How do scientists distinguish between states of matter other than the classical four? | AskScience Blog

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Tuesday, January 5, 2021

How do scientists distinguish between states of matter other than the classical four?

How do scientists distinguish between states of matter other than the classical four?


How do scientists distinguish between states of matter other than the classical four?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 01:55 AM PST

Is there a standard that defines what is or what is not a new state of matter. I was always fascinated by the subject and i was curious about how much matter you need to define a new state.

Wikipedia does have a giant list of modern states but the properties that distinguish the states seem so random. In contrast solids, liquids gases and plasma seem to be very different.

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Why exactly does Superconductivity occur?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 07:00 PM PST

So I've recently been interested in superconductors and how they're made. I understand the kind of phenomenon that are ocurring such as flux pinning but why does superconductivity occur in materials in the first place? Are there specific requirements for the materials used on a molecular level? Or have we not figured that out yet?

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What’s the difference between the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic and COVID-19, and why weren’t masks/lockdowns encouraged in 2009?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 08:20 PM PST

How come masks weren't involved in the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic?

It lasted from June 2009 to August 2010, but lockdowns and masks weren't enforced or encouraged, even though it currently lasted longer than COVID-19, was a global pandemic, and infected ~60 million individuals in the United States.

I understand this is a bit of a dumb question to ask this far into the pandemic, but what makes COVID-19 different from other pandemics?

Btw I'm not an "anti-masker" or anything, just curious

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What is the effect of bird flu on wild populations of birds?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 06:35 AM PST

A cursory glance on google/google scholar didn't really answer this question, so I decided to ask it here. Basically I was wondering what the effects of highly pathogenic types of bird flu is on wild bird populations. Does it have significant ecological effects? I am mainly interested in this as it seems that the HPAI variants seem to have originated from domestic bird populations (or so I have been told).

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Are kids ‘spreaders’ too when it concerns the new (UK) strain?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 10:54 PM PST

Hi, does anyone know if there's any data yet from the UK on how the new variant of the corona virus spread amongst children under 12? Under 6? Ty.

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If we develop antibodies for viruses, why are some life long? HSV-1 for example. Our bodies develop HSV-1 antibodies but outbreaks still occur. Why don’t the antibodies eradicate the virus completely instead of solely fighting off the outbreaks?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 10:17 PM PST

How does a spinning object “know” it’s spinning?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 02:28 PM PST

I'm confused about rotating frames of reference.

I get that there is no universal frame of reference and thus no universal definition of what is moving and what is not. However, acceleration is universal but requires energy.

So I'm confused about a rotating frame of reference. If you have a wheel spinning in space how does it "know" it is spinning and not that the space around it is spinning instead and the wheel is still? It seems to work like acceleration but with no energy input, how does that work?

This might be very complicated but I've been wondering about it. Thanks!

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How was it determined that someone was sick of the spanish flu during the 1918-1920 spanish flu pandemic?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 03:35 PM PST

Learning about electricity. Does power increase or decrease in relation to resistance??

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 03:05 PM PST

So P=VI

Or P= (V2) /R

Or P= (I2)*R

Trying to wrap my mind around why the power would get larger as resistance gets smaller in the first equation, but the opposite in the second .

Thanks

Edit - not sure how reddits math formulation works haha

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How much does solar wind affect planetary orbits?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 08:27 PM PST

The pressure from solar wind is pretty tiny, but it falls over a whole lot of surface area when it hits Earth. Back of the envelope calculations show the Earth currently gets about 150,000N/s of force from it. That's not a lot, either, but multiplied by a billion years it adds up. So how much of an influence would that have on our orbit over geologic time? Are we farther from the sun than you'd expect of calculating based on gravity alone?

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What determines how soon one will experience covid symptoms after exposure?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 12:15 PM PST

As we all know it can take 2-14 days after exposure to covid for symptoms to appear, with a median of 4-5 days.

I was wondering why it has such a high range, and what factors determine its length.

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Can a HIV+ person who hasn’t treated the HIV for 9 months to a year could get ill from the Influenza Vaccine or any vaccine in general?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 08:57 PM PST

Does the vaccine help with the long-term effects experienced by those who already had covid?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 12:07 PM PST

I've been reading about all the lingering effects of organ damage and other after effects of having covid, and was wondering if its possible for the vaccine to alleviate this.

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South Africa Covid Variant?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 08:34 PM PST

My friend just told me about this variant. I was aware of the UK variant but just hear about this South Africa 501.V2 variant. What is it about this one that is particularly concerning?

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How come Covid-19 quick tests are wrong so easily?

Posted: 05 Jan 2021 03:31 AM PST

So for Covid, at least where I live there are 2 types of tests. One "serious" and the other one that gives you a result almost instantly. These are prone to fail often.

First time I heard about this was when 10 players of a football Team in my country were tested positive before a match. After all of them had taken the real test none of them were infected.

One of our politicians produced a positive test when he poured Coke over the test-strip. I even heard of them failing simply because they were done outside in the cold.

How is this possible? Is it even a good Idea to use tests that are prone to failure that often? Are they supposed to be used under very specific circumstances?

I really hope some of you can enlighten me in that regard.

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What is the status of investigation of Favipiravir for coronavirus?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 10:10 AM PST

I read there were supposedly good results in a phase 3 study about 5 months ago, but there is nobody talking about it anymore... meanwhile vaccines got approved and funded much quicker ... is there any hope this medication will be helpful?

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Is there a tablet/pill alternative in the works for the vaccine?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 07:24 PM PST

Asking this for someone with needle phobia. (I'd imagine there are other reasons why someone can't be injected.)

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Is there an official scientific definition of North that applies to other non-Earth objects?

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 07:23 AM PST

Obviously, any such definition would be mostly arbitrary... but I feel that such standardization would be necessary especially as we start exploring other astronomical bodies.

I'm sure that for our own solar system, we probably just designate the side of the ecliptic plane with Earth's North on it as the "North side"..

But what about something like Uranus whose rotation is basically perpedicular to the plane?

What about other star systems? How would we determine, for example, Proxima Centauri B's North Pole?

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