If we cannot receive light from objects more than 14 billion lightyears away (Hubble length), then how do we know the radius of the universe? | AskScience Blog

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Wednesday, January 18, 2017

If we cannot receive light from objects more than 14 billion lightyears away (Hubble length), then how do we know the radius of the universe?

If we cannot receive light from objects more than 14 billion lightyears away (Hubble length), then how do we know the radius of the universe?


If we cannot receive light from objects more than 14 billion lightyears away (Hubble length), then how do we know the radius of the universe?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 06:54 PM PST

The radius of the universe is said by WolframAlpha to be predicted at a value of 93 billion lightyears, about seven times this, but how do we know if no light reaches us from farther than 14 billion lightyears?

submitted by /u/CodeReaper
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Do all organisms evolve at the same generational rate? For example, would bacteria mutate more in 50 generations than humans would in 50 generations? Would they mutate the same amount, or even less than humans did?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 08:31 PM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Are there any theories that explain why our visual attention focus on dynamic objects/pictures rather than static ones?

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 03:44 AM PST

How do scientists discover new ways of combating diseases? In other words, how do scientists determine how and what to start looking for to cure diseases like HIV/cancer/etc.?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 07:16 PM PST

I understand the scientific method, medical studies, and that sort of thing to determine whether a particular method of combating a disease is effective. What I'm having a harder time understanding is how we even begin to figure out that 'such and such' virus or bacteria or antibiotic or whatever is actually really specifically useful in getting rid of another particular kind of bacteria/virus.

submitted by /u/cdbaca
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What does "theoretical science" mean?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 07:13 PM PST

I came across the term and tried Googling the definition, but did not seem to yield any satisfactory results. The term "theoretical physics" is however, more common.

Does "theoretical science" mean disciplines where experiments cannot be carried out to prove or disprove ideas and theories, but which are in themselves based on plausible and widely accepted principles? I can understand how "theoretical physics" fit into this because there is little, if any, scientific tools that can be used to carry out experiments on black holes or the Big Bang (at least that's my understanding).

If my understanding is correct, are there any other disciplines which fall under "theoretical science"? Would evolutionary psychology be one of them?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/kumhor
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What is the frequency range in which pulsars radiate?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 06:26 PM PST

I have heard that it can be several GHz although was wondering if there any particular estimates. Does it vary by pulsar? Do different pulsars have different peak intensities at different frequencies?

Is the broadband spectrum of a pulsar comparable (at least in the range of frequency) to a star such as our Sun?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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Why is it that birds don't get rabies, and when artificially infected, they are asymptomatic and recover- when everything else gets it and dies?

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 05:44 AM PST

I was reading this wiki article on rabies. In the "Transmission" section, it states:

"All warm-blooded species, including humans, may become infected with the rabies virus and develop symptoms. Birds were first artificially infected with rabies in 1884; however, infected birds are largely ,if not wholly, asymptomatic, and recover.[24] Other bird species have been known to develop rabies antibodies, a sign of infection, after feeding on rabies-infected mammals.[25][26]

The virus has also adapted to grow in cells of poikilothermic ("cold-blooded") vertebrates."

So, if i'm reading this correctly, all mammals are automatically susceptible, the virus has adapted to infect "cold-blooded vertebrates", but leaves birds asymptomatic and recovering.

what's so special about birds? or is it that it's not beneficial to the virus to infect birds?

submitted by /u/BartlettMagic
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Do sound waves travel further if the air pressure is higher?

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 07:39 AM PST

Do the planets all orbit the Sun on the same plane as Earth like all the models depict, or do the planets orbit the Sun like how we depict electrons orbiting an atom?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 07:36 PM PST

When I think of the orbits of the planets, I picture the classic Einsteinian model where the Sun is stretching space-time into a valley and the planets follow their orbits while simultaneously falling closer to the sun. However, I know that space-time is a 4 dimensional place and I really can not wrap my head around how the planets orbit in this sense.

submitted by /u/spartan1711
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Limits of the Internet. What is the current limit of possible addresses?

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 07:15 AM PST

Furthermore with the advent of the IoT. Is there a risk of hitting said limit? What if any are the solutions?

submitted by /u/Vespasians
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Do our bodies contract and expand with change in temperatures?

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 07:11 AM PST

If so do we which way around does it occur. Most substances expand when heated, but a critical exception is water (Of which there's a lot in our bodies).

submitted by /u/D_O_P_B
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What would happen if we drilled a hole through one side of the earth to the other and one jumped inside?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 04:32 PM PST

would the person fall back and forth between both ends of the hole or would they stick in the middle?

submitted by /u/ChiliBEanin
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How long did the impact winter that killed the dinosaurs last?

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 05:48 AM PST

Is the GZK limit a firm barrier, or does it only reflect the probability that an extreme-energy particle is unlikely to go further than 160 million light years?

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 05:47 AM PST

When observing stars, how can we know the size of each star at their respective distances?

Posted: 18 Jan 2017 05:30 AM PST

Do we have genes for the construction of mitochondria, or do mitochondria replicate themselves?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 06:55 PM PST

I know that mitochondria are actually bacteria that live in cells for mutual gain. But what I was wondering is if our cells possess DNA to instruct the construction of a new mitochondria when they daughter cells split in cytokineses, or do the mitochondria go through their own mitosis at the same time?

submitted by /u/TheFanciestFox
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I understand that space is huge, but if we're able to spot and locate stars 13 billion light years away, why can't we easily locate a suspected planet in our own solar system in today's age?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 10:32 AM PST

Inspired by this article about a potential 9th planet.

submitted by /u/Metropolis9999
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What is the difference between centripetal acceleration and centrifugal force?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 10:18 PM PST

If I were to travel ten light years going the speed of light, would it seem like an instant to me, but ten years for an outside observer?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 02:26 PM PST

I've recently been obsessed with anything discussing Einstein's relativity equations. This concept is by far one of the most intriguing. That is, if I am understanding it correctly. I'm posting this just for clarification if it is true that going any distance at the speed of light is instantaneous to the object traveling that speed. But to an outside observer, it took ten years for that object to reach them from ten light years away.

submitted by /u/MicChupa
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Will electric dipoles become oriented in a magnetic field?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 08:45 PM PST

If one has electric dipoles at 10K (e.g. small sample of H2O molecules in space), although there would be no net velocity, there would be thermal motions for each microscopic dipole. Thus when in a magnetic field, would these electric dipoles become oriented in any particular direction? If there was velocity coherence in the entire sample, would all the electric dipoles be oriented in such a manner that they could become aligned in a particular direction due to the magnetic field (while still retaining velocity coherence)?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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How far away from the sun would you have to go before it's no longer the brightest star visible?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 10:22 AM PST

I guess it would depend on the direction you're going? It could make a fun /r/dataisbeautiful project to make a map of this distance for different directions in the night sky, and the stars that would take over as brightest. Is there a database with the information needed to generate that?

submitted by /u/blargh9001
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Is linear polarization not expected from astrophysical masers?

Posted: 17 Jan 2017 05:59 PM PST

I was reading this text where they state: "Many cosmic masers are observed to have both circular and linear polarization although the reasons for linear polarization are not well understood."

Just curious, aren't there any molecules such as OH, CH4, or water masers that have transitions that emit linearly polarized waves? Why is the mechanism behind linear polarization in masers an outstanding question?

Perhaps on a related note, have astrophysical masers ever had measurements of rotation measure (RM)? Although these masers can arise in a variety of conditions (e.g. near stars, pulsar), they are typically in environments with strong EM fields, correct? So would we be able to observe an RM associated with a maser?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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