How are vaccines tested for pregnant women in an ethical way? | AskScience Blog

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Wednesday, March 24, 2021

How are vaccines tested for pregnant women in an ethical way?

How are vaccines tested for pregnant women in an ethical way?


How are vaccines tested for pregnant women in an ethical way?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 01:57 AM PDT

How do they find out it's going to be safe without first potentially putting someone in danger? I get they can probably test on animals first, but then surely there's still some small risk when it goes to humans?

Sorry if I've picked the wrong flair. It was covid that inspired the question, but I'd like to know how they went through the process for other vaccines too (if there's a difference)

submitted by /u/hanmayrobyou
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If you are 6x lighter on the moon than on earth, does that mean you can fall from a distance 6x farther than on earth without sustaining injury?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 06:54 AM PDT

Say the average human can fall 5ft without sustaining injury if they fall correctly (to fall in a way that allows your leg strength to dampen the impact, to not fall in an awkward manner that may cause injury such as falling on a rolled ankle causing it to break) on earth. Does that mean i can fall 30ft on the moon without hurting myself if i fall correctly? Or are my legs broken?

submitted by /u/AlphaPooch
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Do moles and freckles start as s single cell with a mutation, like a tumour?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 05:30 AM PDT

Simple yes/no question.

Also: if yes: why do they stop growing?

submitted by /u/Lovezen69
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Why does the pressure drop when the vessels contract?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 05:46 AM PDT

I am currently studying hemodynamics and am very very confused. I couldn't find the answer in the physiology textbook nor I wasn't sure if the conclusion I came up with was right.

Although the blood is not Newtonian, I will just assume it is. (I believe whether the fluid is Newtonian or not, it doesn't change the basic "relationship" between the variables)

Eq1. P= Q*R (Ohm's Law)

Eq2. Q= π * (Po-Pi) * r4 / 8μl

So from the textbook and lectures, it was pretty clear when vessels constrict the blood pressure drops.

How can I come up with that conclusion with those two equations? Can I say Q (at one certain point of the vessel) is constant?

Sorry for asking you an easy question. I wish I could post a picture with the figures (from the book) I am confused with but unfortunately I can only type.

Hope someone can resolve my confusion

submitted by /u/Cheezcream
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What are the implications of the LHCb experiment results for the standard model, if lepton universality is in fact violated?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 04:47 AM PDT

I read a news article explaining how there are signs (currently 3 sigma), that electrons and muons behave differently in B-meson decay after all. If that proved to be true, what consequences would that have for the standard model?

submitted by /u/Weltenpilger
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when surgeons cut open the abdomen, wouldn’t the serous fluid leak from the peritoneal?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 02:18 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Where do dead red blood cells go, and how are they recycled?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 05:03 AM PDT

I just read that an average human recycles 330 billion cells every day, most of which are RBCs. This works out to roughly 40g of blood per day. The bone marrow produces the new ones. But, knowing the remarkable efficiency of evolution, I am certain that most of this gets recycled when it passes through the spleen if I remember correctly. But how does that happen? What is salvaged, and does it go back to the marrow? (and how would someone without a spleen manage?)

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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Does a blind persons brain develop differently in the areas associated with memory?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 07:22 AM PDT

There are different areas of the brain that are associated with different types of memory. Does someone who is blind develop larger areas associated with short and long term memory but smaller associated with things that the average person remembers based on eyesight?

submitted by /u/TukTukPirate
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Is echolocation possble for humans?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 07:19 AM PDT

Is there anything stopping some distant observable galaxy from consisting most entirely of anti matter?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 01:29 AM PDT

Would it be possible to determine if some random distant galaxy is pretty much entirely composed of anti matter?

For example, if there was no other matter nearby and the intergalactic medium was sufficiently sparse in that region that any annihilation products were insignificant enough to appear unremarkable from our point of observation.

If such a condition existed, what would we expect to be the signs when observed from this distance?

submitted by /u/rabicanwoosley
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Was earth's atmosphere always at or near 1 atm, including during the hadean eon?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 05:13 AM PDT

I was thinking about the search for extra terrestrial life and remembered that for several hundred million years the earth was nothing but a volcanic wasteland. I was thinking that maybe there are certain defining conditions such as atmospheric pressure that would allow us to say, "maybe this planet will have life, but not in our geologic time frame"

submitted by /u/unit2981
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Are all the mountain ranges in the world due to tectonic plate impacts, or are there other reasons for mountain range formation?

Posted: 23 Mar 2021 11:58 PM PDT

I was watching this video that showed how England and Scotland were parts of different tectonic plates that smashed together. I know that the Himalayas were similarly formed, and I kind of wondered if all mountains are formed that way?

submitted by /u/--cookajoo--
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Is there a safe way to modify the human dna?

Posted: 23 Mar 2021 05:59 PM PDT

How long did it take for Earth to form?

Posted: 23 Mar 2021 07:25 PM PDT

Roughly how long did it take to get from a bunch of space dust to a planet roughly the mass it is today? A thousand years? A million? A few million?

submitted by /u/zaxqs
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Has the Earth's surface been completely resurfaced due to the movement of the tectonic plates?

Posted: 23 Mar 2021 08:16 PM PDT

From an article I read on Live Science, it was originally thought that the Earths surface could be completely recycled in roughly 2 billion years with more recent estimates showing as little as 500 million years. If this is correct, how is it that we find fossils older than this such as stromatolites which are about 3.5 billion years old?

submitted by /u/superfirefly
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How can prions make other proteins misfold?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 12:12 AM PDT

How is the Himalayan Mountain Range one of the youngest mountain ranges on earth but also the tallest?

Posted: 23 Mar 2021 07:59 PM PDT

I just rewatched Vertical Limit that I haven't seen in 20 years and I looked up K2 and read that the Himalayan Mountain Range was one of the youngest on earth but also the tallest

submitted by /u/Simple_Jackass
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Does alcohol intake affect the covid19 vaccination options available?

Posted: 23 Mar 2021 08:35 PM PDT

I've read that alcohol intake (or abuse in some cases) can negatively affect the immune system.

I also read that alcohol use affects some vaccination efficacy.

Do the same rules apply to the covid19 vaccinations? Does mRNA technology change that?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/i_got_skrimps
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Why do cells in meristematic tissues lack vacuoles?

Posted: 24 Mar 2021 12:14 AM PDT

Cells located in meristematic cells in plants lack vacuoles. However, this contradicts with the fact that plant cells have large vacuoles to store water and keep the plant in an upright position. I would also like to add that meristematic tissues are generally found in roots and stems of plants. Finally, I would like to ask why do meristems lack vacuoles?

Sources

  1. Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position: Wikipedia

  2. Apical mertisem is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and increases the length of the stem and the root. The girth of the stem or root increases due to lateral mertisem (cambium): Science for Class 9 by National Council of Educational Research & Training, page number 69

  3. Cells of meristematic tissue are very active, they have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls and prominent nuclei. They lack vacuoles: Science for Class 9 by National Council of Educational Research & Training, page number 70

submitted by /u/sp3zzz_
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I took Fluid Mechanics and I'm not understanding why rocket thrusters open up instead of compressing the gas to a smaller cross-sectional area thus creating a greater force propulsion force? Can anyone explain please?

Posted: 23 Mar 2021 09:52 AM PDT

What's the difference between gravity and gravitational waves?

Posted: 23 Mar 2021 11:42 AM PDT

It is my understanding that gravity is instantaneous, whereas gravitational waves move at the speed of light. Is that true and if yes, how are these two things connected witch each other?

submitted by /u/Tellm_me
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