Influenza vaccines are updated every year. How often are other vaccines updated? | AskScience Blog

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Saturday, July 4, 2020

Influenza vaccines are updated every year. How often are other vaccines updated?

Influenza vaccines are updated every year. How often are other vaccines updated?


Influenza vaccines are updated every year. How often are other vaccines updated?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 05:19 AM PDT

The influenza vaccine is different from year to year, to match the predicted circulating strains. Is that unique to influenza or are any other vaccines updated in a similar way? For example if I get a tetanus booster this year, is the toxoid different than the one in the booster shot I had ten years ago?

If vaccines do get updated, how often does it happen? If not, how high is the risk that a pathogen will mutate to evade the acquired immunity?

submitted by /u/auraseer
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After a couple months of the pandemic, can we know which epidemiological models have performed 'well'?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 04:11 PM PDT

Fivethirtyeight currently aggregates 15(!) different COVID models for the U.S., which often give pretty different projections. I understand that just judging the numbers is mostly pointless due to sudden changes in lockdowns and societal behaviors and tweaks to the models themselves, but at this point can we conclude anything about the quality of different models?

submitted by /u/xenneract
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Are HIV patients high risk for COVID19? Or do antiretrovirals have a protective effect?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 10:36 AM PDT

Why are cloth masks seen as effective considering most cloth masks have micrometer size porosity and viral particles are nanometer in size?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 12:14 AM PDT

Are hypothermal vents present on the bottom of rivers?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 10:09 AM PDT

I know hypothermal vents are located on seafloors in volcanically active areas, but is it possible for them to be located on the bottom of rivers?

submitted by /u/iicuriosityii
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Does a shallow continental shelf reduce the power of a tsunami?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 01:47 AM PDT

I kind of know how tsunamis work, but I'm curious if a wide and shallow continental shelf would have a noticeable impact on the size/strength of a tsunami. From what I understand, a tsunami can travel so far because there's much less resistance in the deep sea, and that when it hits the shelf it starts to rise and slow down, so would a tsunami lose a noticeable amount of energy if it had to travel in shallow waters for a while before hitting a coast?

submitted by /u/Cherry_Winter
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What is the evolutionary or biological benefit of the oesophagus and trachea being right next to each other?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 12:44 PM PDT

It seems, structurally speaking, that putting a water pipe next to a wind pipe is just asking for disaster - suck water or food down the wrong tube, and you could die. Why are both of these pipes right next to each other? Is there a benefit?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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According to Maxwell's theory of Electromagnetism, visible light is a combination of fluctuating Electric and Magnetic fields. So why don't we see a compass needle being deflected in the presence of, say, a light bulb?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 10:43 PM PDT

What is the most difficult part in creating a vaccine for this pandemic at the moment?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 10:29 AM PDT

How did the Ice Age support huge animals such as Mammoths and other giant versions of today's animals?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 07:57 AM PDT

The cold would likely hinder plant growth and thus limit food resources available to herbivore species, which carnivores also need to survive.

How were such animals anle to live in that time?

submitted by /u/QuitBSing
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Is particle decay instantaneous?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 11:21 PM PDT

When a particle decays (say the beta decay of a free neutron) into one or more other particles (and/or energy) does that processes happen instantaneously or is some amount of time required for the process to complete?

Relatedly, if it is not instantaneous is there any metaphor for what is going on that makes sense?

If it is instantaneous are particles vanishing exactly at the moment that other particles instantiate?

Beyond just an answer, can you point me to resources for further reading?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Revolutionary_Ad_788
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Is there an estimate for number of infections required for the COVID19 virus to mutate enough to start infecting people with immunity again?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 11:57 AM PDT

From what I understand, if the virus multiplies/mutates long enough - it will eventually become a "different" virus from the perspective of immune system. For flu - this happens pretty much every year. I know that covid is less flexible than flu, so the chance of this happening is much much lower.

Still, has anyone done any research on how many infections would the virus need to reach to have a large enough chance of causing a new wave of infections? Is this even possible to estimate?

submitted by /u/amakai
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What makes SARS-CoV-2 so contagious apart from long incubation period?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 04:25 AM PDT

Are there any physical properties that make the virus different and more contagious than other Coronavirus es? Or is it just long incubation period and not much else?

submitted by /u/LokiBalboa
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Could a purely analog video signal hold enough data to transmit a 1080 high res video?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 03:09 PM PDT

I've been watching a bunch of videos on how old tv works and it got me wondering. If we hadn't developed digital signals, could analog signals be pushed to HD levels or is there a physical limit?

Also, wasn't sure if this fit the physics flair, sorry ahead of time.

submitted by /u/boodelwoodel
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When did birds begin to sing?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 08:38 AM PDT

I know archaeopteryx was the first bird, but did it sing? What is the first birdsong?

submitted by /u/RisingWaterline
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Why are toilets designed to swirl around as they flush?

Posted: 04 Jul 2020 02:09 AM PDT

Why don't they just flush directly down into the center of the bowl?

submitted by /u/QuasarMaster
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With regard to muscular atrophy due to physical inactivity, how does the body select the specific muscle cells to cannibalize?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 09:23 AM PDT

  • Is it random?
  • Does it select damaged cells?
  • Does it select muscle cells that are rarely utilized?
  • Does it select muscle cells in an area of abundance (large muscle groups)?
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Is the problem with current global warming only that it's happening too fast or that it is happening, regardless of it's speed?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 04:18 PM PDT

Given that we have experienced large climate variations (ice ages followed by warm periods) over the past millennia, even if we didn't contribute to climate change we would eventually have an earth that is warm enough to cause many problems for us. Is the problem with current global warming only that it happening so fast such that we cannot adjust like we might be able to if it was just natural global warming? or would we not even have global warming during this current period (lets say past 1000 years to next 1000 years) if we didn't put so many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

submitted by /u/_honestquestions_
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why doesnt the ISS melt in the thermosphere?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 03:16 PM PDT

i know there is an answer im just wondering why it doesnt melt in the thermosphere.

submitted by /u/SavageTruths74
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Would it be theoretically possible to eradicate the flu?

Posted: 03 Jul 2020 11:12 AM PDT

I'm aware it mutates a lot and we get new vaccines each year for it.

But if humanity as a whole really tried - if all existing infrastructure was somehow used, could we develop a vaccine or vaccines fast enough, and let's just say this all got funded and that distribution was worked out and every single person in the world who was medically able to be vaccinated actually was - could we eradicate the flu like we did smallpox? And let's say all people also, for the duration, did whatever they could to prevent the spread of it while this world wide vaccination was happening.

Obviously Covid is inspiring this question, as it's just a thing we all have to deal with now, year after year.

submitted by /u/Yggdris
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