new strain of Covid-19 now spreading, I'm wondering how is it detected?

Is there a variation in a Covid test that would indicate a slightly different strain? Are all Covid tests being monitored for a new strain?

Thanks in advanced!

submitted by /u/adam2squared
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This study appears to suggest asymptomatic people don't spread Covid. Does this mean we have approached this wrong?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 01:44 PM PST

Tuesday, December 29, 2020

How can a virus reside in a host,but not trigger symptoms?

How can a virus reside in a host,but not trigger symptoms?


How can a virus reside in a host,but not trigger symptoms?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 04:08 PM PST

We all are aware of asymptomatic spread of COVID, but what I'm trying to understand is how a virus can reside in a host, not trigger the normal symptoms , and ultimately still spread the virus.

Is the virus kept under control by the immune system? Is it hidden by the immune system and undetected? Is it hidden in other cells?

submitted by /u/eehoe
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How did the H2N2 virus pandemic of 1957 "kick out"/extinguish the H1N1 1918 flu virus that was still lingering until then?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 10:36 PM PST

The kick out was mentioned in this article https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-covid-19-pandemic-could-end1/

The [1918] H1N1 strain became endemic, an infectious disease that was constantly with us at less severe levels, circulating for another 40 years as a seasonal virus. It took another pandemic—H2N2 in 1957—to extinguish most of the 1918 strain. One flu virus kicked out another one, essentially, and scientists don't really know how. Human efforts to do the same have failed. "Nature can do it, we cannot," says virologist Florian Krammer of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.

submitted by /u/the6thReplicant
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Why does SiC have a larger band gap than most semiconductors?

Posted: 29 Dec 2020 06:39 AM PST

If a satellite is orbiting a body, will its orbit decay if there is no drag?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 06:02 PM PST

I have been pondering about this since i've been studying physics recently and after some lengthy google searches i have found that the answer is no, but why? If it has velocity and the only force being applied to it is gravity, then the net force is a vector pointing towards the body it is orbiting since velocity is not a force but a property of an object, and since the net force applied to the body is not 0 then its velocity cannot be constant, but supposedly the satellite does not decelerate only through gravity.

I believe that i am under a misconception somewhere; i am supposing that a force cannot subtract from the object's velocity since it is not opposite to its motion and instead changes its path without actually changing the speed, am i correct?

submitted by /u/Freeman_21
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If the immune system can mistake a harmless substance as an invader (ie. allergies), can it mistake a HARMFUL virus/bacteria as harmless? If not why?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 08:46 PM PST

Is it a given that all patients with COVID will have some degree of long-term damage?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 06:52 PM PST

Anybody have a research-supported opinion on this? Or any articles that you can share on this? Thank you

submitted by /u/throwawaygamgra
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How did Mars become red?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 12:14 PM PST

I know that the reason it appears red is a result of abundant iron oxides on its crust, but how did those oxides form? I do know a bit about chemistry and don't rust-red iron oxides require abundant oxygen to form. Otherwise, without exposure to oxygen, wouldn't the iron be more grey as it would be in a more reduced state?

Unless I'm mistaken, rust-colored deposits around the Earth are associated with the Great Oxidation Event, which occurred after life on Earth evolved photosynthesis, which produces oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen is a very highly reactive gas, and if I understand correctly, it only persists in our atmosphere because it is constantly being renewed by photosynthetic life.

So could the presence of more oxidized iron on Mars indicate that it once had oxygen in its atmosphere, and would that, in turn, be evidence to indicate life may once have existed on Mars?

submitted by /u/Brainless96
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Why sun light is important for human skin ?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 03:26 PM PST

Are viruses living things?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 01:22 PM PST

Over the years this is a question I have seen posed in different contexts, and answered in different ways. I thought it would be interesting to generate some discussion on the topic at the end of a year where virology is a little more front of mind for us all (though, to be clear, my question is not about the Coronavirus in particular).

Viruses reproduce, interact with their environments, and evolve, but they are not composed of cells nor do they (I believe) grow, adapt, or change over their lifetime. Perhaps this debate is more about the semantics of 'what counts as alive' more than anything else, but I think it is an interesting question for scientists nonetheless.

submitted by /u/TheSpeckledSir
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Are viruses that are more similar to ones in your immunological memory recognized sooner?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 10:25 AM PST

so for example if you have the memory of covid-19 and you encounter a strain with 5 changes or 500 changes, would you deal better with a 5 change one?

or does it only find and create a memory of that specific strain

submitted by /u/K1ng_K0ng
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What happens to excess energy generated by power plants?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 01:52 PM PST

I imagine the management of a power plant is partially predicting power consumption, but it can't be perfect. So normal, day to day operation, what happens when the power plant generates too much energy? The most extreme case I can think of is a power outage, but what about if every single power consuming device was shut off simultaneously. Does the electricity clog like a pipe or are there other side effects?

submitted by /u/bent_my_wookie
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Does an unpopped popcorn kernel provide the same nutritional value as the piece of popcorn it would make?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 12:55 AM PST

Why are Russian space station modules tapered?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 04:08 AM PST

It seems like from the very beginning with the Salyut station all the way to Zvezda and Zarya, Russian space station modules are almost always tapered while US and European modules like Columbus and Unity are plain old cylinders. Is there any particular reason for this?

submitted by /u/TuftedCat
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Would it be possible for the mRNA technology, used in COVID-19 vaccines, to fabricate other proteins ? If yes, could it help cope with protein-deficiency-related diseases such as Bloom syndrom, or even some hormones ?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 07:30 AM PST

Is DNA more likely to be damaged during transcription?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 07:24 AM PST

How does the mRNA in the Pfizer vaccine only target immune cells?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 09:20 AM PST

If I'm understanding it correctly, the mRNA is capsulated in a lipid and when it enters the body immune cells "eat it" with endocytosis and the mRNA gets translated into a spike protein. Does this only happen to immune cells or do "normal" cells read the mRNA and produce spike proteins?

submitted by /u/ChemicalBeyond
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How does Solubility Work?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 10:27 AM PST

I went to college for chemistry, walked away with an Associate's degree, but I honestly don't know how solubility works on a fundamental level. Is the material technically melting? Why is water miscible with Benzene but not Acetone? Water and acetone are polar, does that not mater? Why is Dioxane used to dissolve HCl and NaOH when Dioxane is aprotic?! DOES ANYONE EVEN KNOW CONCLUSIVELY WHAT HAPPENS DOWN THERE?!

submitted by /u/Nitrousoxide72
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How do cancer and its therapy affect severity and duration of a SARS-CoV-2 infection?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 10:23 AM PST

Hello there,

so, I lately saw some studies on the effect of COVID-19 on cancer patients, but I wondered, if cancer patients see more severe or longer infections. Especially in relation to the treatment, since some forms like chemotherapy or radiation therapy attack healthy cells as well and may affect the immune system. I tried to search for this online, but I was only able to find papers/studies/preprints for the effect of COVID-19 on cancer. I should note that I am an engineer and not a biologist or doctor, so I only have some basic knowledge of human biology and the imunesystem/cancer so I may have misunderstood something.

I am aware of the fact, that there are a lot of different types of cancer with even more symptoms and progressions. Also that there are different kinds of treatment with different goals. So while my general question holds, because of the complexity I would like to break it up in multiple, more in detail sub-questions:

  • Do cancer patients in general have longer/more severe COVID-19 infections and why/why not?
  • Are specific forms of cancer especially bad for a COVID-19 infection (I imagine lung cancer is pretty bad) and why/why not?
  • Are cancer patients longer infectious and why/why not?
  • How does the form of therapy alter the course of COVID-19 and why/why not?

Looking forward to your answers and maybe some new sources. Thank you!

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Monday, December 28, 2020

How can the sun keep on burning?

How can the sun keep on burning?


How can the sun keep on burning?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 05:01 AM PST

How can the sun keep on burning and why doesn't all the fuel in the sun make it explode in one big explosion? Is there any mechanism that regulate how much fuel that gets released like in a lighter?

submitted by /u/Vinceconvince
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How does covid vaccine (or any vaccine) work in people suffering from AIDS since the immune system itself is compromised?

Posted: 28 Dec 2020 01:36 AM PST

I'm curious about the medical details of it. If I know it right, HIV targets the immune system rendering it useless. Vaccines train the immune system by exposing it to the beaten-to-pulp version of the virus. How do vaccines train the immune system of AIDS patients if the system itself has been compromised?

submitted by /u/DamnBored1
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Can the same mutation of a virus evolve independently in separate geographic locations, or do they mutate based on the unique stimuli of their regions and hosts?

Posted: 27 Dec 2020 05:44 PM PST

For example, the new fast-spreading strain of COVID has been found in Ontario and BC in Canada, but originated in the UK. Could the same mutation have occurred independently in each region, or are the cases linked?

submitted by /u/mafternoonshyamalan
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Why do seeds of *so* many fruits/vegetables primarily consist of polyunsaturated omega-6 fats?

Posted: 27 Dec 2020 11:30 AM PST

Like, even grape seeds and watermelon seeds! (in addition to sunflower seeds)

I'd be fascinated to see if this is also true for orange seeds and avocado seeds...

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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How does a virus mutate?

Posted: 27 Dec 2020 01:06 PM PST

I'm just curious to know in light of recent events on how a virus mutates.

submitted by /u/Tower2003
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How robust are commonly used SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests against mutations in the primer binding regions?

Posted: 27 Dec 2020 10:34 AM PST

How likely is it that infected individuals test PCR negative due to mutations in the primer binding regions? Do all PCR tests use the same set of primers or are there different variants (if yes, based on which considerations)?

submitted by /u/FermatSim
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Speed at which a COVID virus particle can attach to and invade a cell after it is inhaled?

Posted: 27 Dec 2020 03:47 PM PST

I know it depends on various factors, but realistically if a COVID virus enters the nose what kind of speed could be expected for it to successfully attach to a cell and start invasion?

Seconds, minutes, hours?

submitted by /u/Marduk28
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Do birds have butts?

Posted: 26 Dec 2020 08:51 PM PST

My three year old was very concerned about this and I really don't know the answer. They have tails and they expel waste through a cloaca apparently, but do they have butts?

submitted by /u/HoodooSquad
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If our mathematics is "base 10", then why do we talk about "dozens" of things instead of "Tens"?

Posted: 27 Dec 2020 11:03 AM PST

Edit: Since the answers have stayed strictly in math, let's get to actual linguistics, why do we say "I ate dozens of apples that day" but not "I ate tens of apples that day" when we count base 10, not base 12?

submitted by /u/monkeynose
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Is the kinetic energy gained by the products of a nuclear fission reaction a consequence of Coulomb repulsion?

Posted: 27 Dec 2020 08:28 AM PST

I am wondering why this difference between nuclear fusion and fission exists. Fission is dominated by the kinetic energy increase of the products while fusion is dominated by radiation (correct me if that's wrong). So I thought that Coulomb repulsion between the products of a fission reaction (they are very close together immediately after fission) could explain it. But then again, the kinetic energy increase is covered by mass-energy-equivalence and this is a completely different concept than Coulomb repulsion. So this left me confused.

submitted by /u/neuromat0n
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Does the Earth/Moon system weigh less than the Earth and the Moon would on their own?

Posted: 27 Dec 2020 07:30 AM PST

I'm reading about particle physics here so I'm likely to have made mistakes on both the small and large scales, but here goes:

The energy in a system is distributed between movement energy and interaction energy. The negative interaction energy between a proton and an electron in a hydrogen atom is what keeps the whole thing stable. It would need energy to eject the electron. That negative interaction energy also means that the hydrogen atom has less mass than the sum of a lone proton and a lone electron.

By analogy, the moon is in our obit thanks to gravity and it would take loads of energy to eject it. Does that analogy stretch as far as negative interaction energy and the Moon/Earth system having less mass than they would by themselves?

What's the difference?

submitted by /u/tea-drinker
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Chemically, is cheese different after it's been melted?

Posted: 26 Dec 2020 08:10 PM PST