When the temperature of water goes down, does the surface tension increase? | AskScience Blog

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Wednesday, April 28, 2021

When the temperature of water goes down, does the surface tension increase?

When the temperature of water goes down, does the surface tension increase?


When the temperature of water goes down, does the surface tension increase?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 09:04 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We are genetics experts here to discuss how underrepresentation of some populations in research can impact medicine and health. Ask us anything!

Posted: 28 Apr 2021 07:01 AM PDT

Overall, humans are remarkably similar at the genomic level - two unrelated people share about 99.9% of their DNA sequences. However, the small percentage that does differ can hold important genetic clues about our traits and health. Important discoveries in human genetics and genomics often rely on comparing groups of people, for example people with a given disease compared to people without the disease. These studies utilize genomic data from individuals who have contributed their DNA for research purposes, most of which (approximately 80%) are individuals of European ancestry, yet 16% of the global population is made up of people of European ancestry. The failure to include some populations in genetic studies means researchers are likely missing discoveries that can benefit everyone, and results can have limited utility across different populations.

We're here to discuss the 2021 DNA Day Essay Contest question, which asked high school students around the world to address how population representation impacts genomic findings and whether inclusion of more diverse populations in genetic and genomic studies holds a potential to benefit future genetic research and improve human health.

Some groups who are working to improve population representation in genetic and genomic research include:

  • The Human Heredity and Health in Africa Initiative (H3Africa), which is collecting genetic samples from participants in 27 African countries, as well as funding African investigators working in African institutions.https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/
  • The Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Consortium, which will genotype approximately 50,000 individuals from non-European populations. https://www.pagestudy.org/
  • The All of Us Research Program, which plans to recruit one million American individuals - at least half of whom are of non-European ancestry - to learn more about how differences in lifestyle, environment, and genetics influence health and disease. https://www.joinallofus.org/

The American Society of Human Genetics is a partner in organizing today's AMA. For more information on human genetics and genomics, check out their Discover Genetics page: https://www.ashg.org/discover-genetics/. And, for more information on this year's Essay Contest question, check out this fact sheet: https://www.ashg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/DG_FactSheet_PopRepresentation_v5.pdf

Our group today includes:

  • Marina DiStefano, PhD (u/Marina_DiStefano) - I am an assistant professor and clinical molecular geneticist in the Geisinger Precision Health Program and an affiliate member at the Broad Institute. I lead the Broad-based ClinGen biocuration team and work with multiple Consortiums to develop and set standards for curation data available to the public.
  • Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui, PhD (u/cgonzagaj) - I am a geneticist working on rare, undiagnosed, and Mendelian diseases. I identify the molecular causes of genetic disorders to provide diagnoses and novel genes association. I am particularly interested in studying genomic variation in diverse and underrepresented populations to improve community and population precision health and reduce disparities.
  • Tiffany Oliver, PhD (u/Tiffany_Oliver) - I am an associate professor in the Department of Biology at Spelman College where I run a laboratory, teach upper-level genetics courses, and serve my professional community through several collaborative studies with government agencies including NIH and NSF. I have gained ample experience in providing scientific and technical advice to members of the scientific community and the general public.
  • Jessica Zhou (u/Jessica_Zhou_ASHG) - I am a PhD candidate in the Bioinformatics and Systems Biology program at the University of California San Diego. My research focuses on studying the molecular basis of substance use disorders. As a computational biologist, I work with computers to extract novel biological insight from experimental data.

We will be online throughout the day to answer your questions. Thanks for hosting us, reddit, and AUA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What are the ways to measure very high level of radiation?

Posted: 28 Apr 2021 07:28 AM PDT

What are the ways that very high levels (Chernobyl, 20,000+ r/Hr) are measured? Is it a matter of Geiger counter being able to sample at a very high frequency or there is some other type of sensors that are being used for those kind of levels?

Edit: I realize how Geiger counters work, so I was wondering if it is simply an issue of electronics to register that high of CPM count. Well that and some insane shielding to be able to work in that kind of field.

submitted by /u/Distdistdist
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During a solar eclipse if you followed the path of totality how fast would you need to be moving to stay in darkness?

Posted: 28 Apr 2021 12:49 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 28 Apr 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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What would be the most accurate 2D map in regards to the Earth's land surface?

Posted: 28 Apr 2021 01:47 AM PDT

Recently there was a lot of news about a new, more accurate projection of our globe onto a 2D map by David Goldberg and others.

I understand, that the goal is to minimize distortions that come from mapping a 3D object onto a 2D plane. The maps I have seen so far seem to be centred on the South and North Pole.

That kept me wondering: Is there a way to centred this map, so that the distortion is minimized in a relevant way, meaning the surface of dry land?

Is there somewhere a version of the map that forfeits accuracy in, let's say the pacific to give a much more undistorted depiction of Asia by placing it in the centre of the map?

Would it even matter?

submitted by /u/andthatswhyIdidit
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Does the water in clouds cause drag on aircraft?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 05:04 PM PDT

Obviously there's quite a bit of water in clouds in any size from vapor to rain drops, as aircraft go through this does it have any effect on power requirements due to increased drag?

submitted by /u/mouthymedic
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Does a sealed bottle of carbonated water become flat over a long period of time?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 07:13 PM PDT

How did vitamins get labels like A, B, C etc?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 08:24 PM PDT

And why do some have numbers attached like B-12?

submitted by /u/kjr_79
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Why does the face swell after getting punched? Googling the question just says that swelling is a defensive reaction from the immune system but does not explain the mechanics behind it.

Posted: 28 Apr 2021 01:24 AM PDT

Why do our pupils dilate/constrict when under the influence of CNS depressors and stimulants?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 09:02 AM PDT

What determines whether or not a substance has a strong scent?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 06:16 AM PDT

For example, why does an ester have such a strong smell?

submitted by /u/Foley4593
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What kind of category does Nalaxone/Narcan (when administered) belong to between Alpha & Beta receptors, or other...?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 07:17 PM PDT

Was told that it belongs in the Alpha-2 category, but internet says it's its own receptor "mu"...

submitted by /u/Lorenzo_Pure
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Why does a spine have protrusions on it? What causes this and how are they evolutionarily useful?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 03:00 AM PDT

Does drinking water after eating slow digestion?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 02:10 PM PDT

I was thinking about this today after eating a heavy meal, would drinking water after eating dilute stomach acids, making them less effective at digesting food? Or does the concentration of stomach acid not change by a noticeable enough amount to have an effect on digestion?

submitted by /u/Finn__Daddy
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Why can’t the Plum Pudding Model, proposed by J. J. Thomson, explain Rutherford’s Aplha Scattering Experiment?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 05:03 PM PDT

When a face is digitally blurred, what exactly are they doing to the pixels?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 04:56 PM PDT

Is there evidence/thoughts for changing/keeping the injection site for the 2nd dose of a vaccine?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 10:39 PM PDT

My thought comes from the observation, that injections in a muscle for respiratory diseases is somewhat unnatural. It seems to form mostly IgG Antibodies circulating in the blood, whereas respiratory infections also lead to IgA antibodies, which mostly protect mucosal membranes.

Another line of thought is local lymph nodes, which appear to react to vaccines. As the expected exposure to the disease comes from a different region, would it make more sense to inject the 2nd dose in a different muscle, to select for "more mobile immune cells"?

submitted by /u/Thorusss
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Why do compounds have specific state change points?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 06:22 AM PDT

From the Kinetic Molecular Theory, we know that all atoms and molecules are constantly moving. We also know that the speed at which they move (how much kinetic energy they have) determines their state of matter. Intuitively, since matter can lie anywhere on the temperature spectrum, why does the state of matter fall into specific states (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma) and not also lie on a spectrum? I can't think of a way that this would make sense intuitively unless I'm missing a piece of the puzzle.

submitted by /u/wowkster
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Why are glaciers more abundant in the PNW than in the Rockies?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 03:44 PM PDT

It seems that glaciers are abundant here in the Pacific Northwest. It's not just the tall cascade volcanoes that have them, but even peaks in the Olympic Range and non-volcanic peaks in the North Cascades have glaciers. However, there are many areas of the Rockies with tall peaks that don't seem to have any glaciers, especially in Idaho and Utah. Is it just because of a lack of snowfall? The Rockies do seem get plenty of snow.

submitted by /u/yuckertheenigma
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Exudative pleural effusion is basically when the capillaries in the lungs get leaky and let fluid leak into the fluid space. Does this happen elsewhere in the body? Why are the lungs so vulnerable to this?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 06:56 AM PDT

What is the current state of the art method for permanent genetic modification of plant or animal cells/organisms?

Posted: 27 Apr 2021 06:02 AM PDT

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