India is now experiencing double and triple mutant COVID-19. What are they? Will our vaccines AstraZeneca, Pfizer work against them? | AskScience Blog

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Thursday, April 22, 2021

India is now experiencing double and triple mutant COVID-19. What are they? Will our vaccines AstraZeneca, Pfizer work against them?

India is now experiencing double and triple mutant COVID-19. What are they? Will our vaccines AstraZeneca, Pfizer work against them?


India is now experiencing double and triple mutant COVID-19. What are they? Will our vaccines AstraZeneca, Pfizer work against them?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 09:22 AM PDT

Any news from Tinnitus Treatment?

Posted: 22 Apr 2021 08:34 AM PDT

Is there any progress in tinnitus treatment? I have seen some 10 year old posts here talking about possible cures. The post was archived so I couldn't write on it. I'd like to know what has changed so far in 10 years.

submitted by /u/SpookyBasagna
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Canada decided to delay second doses by up to four months due to lack of supply. Will this time frame leave us less protected?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 12:18 PM PDT

Why are there different tresholds to reach herd immunity for different diseases?

Posted: 22 Apr 2021 02:14 AM PDT

I thought it was a quantitative concept, applicable for all kind of diseases, as numbers do not differentiate between them.

Why is it for Covid considered to be ~70% but for measles ~90%?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/pokhuist
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What determines a greenhouse gas?

Posted: 22 Apr 2021 12:12 AM PDT

Part of my university chem course goes over gases. I understand how polarity and the vibrations of the molecule determine if the molecule is a greenhouse gas. The one thing I do not understand is how methane is a greenhouse gas - its a non-polar molecule and therefore will not have any change in dipole during vibrations so how is it infrared active and a greenhouse gas??

submitted by /u/Ilovecheesecake16
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Does the false covid-19 PCR false positive % referred to by Surkova & Nikolayevskyy in The Lancet mean % of all tests, or % of positive tests?

Posted: 22 Apr 2021 01:47 AM PDT

In False-positive COVID-19 results: hidden problems and costs30453-7/fulltext) it is said:

The current rate of operational false-positive swab tests in the UK is unknown; preliminary estimates show it could be somewhere between 0·8% and 4·0%

My questions:

  1. Are there any more accurate estimates or research done on the real false positive rate than what Surkova & Nikolayevskyy are referring to?

  2. Is Surkova & Nikolayevskyy referring to a percentage of total tests done, or a percentage of positive tests?

To clarify. Let us, for the sake of example, say that the false positive rate they are talking about is 1%, and one day we test 100.000 people, and that we get 5000 positive results.. Will that mean that:

A: 1% of the 100.000 are false positives, therefore there are 1000 false positives?

or that

B: 1% of the 5000 that tested positive are false positives. Therefore, 50 are false positives?

submitted by /u/Fiksdal
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Since studies say our brains are not done fully developing until 25 years old, does alcohol and/or marijuana consumption before this age cause impairment?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 03:21 PM PDT

How do vaccination rates affect reproduction rates?

Posted: 22 Apr 2021 02:16 AM PDT

Ha, I hope I'm not the only one who is still confused by corona. I've read a few articles about "herd immunity" and the vaccination levels required for that. But it seems to me that that current transitional stage of many countries also makes the reproduction factor R rather than full herd immunity relevant. Say you have a country with R 1.1 with no vaccinations and the numbers are therefore increasing. If 25% of the population are vaccinated, does this reduce R below R 1 and therefore leads to falling infection numbers (all other things being equal)? Are there enough data to model these relations yet? Thanks :)

submitted by /u/DrFramboise
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Was there a tendency for someone not to be immunized by more than one type of vaccine?

Posted: 22 Apr 2021 04:41 AM PDT

Vaccines are an effective method of preventing disease because a considerable portion of people are immune after taking it. But that does not happen to everyone. Would there be a study to show if there would be a tendency for someone who was not immunized by one particular vaccine to not be immunized with another vaccine? Something like vaccines don't work on that person? Would there be any factors for this to happen, if there is one?

submitted by /u/DELAIZ
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Do hive insects (ants, bees, etc.) send out “search/rescue parties” to look for missing hive members?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 11:34 AM PDT

Do bees and ants ever send out groups of hive members to look for other hive members that haven't come back or have gone missing? Like if I kill an ant in my kitchen, will more ants come looking for that ant?

submitted by /u/rklab
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Why does it take 2 weeks to get immunity after 2nd covid vaccine?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 10:05 AM PDT

Typically people have mild symptoms after getting the 2nd covid vaccine and recover after about a 24 hours.

Why does it take 2 weeks before you have immunity rather than 24 hours? Hasn't your body already fought off the virus when your symptoms go away?

submitted by /u/coughingzebra
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How does the immune system differentiate between mRNA vaccine protein products and proteins that would be produced normally?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 02:26 PM PDT

The body is responsible for making thousands of different types of proteins, not a single one of which (normally) triggers an immune response. So, how does the immune system recognize one specific new type of protein that is made by the body's cells when instructed by mRNA vaccines? Additionally, why is this effect not seen in genetically modified animals that are modified to express the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) used in genetics and tissue studies, since that is also a foreign protein that the body is instructed to make?

submitted by /u/Snikerdoodlz
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What is the technology behind credit card chips such that companies can be so sure that fraud won't happen if the card is in your possession when the chip is used (but apparently it still does)?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 03:48 PM PDT

I heard that chips were meant to make credit cards more secure. But then I just read that if a chip is used for a fraudulent credit card transaction and you say the card was with you at the time, the credit company will say it can't be fraud. What's so special about these chips that companies can be so confident it's not fraud, while at the same time apparently remaining vulnerable to fraud?

(Not sure about the flair sorry)

Edit: this is the post that made me wonder these things. So many commenters saying they experienced fraud on a chipped card only to be dismissed by the company, so i wondered about the tech in question.

submitted by /u/smellygymbag
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Is the Size Variation Found Among Humans Typical for Mammals, or is it in Some Way Unique to Us?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 03:42 PM PDT

Hello everyone.
My question of the day: Humans seem to come in all kinds of lengths, between about 1.40m to 1.80m for females, and between about 1.60m to 2.00m tall for males, with (extreme) outliers on either end of that spectrum.
That is about a 25-30% difference in height between the shortest and longest "typical" length among humans (again, not counting people who are outliers for various reasons).

Do other mammals also display a similar internal length diversity and variation in size, or are humans unusual for having a particularly large (or small) variation in length?
I'm mostly looking for comparisons with non-domesticated animals since we humans have seriously affected the size of certain domesticates (such as dogs).

submitted by /u/Skogsmard
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I read an article recently that stated that the reason humans are more intelligent than animals was because the human hippocampus stores memories in a different way to animals. Is this true?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 03:41 PM PDT

How does our body make stomach acid?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 09:26 AM PDT

Basically the title. I know our stomach needs to produce mucus to prevent the acid from eating us, bit where does the acid come from? Is it produced in the stomach by mixing two other chemicals/materials? What is it's chemical components and how do we get them?

submitted by /u/JellyWaffles
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Why does an open cut sting when alcohol is applied to it?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 01:10 PM PDT

I was wiping my hands with hand sanitizer and forgot that I'd gotten a small cut on one of my fingers earlier that day. As I was wiping, that area started to burn/sting pretty badly. This has happened to me before, but I'm curious why it occurs. Thanks!

submitted by /u/doubtfulcookie
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Do we see writing systems impact spoken syntax?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 01:49 PM PDT

Do we see any impact from writing systems on the syntax of spoken language?

My understanding is that cultures often have to adapt foreign writing systems to suit their language, like in Japanese (ie hirigana etc) .

Do we see changes over time to spoken syntax when a culture adopts a writing system? And are languages with more native writing systems influenced by the evolution of their written forms?

submitted by /u/TacSponge
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Does space junk orbit earth the same way we orbit the sun, or does it travel in all directions including around earth's polls?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 03:14 PM PDT

Title asks it all

submitted by /u/cartern
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What is it about sleeping that builds muscle memory?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 08:39 AM PDT

I've noticed when I'm practicing something on the guitar, if i do it for an hour or two that day, i will see very little almost no improvement in that same day, but when i go to sleep and wake up the next day it's almost like i got exponentially better over nigh. Yesterday i decided to learn some csrdistry tricks, and same thing, one handed cuts and things like that i could barely get without dropping cards, this morning i wake up and it's like all the practice from yesterday hit me simultaneously this morning. What happens while you sleep that your brain is like "okay tomorrow we got this"?? Idk what to flair this, i guess psychology? Or maybe biology?

submitted by /u/miIksfavoritecookie
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If PTSD is said to physically change the brain do we know how C-PTSD physically alters the brain?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 07:55 AM PDT

Questions in the title. Simply put I have been wondering how C-PTSD or Complex post tramautic disorder physically impacts the brain. I know PTSD enlarges the amygdala but PTSD revolves around one trauma. Whereas CPTSD is long continual trauma so if one traumatic event can change the brain I imagine a whole third or more of your life filled with trauma might as well.

submitted by /u/headwall53
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Does moisture/humidity increase sense of smell?

Posted: 21 Apr 2021 12:06 PM PDT

The strong smells of swamps, perfume, the ocean.... got me thinking that moisture/wetness seems to correlate with strong smells. Also, once things get wet, their smell gets stronger: wet dog, wet grass, etc...

This got me wondering if something about the way we perceive smells has to do with moisture? Does humid air transfer scents to our noses better? Do the hairs in our nose trap small water molecules and transfer whatever triggers our sense of smell?

submitted by /u/JumpingOnTheWagon
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