After the COVID vaccine is out will we still need to social distance and wear masks? | AskScience Blog

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Wednesday, July 22, 2020

After the COVID vaccine is out will we still need to social distance and wear masks?

After the COVID vaccine is out will we still need to social distance and wear masks?


After the COVID vaccine is out will we still need to social distance and wear masks?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 04:59 PM PDT

Oxford said that by the end of 2020 there will be millions of doses of the vaccine available to the public. With all of those doses out and millions more coming in the following months, when will all of the restrictions be lifted and we can return to normal life?

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AskScience AMA Series: I'm Will Armentrout, an astronomer at the Green Bank Observatory in the heart of the US National Radio Quiet Zone. Ask me anything!

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 04:00 AM PDT

I'm Will Armentrout, an astronomer at the Green Bank Observatory (https://greenbankobservatory.org) in West Virginia. The Observatory is within the United States National Radio Quiet Zone, a 13,000 square mile area of the Appalachian mountains where radio transmissions are limited by federal and state law. These protections become more restrictive as you move closer to Green Bank, so since I live on observatory grounds, I go about my daily life with no cell phone, no microwave, no wifi, no wireless headphones...

The Green Bank Telescope (GBT) is the largest movable structure anywhere on land, sitting at 485 feet tall and 17 million pounds. The radio telescope has a diameter of 100 meters (~300 feet) -- you could easily fit two football fields on the telescope's surface. The GBT is used to observe a huge variety of astrophysical phenomena, from active star forming regions, to pulsars and fast radio bursts, to galaxies billions of light years away, and more.

My position involves a mix of my own scientific research and the chance to work with astronomers from across the world who want to use the GBT. I also coordinate our student research programs and observer training workshops. My scientific research focuses on how the Milky Way Galaxy conspires to produce high-mass star (masses greater than ~10 times that of our Sun). We use these high-mass star forming regions as probes for studying the structure of the Milky Way and how the environment around the Sun compares with other regions of our Galaxy. I'm particularly interested in an extremely distant spiral arm, known as the Outer Scutum-Centaurus Arms, which seems to be the outermost limit for high-mass star formation in our Galaxy about 20 kpc (or 70,000 light years) from the Earth.

I'm originally from Ford City, Pennsylvania and went to Ford City High School. I graduated from Westminster College in 2012 with a BS in Physics and finished my PhD in Physics at West Virginia University in 2018. I started a postdoctoral position at the Green Bank Observatory right after graduate school, and was hired onto the permanent scientific staff earlier this year. Outside of work, I keep busy hiking in the Appalachians, keeping track of a small flock chickens, and renovating a huge century old building in my hometown with my siblings (any leads on old planetarium equipment?).

I'll be on at 1 pm EDT (17 UT) on Wednesday, July 22nd, ask me anything!

Username: Will_Armentrout

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why does the center of the earth never cool down?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 11:38 AM PDT

It must be constantly losing heat, why doesn't it level off?

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Why does the comet NEOWISE appear to have two tails? One that bends and is white. The other that is straight and is blue.

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 05:40 AM PDT

I think I understand why comet tails bend away from the sun and why they would be white. But I don't understand the second "blue" tail that seems to be straight and is at a different angle.

Pic as an example of my question from NASA.

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In the 1981 video game Asteroids, you can go off-screen and appear on other side. What would that sort of 2D projection of space appear in 3D as? A sphere?

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 02:05 AM PDT

Asteroids.

Screen is obviously a 256x231 pixel rectangle showing 2D plane. I wonder such space would work in 3D - is it just a sphere, or some other specific geometric object? Or perhaps multiple, like capsule and torus would also fit the bill?

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How do survival plans/zoo breeding work for animals groups with long term bonds, like primates?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 08:52 PM PDT

If I remember correctly, a David Attenborough documentary put a fake ape with a camera and introduced it to a family group of apes. When the roboape died, the group got together and mourned it as if it were real.

So how do zoos work their species survival plans with animals like these? Members of the ape family have pretty long social bonds. Does this not stress the animals involved?

submitted by /u/harvestgobs
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The river level I live near rose and descended around two feet within 2 hours, what makes this happen?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 08:47 PM PDT

For context, no strong weather.

It seemed to rise out of nowhere and stayed that high (a height I've never seen it at) for around two hours before going back down to normal.

The river connects two great lakes.

submitted by /u/Ta-veren-
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Have other animals brain volume increased along with humans over the last 3 million years?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 08:39 PM PDT

What is a typical vaccine effectiveness?

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 05:38 AM PDT

Obviously every virus will behave differently and some may be easier to protect than others. But I can't seem to find a clearly defined comparison of many vaccines effectiveness. I read that only around 30% of flu vaccines work. Whether that's because the actual strain is in the vaccine or the immune system did not build a "memory" of the strain who knows. With that in mind I'm curious how this will play into COVID and reopening. If we need ~70% for herd immunity and only have a 30% effective vaccine I'd argue we still have a major issue on our hand. That assuming every single person gets vaccined at time=0. So I'd like to hear it from someone who has thought about this much longer than I have.

Thanks

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How are Supercomputers constructed and operated?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 03:56 PM PDT

Ive recently picked up on reading about high performance computing. Yet, something I cant grasp is how are supercomputers actually constructed, and what are the components that go into building one? How does a supercomputer operate? Important parameters that are used whilst you measure the efficacy or computing power of a supercomputer?

In terms of who uses it, what kind of industries employ the use of a supercomputer or facilities that it may provide? I understand it is great for building simulations and testing them out, but I want to understand what sort of entities would use such services for these simulations, and how would they employ its resources? Ofcourse, R&D for companies, research for educational institutions etc are some uses I know of generally - but I was just hoping someone who knows more about them can also elucidate on the finer aspects of exactly what they are used for.

Thanks in advance. Sincere apologies if this sounds like a very dumb query.

submitted by /u/SkinnyGuyInBlue
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If an organ donor dies from COVID-19, can their organs still be donated and used?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 09:49 AM PDT

What does 'Positive Immune Response' mean in a vaccine test?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 09:17 AM PDT

I've come across multiple headlines stating that tests with corona vaccines (in China, Oxford and others) show a positive immune response. What does this mean?
Does it mean it is a response that kills coronavirus and we just don't know if it gives protection for longer periods of time?
Or does it mean it just gives any immune response opposed to no response from a placebo?
Anything in between?

Feel free to drift and explain a lot of extra stuff in your answers :)

submitted by /u/loempiaverkoper
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Is the ground on a mountain chain, like the Andes or Himalayan, all rock, or is it some parts of it soil?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 07:29 AM PDT

My main question is how some vegetation grows there, since I always thought it was simply all rock. I couldn't find this on a Google search, sorry :(

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How is Giga hertz clock signal produced in micro chip?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 09:52 AM PDT

I know quartz is used to produce mega hertz signal, but cannot go faster. So what material/method is used to up the frequency to giga hertz realm?

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Did sex ever "switch" in evolutionary history?

Posted: 20 Jul 2020 11:09 PM PDT

In high school biology, we learned that, in humans, females typically develop into females because they carry "XX" chromosomes, while males carry "XY" chromosomes. According to this article, the genetic mechanisms of sex determination vary between different kinds [clades?] of animals—so birds, for instance, typically develop female characteristics if they have the "ZW" phenotype, and male characteristics develop in individuals with "ZZ" phenotypes.

What I'm having trouble understanding is the following point. My mother is homogametic (XX), and her mother is homogametic (XX), and her mother's mother is homogametic (XX), etc. If I owned a parrot (unfortunately I don't), my parrot's mother would be heterogametic (ZW), its mother's mother would have been heterogametic (ZW), etc.

At some point in the depths of evolutionary history, my parrot and I have a common ancestor that was female. Would that ancestor have been homogametic or heterogametic? If it was homogametic, that suggests that at some point in the parrot's line of descent, female genotypes switched from being marked by the absence of a certain chromosome to the presence of a certain chromosome. Vice versa, if our common ancestor were heterogametic, that would suggest that at some point in my line of descent, exactly the opposite occurred: female genotypes switched from being marked by the presence of a certain chromosome to being marked by its absence.

What I don't understand is how the switch could happen. My understanding is that, in biology, "male" simply means the sex contributing the smaller gamete and "female" means the sex contributing the larger gamete (i.e., human sperm are a "smaller" contribution to the zygote than human eggs). Was there a period in either human or parrot evolutionary history where phenotypically male organisms and phenotypically female organisms somehow switched roles—vis-à-vis the size of the gamete they contribute—without changing the genetic mechanism that determined sex? Or was there a period where sex wasn't determined by chromosomes but instead by some other mechanism, and then mammals and birds just happened to independently develop this chromosomal system of sex determination later? Was there a period where my—or the parrot's!—ancestors were hermaphroditic? (I also remember learning in high school that some species of fish are able to reproduce as both males and females at different points in their lives.)

I don't know anything about biology, so my apologies if the terminology isn't quite right! I hope the question is well-posed and comprehensible. Thanks in advance for your help!

Edit: Spelling and grammar.

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What would be the formula determining the angular distribution of electrons emitted from a flat surface via thermionic emission?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 09:19 AM PDT

I've been having difficulty finding an answer to this question. I feel like there are plenty of resources indicating the energy distributions of thermionic emission, but there seems to be far less on the angular distribution of said thermally emitted electrons. Any help would be greatly appreciated!

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If we eradicate COVID-19 through a vaccine, how will the health community continue to study it?

Posted: 21 Jul 2020 04:23 PM PDT

There's so much we don't know about the virus. Once we are able to eradicate it, how will the scientific community continue to study it and understand its effect on humans? Understanding asymptotic carriers, how long it takes to test positive, etc...

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