AskScience AMA Series: We are seven leading scientists specializing in the intersection of machine learning and neuroscience, and we're working to democratize science education online. Ask Us Anything about computational neuroscience or science education! | AskScience Blog

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Friday, April 15, 2022

AskScience AMA Series: We are seven leading scientists specializing in the intersection of machine learning and neuroscience, and we're working to democratize science education online. Ask Us Anything about computational neuroscience or science education!

AskScience AMA Series: We are seven leading scientists specializing in the intersection of machine learning and neuroscience, and we're working to democratize science education online. Ask Us Anything about computational neuroscience or science education!


AskScience AMA Series: We are seven leading scientists specializing in the intersection of machine learning and neuroscience, and we're working to democratize science education online. Ask Us Anything about computational neuroscience or science education!

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 04:00 AM PDT

Hey there! We are a group of scientists specializing in computational neuroscience and machine learning. Specifically, this panel includes:

  • Konrad Kording (/u/Konradkordingupenn): Professor at the University of Pennsylvania, co-director of the CIFAR Learning in Machines & Brains program, and Neuromatch Academy co-founder. The Kording lab's research interests include machine learning, causality, and ML/DL neuroscience applications.
  • Megan Peters (/u/meglets): Assistant Professor at UC Irvine, cooperating researcher at ATR Kyoto, Neuromatch Academy co-founder, and Accesso Academy co-founder. Megan runs the UCI Cognitive & Neural computation lab, whose research interests include perception, machine learning, uncertainty, consciousness, and metacognition, and she is particularly interested in adaptive behavior and learning.
  • Scott Linderman (/u/NeuromatchAcademy): Assistant Professor at Stanford University, Institute Scholar at the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, and part of Neuromatch Academy's executive committee. Scott's past work has aimed to discover latent network structure in neural spike train data, distill high-dimensional neural and behavioral time series into underlying latent states, and develop the approximate Bayesian inference algorithms necessary to fit probabilistic models at scale
  • Brad Wyble (/u/brad_wyble): Associate Professor at Penn State University and Neuromatch Academy co-founder. The Wyble lab's research focuses on visual attention, selective memory, and how these converge during continual learning.
  • Bradley Voytek (/u/bradleyvoytek): Associate Professor at UC San Diego and part of Neuromatch Academy's executive committee. The Voytek lab initially started out studying neural oscillations, but has since expanded into studying non-oscillatory activity as well.
  • Ru-Yuan Zhang (/u/NeuromatchAcademy): Associate Professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The Zhang laboratory primarily investigates computational visual neuroscience, the intersection of deep learning and human vision, and computational psychiatry.
  • Carsen Stringer (/u/computingnature): Group Leader at the HHMI Janelia research center and member of Neuromatch Academy's board of directors. The Stringer Lab's research focuses on the application of ML tools to visually-evoked and internally-generated activity in the visual cortex of awake mice.

Beyond our research, what brings us together is Neuromatch Academy, an international non-profit summer school aiming to democratize science education and help make it accessible to all. It is entirely remote, we adjust fees according to financial need, and registration closes on April 20th. If you'd like to learn more about it, you can check out last year's Comp Neuro course contents here, last year's Deep Learning course contents here, read the paper we wrote about the original NMA here, read our Nature editorial, or our Lancet article.

Also lurking around is Dan Goodman (/u/thesamovar), co-founder and professor at Imperial College London.

With all of that said -- ask us anything about computational neuroscience, machine learning, ML/DL applications in the bio space, science education, or Neuromatch Academy! See you at 8 AM PST (11 AM ET, 15 UT)!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Hubble just discovered the largest comet to date. Would there be an upper limit to the size of a comet?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 04:52 AM PDT

Why do some flowers close their petals at night?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 05:09 AM PDT

I was leaving for work this morning in the early hours as usual, and the flowers in the planters were all closed up as usual, but it has never occurred to me before to wonder why.

I tried searching for an answer, but can only find explanations of the mechanism (nyctinasty). I can't find any explanation of the benefit of doing so. There must be some energy expenditure involved, so what is the payoff?

submitted by /u/Sarky_Sparky
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Does the brain really react to images, even if they are shown for just a really short period of time?

Posted: 13 Apr 2022 08:50 AM PDT

I just thought of the movie "Fight Club" (sorry for talking about it though) and the scene, where Tyler edits in pictures of genetalia or porn for just a frame in the cinema he works at.

The narrator then explains that the people in the audience see the pictures, even though they don't know / realise. Is that true? Do we react to images, even if we don't notice them even being there in the first place?

The scene from Fight Club

submitted by /u/Karottenphantom
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Do sperm cells bearing a Y chromosome sport surface proteins that reliably distinguish them from the same male’s X chromosome sperm?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 07:47 PM PDT

Or vice versa?

Or, are a male vertebrate animal's spermatozoa really the ultimate gender reveal party, impossible to tell which sex chromosome any given sperm contains, until it either helps create an embryo, or gets cut apart and has its DNA sequenced?

To put my cards on the table, I'm working on a science fiction story about a primitive-ish tribe of people that long ago discovered a medicinal plant in their natural environment (my unobtainium). When eaten by a boy or man, this herb causes him to have a moderate illness, followed by the lifelong ability to sire only daughters. It's eventually discovered that the plant's toxin causes a person's immune system to make antibodies which just happen to cross-react with a protein found exclusively on the surface of a sexually mature male's Y-chromosome bearing sperm.

In my story, the ability to forego this "treatment" and bear a son is a privilege afforded only one in five males, because their social order and its rules relies on their population always being 80% female. I think I could explore some pretty deep themes about gender and society with a conceit like this. The question is, how "hard boiled" a sci-if concept is this?

submitted by /u/hononononoh
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Is there a standard hierarchy for sensory inputs?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 11:56 AM PDT

Is there a well defined "pecking order" for sensory inputs? For me, it seems like visual input overrides other passive inputs but not deliberate thought.

Two examples:

  1. With a VR headset, I know I'm safe in conference room with a level floor but it still churns my stomach and takes deliberate commands from my brain to my feet (and a deep breath) to walk through a virtual balcony or upper floor window into apparent void below.

  2. When our house was being painted, the stair landings had a strip of tape holding the masking paper in place. The tape was pretty much one tread's distance from the previous step. I stumbled a dozen times on this phantom step when I saw it from the corner of my eye, even though my muscle memory should recognize the 1,000+ times I've gone up/down.

Maybe related: recoiling/arc reflex from cold surface that "feels" hot, power through terrible smell of durian to eat the rather sweet fruit, etc.

Is there a general rule like "cognition trumps vision, visions trumps smell, etc"?

submitted by /u/Brandon432
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Do anabolic steroids have to be synthesized or can they be found in nature?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 12:08 AM PDT

Just got to thinking about stoties of strong people throughout history and given some examples was like "they surely weren't natrual". But who knows, maybe they had freak genetics.

submitted by /u/lacigolliwon
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How different are the photosynthetic pathways of chlorophyll in chloroplasts vs. bacteriochlorophyll in purple bacteria?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 11:45 PM PDT

Ag/Plant Science major here. I imagine it would be a pointless endeavor, but how hard would it be to genetically engineer a plant with purple chlorophyll?

submitted by /u/cernacas
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Do drinks like Gatorade and Pedialyte actually replenish your electrolytes?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 11:22 PM PDT

I'm asking with specific respect to my (perhaps faulty, and definitely incomplete) understanding that insulin lowers electrolyte levels in the body. Wouldn't the sugar in these drinks spike your insulin, so that the potassium/magnesium in them are essentially voided?

submitted by /u/l_arlecchino
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Can you catch the same cold twice?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 04:01 PM PDT

Are there any unique properties of neurons within specific regions of the brain?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 09:11 PM PDT

For example, do the neurons that comprise the visual cortex have any properties that make them unique compared to neurons in Broca's area?

submitted by /u/humicroav
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Why does the melting point increase when period increases at group 17,18?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 11:36 PM PDT

Why does the melting point increase when period increases at group 17,18? Can't find it on internet

submitted by /u/2_biggie-2
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When a dust storm on mars occurs does the temperature rise since there’s more particles in the atmosphere?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 03:44 PM PDT

Why are terrestrial turtles not considered tortoises?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 07:27 PM PDT

I thought turtles spent more time in the water and tortoises spent more time on land. Then an eastern box turtle wandered into my yard, and now I don't know what to think.

submitted by /u/Deliesh
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What mechanism is at play that makes methane worse than CO2 as a GHG?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 06:26 PM PDT

Howdy folks.

I was getting into a debate with a friend (over politics and environmental policy/economic development). And we were discussing the merits and drawbacks of methane/natural gas development to substitute coal, and he was taking a standpoint that upping LNG production was a noble goal for the climate to substitute the world's reliance on coal.

I told him (and showed some information) that LNG has somewhere between 25-100x the GHG impact as CO2 and he didn't believe me. Stating that the refractory index between the two substances were similar enough, that he didn't believe the impact was as bad as suggested.

I showed and read lots of information stating that it's accepted as fact that methane is significantly worse, but he thought it was exaggerated/politicized.

I spent some time trying to find studies explaining the forces at play, and were both rather well learned, but I couldn't actually find anything specific at a molecular/physical level to what creates the increased greenhouse effect. I got some hints that it absorbs significantly more IR radiation, but again, no explanation as to exactly why.

Can anyone explain, in as complex terms as required, what causes methane to be that much worse?

With recent data on how much wells actually leak, and that were emitting methane at significantly higher rates than previously believed; is there any reason to believe methane is any better than coal, for the next 5-15 years? If we fairly judge the impact of offgassing, leaking, or ancillary issues?

We both believe nuclear is a much better option, but he believes investment in LNG production is necessary for our near term energy needs.

I thought it was akin to smoking crack because you think your meth habit is negatively affecting your life.

submitted by /u/Debaucherous1
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Why does epinephrine inhibit insulin secretion during fight or fight response?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 05:14 PM PDT

I thought when during a flight or fight response you want as much glucose and insulin in the bloodstream so that your cells don't starve and can get enough glucose. It seems counterproductive for your body to inhibit insulin secretion during the flight or fight response. Wont' that make us hyperglycemic and don't we need insulin to act as a channel to get glucose into the cells? Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/twothreefourfiver
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Can antibodies created (or introduced e.g. monoclonal antibodies) in the human bloodstream pass into the gut/intestines and remain effective?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 09:18 AM PDT

How is DNA isolated into the 13 different CODIS loci?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 07:56 PM PDT

I understand very generally (A) how DNA is extracted from a sample, to a certain extent (B) how polymerase chain reaction is used to enlarge a sample, how (C) proteins are used to cut the DNA into smaller fragments, and then how (D) the sample is put through gel electrophoresis to create the 13 different bar codes used in CODIS.

I am missing the part that happens between steps C and D that makes the samples tested become different. If nothing was done, then the barcodes in the 13 gel strips would look the same, but they don't.

I've tried reading through papers on the subject but the language is often too dense for my understanding. Any help would be appreciated :)

submitted by /u/FBI_btw
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Do cetaceans have a pharynx?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 04:39 AM PDT

I was thinking about the migration of the nostrils to the top of the head to become the blow hole, and began to wonder about the internal transformation. Do they have turbinates? Is there still a link to the digestive system like land mammals have, ie a pharynx or equivalent? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Ihavepurpleshoes
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Is a ionic solution infinite?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 08:34 AM PDT

Hello there,

If you take salt water with Na+ and Cl- ions and apply current through it. The Cl- ions move towards the positive terminal and the Na+ move towards the negative terminal.

Once there, does the Cl- loses its electron that will be, through the circuit, given to the Na+?

If so, after some time, does the solution only have atoms (and not ions) of Na and Cl? And therefore is the solution is not conductive anymore?

I try to search for my answer, but it seems I can't phrase it correctly...

submitted by /u/Doug-le-Guedin
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Are there any symbiotic relationships between animals that start mutualistic and have the possibility to turn parasitic?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 06:33 AM PDT

I'm writing a story where the main mystery is to learn why a bacterium which was largely known to be mutualistic has been turning parasitic. Completely unrelated populations are making this same change and I need a trigger. I was looking for real world examples so I could see what kind of reasons it happens but I'm having trouble finding anything.

submitted by /u/Nickelass069
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Does the Pythagorean theorem hold up in higher dimensions and is there proof for it?

Posted: 13 Apr 2022 07:36 PM PDT

I have an interesting question for you scientist, which is smoother; a unperturbed soap bubble or a neutron star?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 09:36 AM PDT

by unperturbed I mean as a thought experiment if you had a soap bubble that was somehow isolated from all outside forced like wind and stuff messing it's shape up, would it's surface and shape have a smoothness comparable neutron star and if not please explain why.

submitted by /u/dontknowhowtoprogram
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What is the worst damage a solar flare from our sun could do?

Posted: 14 Apr 2022 06:38 AM PDT

How much technology could it knock out in one go, all of earth? Have governments got any plans for when this happens? Have any experts dealt with considering this potential disaster scenario?

Everything I have read online is not very specific.

submitted by /u/KutestKoala0407
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