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Saturday, April 23, 2016

What happens on a cellular level when you improve muscle flexibility?

What happens on a cellular level when you improve muscle flexibility?


What happens on a cellular level when you improve muscle flexibility?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 09:08 PM PDT

[Psychology] Can adults lose/never obtain object permanence?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 07:29 AM PDT

Are there any studies that have analyzed risk adverseness varying by location in the United States?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 09:45 PM PDT

I've found ones that analyze risk adverseness based on age and gender but I'd like to see if any research has been done on people from across the country and their willingness to take risks.

Basically are there any locations where people are more alright with risk than others? And which places?

submitted by /u/_I_Have_No_Mouth_
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Why is one hemisphere of mars nearly 8 km below the other?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 03:23 PM PDT

I can only find stuff online of people talking about how we got the elevation data... But no one is really talking about the significance of it, why it is this way. Here's the image if it's any help: http://mola.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/topo_labeled.jpg

submitted by /u/aggyro
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Why didn't the univers collapse back into a black hole?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 12:05 PM PDT

Why didn't the universe collapse back into a black hole right after the big bang? After all wasn't it dense enough? Everything in the universe in such a small region?

submitted by /u/DarinHristov
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Why does the compression ratio decrease when soft input levels increase for hearing aids?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 08:54 PM PDT

I've been trying to understand compression ratios for hearings aids recently and there's a bit that I'm having a hard time understanding. I think I must have some sort of fundamental misunderstanding of how compression ratios work.

I've read that when Input Gain of soft levels increases, the compression ratio decreases. Which to my understanding means that at lower dB levels, as the dB increases, the output decreases - which seems counter intuitive. Wouldn't we want output to decrease as IG increases?

Any help explaining this would be appreciated.

Thank you.

submitted by /u/enderfiend
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What are the challenges in developing a rapid screening test to determine whether an infection is bacterial vs viral?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 07:39 AM PDT

It seems like one of the main problem is that there are tons of bacteria and viruses always present that aren't causing an infection. Could we use the quantity of a given bacteria in the location of an infection (e.g. sputum for a throat infection) since there would presumably be more of the infectious bacteria there? Are there any technologies or analytical techniques on the horizon which might help?

submitted by /u/ramk13
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Mental imagery and memory: What do people see and in what detail when they imagine or recall memories?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 08:55 AM PDT

This has been bugging me for ~2 years now ever since I started thinking that I might be worse than others and reading about people with exceptional abilities. The so called ''Mind's eye'' in my case is something I'm having hard time describing. When I go to bed it usually takes me quite a bit of time to fall asleep and lately I've been trying to really grasp what am I seeing and how. Initially I just see a black canvas and a single or two color ''masses'' sort of like waves collide and mix between my eyes. I've never seen that in real world and maybe I can't describe it properly and I never talked to someone about this and I really want to know if I am normal or impaired or what. Then comes my memory and ability to recall some things I feel like there's always a part of that ''black canvas'' sort of like grain over whatever I'm trying to remember. I can't recall people's faces or details 1:1 even though I can recognize a person I saw ages ago even if I can't imagine them in that same detail. And then some traumatic things that I experienced if I remember them wash up the very emotions I felt DURING that particular event and it makes me have to turn around in bed and change position from sheer fact it makes me uncomfortable. It's absolutely weird and my memory and these different situations creeps me out. I'm not sure what kind of memory I have. When I normally read like a wikipeadia page or something and not really ''try hard'' to be able to remember all of it and I often don't remember a lot of details and informationm but then again when studying for school I'd often repeat a word, then a sentence then a page until I can basically just repeat everything. Another issue is having issues imagining things like numbers. I can't calculate anything but the basic things in my head though I admit I'm very rusty with math maybe this just comes after you work with numbers a lot. I feel inferior because of all these possible shortcomings. Crappy memory, crappy visualization just useless really. Are there any tests I can do to determine lack of abilities?

submitted by /u/Alta_
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Why are so few animals considered self-aware? Mirror test question.

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 02:56 PM PDT

Only those animals that pass the mirror test (observing a painted mark on their body in the mirror and using that knowledge to attempt to remove the mark) are commonly accepted as being self-aware to a significant degree.

But doesn't the fact that cats and dogs learn not to get tricked by their own reflection in the mirror indicate that they understand mirrors/possess self-awareness? My cat reacts to my reflections but not his own, which means he hasn't simply learned to ignore the mirror but understands it's content on some level.

submitted by /u/purewasted
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Using another liquid for steam-powered engines?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 03:23 PM PDT

This post is inspired by this image: http://i.imgur.com/j6ZENFS.gifv My question is: would it be feasible to collect the water vapor and use it to heat another liquid with a lower boiling point? Would this increase the efficiency of a steam-powered engine, or would heat loss/something else be too great a barrier?

submitted by /u/Its_4_AM_Man
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Can a strong enough magnetic field slow down time in the same way gravity does?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 09:49 AM PDT

Why do some people's wisdom teeth grow through the gums and some people's don't?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 02:56 PM PDT

Why is it so common for people who have undergone trauma in childhood to exhibit compulsive rocking motion?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 12:43 PM PDT

Supposedly one of the main ways a Romanian can tell if someone grew up in an orphanage or not is if they compulsively rock backwards and forwards, even in adulthood. I assume this would be caused by the trauma of growing up in an orphanage, but why is such rocking motion so common as a symptom of that trauma?

submitted by /u/holytriplem
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Are there any organisms taking advantage of increased co2 levels in order to flourish?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 02:47 PM PDT

Are there any organisms taking advantage of increased co2 levels ?

submitted by /u/ThaiKarma
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Why is it that music that is perceived louder, sounds better?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 03:11 PM PDT

Loudness war is common term in the music industry. It is the practice of compressing the dynamic range of a song so the overall volume can be raised to a consistent high level. This is common with mainstream music but something that most artist believe kills the art.

What is the scientific reason on why we prefer music that is perceived to be louder to be better? If there is very little dynamic range in a song, wouldn't our ears get adapted to that level and null out the perceived loudness?

submitted by /u/Acid-303
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How is CO2 tested for in ppm in ice core samples?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 12:34 PM PDT

Can human brains actually "multi-task" or is our brain just capable of swapping back and forth between tasks quickly?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 01:31 PM PDT

When I'm brushing my teeth and doing something else at the same time with my other hand, like folding a pair of pants, I find myself involuntarily stopping brushing my teeth and only focus on the folding. I don't even realize I stopped brushing my teeth. What's the science behind this?

submitted by /u/Chroniic10
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With antibiotic resistance becoming more prevalent, what are some possible effective antibacterial alternatives for the future?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 02:25 PM PDT

How does aluminum foil, baking soda, and vinegar remove tarnish from silverware?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 07:46 AM PDT

Does it matter to the average human body the kind of protein (e.g. plant, animal, etc.) it consumes?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 02:01 PM PDT

Hello /r/AskScience!

My doctor asked me to work on losing a few pounds a few months ago. So I started paying attention to the nutrition facts labels on foods and tracking my diet and exercise. I noticed that some of the macronutrients groups have subcategories on these labels, while others do not.

This lead me to have a few questions:

  1. Are there subcategories for proteins that are nutritionally relevant?
  2. If so, why aren't those subcategories listed on the nutrition facts labels?
  3. If not, does the human body just synthesize the proteins it needs by breaking down the proteins we eat?
  4. Finally, I have been trying to find low calorie, high protein foods that I can eat on the go. Lately, this means I have been trying out various protein bars. Are these nutritionally viable options or are they all just marketed to uneducated consumers like myself?

Thanks in advance for your informative replies!

Edit: I am not looking for specific nutritional advice. I meant for my questions to be more general in nature.

submitted by /u/1968GTCS
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Why are so many organic molecules carcinogens/toxic?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 11:56 AM PDT

Weird reflection?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 01:48 PM PDT

So I installed a window film on my home windows with up to 70% UV blocking capacity so then the film reflects rainbow alike colors on the floor is the film working?

submitted by /u/Hibear
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What will happen to the earth when the moon inevitably escapes our orbit?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 03:21 PM PDT

How will the lack of tides affect the earth? Will there be any other noticeable effects?

Inspired by a recent photo showing the growing distance between the earth and moon between 2015-2016.

submitted by /u/demonicsoap
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How exactly does the body's immune system differentiate between pathogens and friendly microbes, for example in the gut?

Posted: 22 Apr 2016 06:30 AM PDT

I'm guessing this has been discussed but I couldn't find an answer. If someone can simply point me in the direction of a great answer, that'd be just as good as answering yourself.

submitted by /u/En_lighten
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Friday, April 22, 2016

How come small cuts on the anus from over wiping or hemorrhoids does not cause serious septicemia?

How come small cuts on the anus from over wiping or hemorrhoids does not cause serious septicemia?


How come small cuts on the anus from over wiping or hemorrhoids does not cause serious septicemia?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 01:12 PM PDT

Since feces is swarming with many bacteria capable of causing serious infection.

submitted by /u/rauls4
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Do sickle cell anemia and thalassemia interact?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 09:01 PM PDT

Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are similar disorders. Both are caused by genetic mutations that result in malformed hemoglobin. In both cases a single copy of the gene will do little harm and confer a slight advantage against malaria, but two copies will result in serious disease.

I'm wondering if a child with one copy of the sickle cell gene and one copy of the thalassemia gene would also be at risk of serious disease. In other words, is it possible for two different but similar recessive genes to behave as if they were paired with copies of themselves?

submitted by /u/avec_serif
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Why do I need to eat food when taking antibiotics but I don't need to when taking pain relief such as panadol?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 09:05 PM PDT

When people die from "overdosing on prescription opiods" are they really dying from acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 07:26 PM PDT

According to the CDC:

The United States is in the midst of an opioid overdose epidemic.

Opioids (including prescription opioid pain relievers and heroin) killed more than 28,000 people in 2014, more than any year on record. At least half of all opioid overdose deaths involve a prescription opioid.

Are they "hiding" acetaminophen deaths in this figure? Is it a significant percentage?

submitted by /u/GodIsPansexual
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Do photons (ie. light) possess the property of inertia, or inertial mass?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 01:22 PM PDT

It seems surprisingly difficult to find an authoritative (layperson-friendly) answer to this. It's pretty obvious that a hypothetical box of photons will have a greater inertial mass than an identical-but-empty box, but can light be said to have inertia?

submitted by /u/qeveren
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How are the shapes of organs determined?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 07:28 PM PDT

Do quarks and other elementary particles have mass? Does the concept of mass still make sense/apply at that scale? Is there a Planck mass, similar to a Planck length, that is the smallest mass something can be?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 04:12 PM PDT

If a woman is in a coma, will she still menstruate?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 10:47 AM PDT

Why is iridescence usually green and purple?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 01:29 PM PDT

I'm thinking of iridescent birds, oil slicks, Mystic paint . . . Green and purple are the prominent colors. Why is this?

submitted by /u/mixosax
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When testing new drugs, does the FDA consider the acceptability of side effects?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 04:50 PM PDT

If there was a new drug or procedure that treats sudden and explosive hemorrhage, would extreme kidney or liver damage be acceptable? For a new Alzheimer's drug, would extreme elevated risk of cancer be acceptable?

submitted by /u/arbitrageME
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What are some of the factors causing an increase in STD rates among gay men since 2013?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 09:49 PM PDT

The CDC released some information regarding STDs (see fact sheet and article below), and there was an increase in the rate of infection by 15% between 2013 and 2014 data. This seems statistically significant, but I can't seem to figure out why the large increase. What are typical causes of sudden increases like this? My speculations are that either the ability to be tested, or sampling method have changed, but hopefully someone more familiar with the topic can comment. Thank you very much.

News Release

Fact Sheet

submitted by /u/-_-BanditGirl-_-
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Is there a correlation between climate change and movement of the tectonic plates??

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 04:28 PM PDT

Is there a correlation between climate change and movement of the tectonic plates. We talk about how climate change is going to affect the weather -storms, heat waves, tidal erosion from ocean levels rising. Wouldn't these things affect the tectonic plates?? Loss of ice pack, which reflects some of the energy the Sun throws at us, is shrinking due to warmer water temperatures. This means more of that energy is being absorbed by the oceans, which get warmer, and that brings about more melting. Does the shrinkage of the ice pack affect the tectonic plates?? Does water pressure change with temperatures?? If I am diving, am I under the same pressure at the same depth in hot vs cold water?? I am not a scientist, but I am kinda baked.

Any errors in logic and/or anything else should be blamed on sativa.

submitted by /u/Boondala
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Why specifically is Tris buffer problematic with single junction AgCl pH meters?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 11:36 AM PDT

Why specifically (what's the chemical reaction?) is Tris buffer problematic with single junction AgCl pH meters? Our double junction pH meter broke and we switched to single junction AgCl meter for a ~month. All my experiments stopped working and I didn't correlate right away cause' everyone elses pH meter stuff worked fine … tried all sorts of unhelpful stuff (getting new polymerase, isolating fresh gDNA, re-making all of my reagents from scratch etc.,). It turns out that Tris buffers form a complex, with silver, that clogs single junction AgCl meters. http://www.bio-rad.com/…/faq/268453677/technical-support-faq Everything's working now, but I'm wondering: what specifically is the precipitation reaction here? I recall that methylamine can form a soluble complex with the Ag of AgCl (is it just that this Tris complex is too big to be soluble?), BUT there are three hydroxyls on Tris that can play too! Anyone know the deets? Google was vague. I don't actually need to know, cause' everything works now … I'm just wondering :D

submitted by /u/DavidHalvorsen
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How do we work out non-integer factorials? What about the factorials of irrational numbers?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:02 PM PDT

Why is the Sin 0i/Sin 0r ratio is equal to the refractive index of a material?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:28 PM PDT

Hi, I was covering sine's law in my science class and could not figure out how this ratio is equal to the refractive index. Thank you!

submitted by /u/Fadeaway32322212
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Are nuclear weapons more difficult to develop using fusion technology as opposed to fission?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 02:18 PM PDT

Hypothetically, if the world governments somehow successfully prohibited fission technology, would that make fusion developed weapon harder/more expensive to make? I don't understand the relation between the two

submitted by /u/cran_daddyurp
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Optics - Does anyone know the name of the symbol (triangle) in the picture in the link?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:43 PM PDT

How have our bodies evolved to metabolize chemicals such as pharmaceutical drugs that would never be found in nature?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 12:22 PM PDT

How are Private and Public Encryption Keys made? How come you can't encrypt something with the public key?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 10:42 AM PDT

I'm having a tough time wrapping my head around how they are made and work. Surely encrypting with both would lead to the same result? From what i understand they can be used as a digital signature, which I quite like the sound of but I just don't quite have enough knowledge to understand. I could only find short videos on it, or hour long lectures (literally a camera sitting in on the lecture). I understand this may not be the usual question this subreddit gets asked but I believe cryptography counts as a science.

submitted by /u/RincerOfWind
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Where do the germs in urine and feces come from?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 12:23 PM PDT

In HPLC systems coupled to electrochemical detectors, what is the guard cell actually doing?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 11:18 AM PDT

Also, we have a dual ECD cell system and only use the readout of the 2nd EC cell as our data. Will changing the applied voltage at the first EC cell have any effect on the amount of detectable molecules that I am trying to read with the 2nd EC cell? Likewise, will changing guard cell voltage effect my readouts?

I am a neuroscientist measuring neurotransmitters (catecholamines) in mouse brain slices. I really just started getting into HLPC a few months ago and I think I have most of it down, but if you have any questions on the setup let me know.

submitted by /u/UseYourThumb
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How does the brain process images from either side of the head (such as Parrot eyes)?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 09:02 AM PDT

I googled the question, (couldn't find much) but it came up with some eye science stuff, with a link to binocular rivalry. I looked into it a little and it said it was when the eyes "alternate between different images presented to each eye". Wouldn't the same sort of thing happen all the time for animals such as rabbits, with eyes on either side of the head? or does this only apply to species with binocular vision. TIA

submitted by /u/grinch3311
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Is the temperature of a black hole absolute zero?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 07:17 AM PDT

Since matter keeps getting denser and denser, and moves less and less to the point of absolute zero where nothing is moving or vibrating, and it is giving off no black body radiation, would a black hole be absolute zero? It fits the characteristics of what something would be like at absolute zero.

submitted by /u/Arabaster77
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Thursday, April 21, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: We are Jeff Galvin and Dr. David Pauza (long time lurkers, first time posters) here to talk about “treating the untreatable, curing the incurable” -- the future of genetic medicine. How it works. What it can do. Ask us ANYTHING!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Jeff Galvin and Dr. David Pauza (long time lurkers, first time posters) here to talk about “treating the untreatable, curing the incurable” -- the future of genetic medicine. How it works. What it can do. Ask us ANYTHING!


AskScience AMA Series: We are Jeff Galvin and Dr. David Pauza (long time lurkers, first time posters) here to talk about “treating the untreatable, curing the incurable” -- the future of genetic medicine. How it works. What it can do. Ask us ANYTHING!

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:01 AM PDT

Who are we?

I'm Jeff Galvin, son of an MIT Electrical Engineer and inventor who pioneered advanced portable radar and analog signal processing. I'm an entrepreneur, Silicon Valley startup guy and former Apple International Product Marketing Manager in the 80's; where I traveled the world introducing the original Macintosh (and LISA if you ever heard of that). Computer nerd from the 7th grade (early 1970's), I taught basic computer programming on weekends at MIT and later became the youngest-ever Head Teaching Fellow for Natural Sciences 110 (the second largest undergraduate class on campus) at Harvard as a Sophomore. After a successful career in computers, software and the Internet, I retired to become a "Silicon Valley Angel Investor". Retirement didn't last long… I met Dr. Roscoe Brady at the National Institutes of Health and he showed me something that I immediately realized would be bigger than computers or the Internet ever became. In 2006, Dr. Brady opened my eyes to viral vectors and genetic technologies that I realized could let me reprogram the fundamental computers of life itself: the human cell. That "ah-ha moment" back in 2006 began my quest to solve intractable human disease by repairing the underlying genetic roots of cancers, inherited disorders and infectious disease. Now, I head a leading genetic technologies company that is going to help send chemotherapy and radiation for cancer the way of leeches and bloodletting, and provide treatments and cures for scores of formally un-addressable disorders and diseases.

TL;DR - Silicon Valley sweetheart turned genetic drug developer

The Activator - My name is David Pauza, an OG (original gene cloner) since the 1970s. My areas of expertise are human virology and cancer. For the last 30 years or so, I have been studying HIV / AIDS, publishing scientific papers and educating the public about viral diseases. Before joining AGT, I had started an HIV research program at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, then built a strong HIV program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and finally moved to the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. During those years my lab group focused on understanding the most basic steps in HIV disease and designing new treatments or vaccines. We first talked openly of curing HIV disease in 1992 and have kept that flame burning ever since. The path to a cure depended on studying fundamental aspects of human virology and immunology. Many of the lessons learned in our study of AIDS apply directly to human cancer, which continues to be a major threat to HIV+ people even with current therapy. I brought these perspectives, skills and some team members to American Gene Technologies where we are working with Jeff to chart innovative cures for major human diseases.

TL;DR - A scientist with deep knowledge and a big bag of tricks.

As we see it, the new frontier of drug development is genetic science, where rifle-shot treatments deal with the specific, underlying causes of disease, eventually leading to cures rather than lifetime treatments. We take a creative approach, believing that many diseases can be treated with genetic therapy if you mix the right technology with a solid understanding of disease and add advice from talented clinicians to guide treatment delivery.

We are currently focusing on HIV / AIDS, Liver Cancer, Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Breast Cancer. Ask us anything about our mission, gene therapy basics, new technology, research, development portfolio or the future!

If you would like more information about our company, team, research collaborators or scientific advisors, visit www.americangene.com

We will be back from 2:00 – 4:00pm EST to answer your questions!

submitted by /u/AmericanGene
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How do voting machines work and why would we need to audit something as simple as a vote count?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:16 PM PDT

To a simpleton like myself, an average smartphone seems far more complicated than a machine that counts "Votes for H" and "Votes for B."

How do the voting machines responsible for counting votes actually work?

How could something so simple be the subject of fraud? How could that fraud be detected and rectified?

submitted by /u/caBALLERo14
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Can oral vitamin B12 work effectively if taken sublingually?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 10:32 PM PDT

Do "larger" people have an advantage combating a viral or bacterial infection?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:26 AM PDT

All else being equal, aside from height/weight (but the same BMI) would you expect someone shorter than average or taller than average to get over say, a viral infection, at a different pace than an average person?

Say you have:

A 5'4", 127lb male ("smaller")

A 5'10", 153lb male ("average")

A 6'4", 180lb male ("larger")

All the same BMI, with identical immune systems, diets, environmental factors, and have proportional bodies, would the larger specimen be able to fight the virus 40% quicker than the smaller one? Or feel side effects proportionately less than the smaller one? Etc?

Or does the virus scale itself to the size of the human, and they can expect identical experiences the duration of infection?

I apologize if this is a stupid question but I wonder if there's some how an almost mechanical advantage to a larger person in fighting disease.

Thank you in advance for your consideration and/or any directions you can point me to for my own edification.

submitted by /u/itsonlyastrongbuzz
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Does any career other than Seismologist use the richter scale?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:35 PM PDT

[Mathematics] Why is the Powerset of N considered to have the same cardinality with R?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 02:46 PM PDT

Hello there, This question is probably not all that interesting for most people but I would appreciate an answer as it is very perplexing to me why this notion exists. This question arose when mentioned briefly during a lecture however there was no further explanation given. My mathematical understanding is equal to Calculus 1 and 2, Linear Algebra and the basics of Mathematical Analaysis (Set Theory, Limits, Bounded sequences etc). Thank you for your time

submitted by /u/Berlinia
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If dividing by zero is indeterminate, but dividing by a fraction is the same as multiplying by the reciprocal? What is 1 / (1/0)?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 03:12 PM PDT

If 1/0 is done first, the result would be a division by zero error. However, if the problem is rewritten as 1 * (0/1), the zero would shift into the numerator and return 0. So, which of these rules would take precedence in solving this?

Edit: undefined, not indeterminate

submitted by /u/CaelestisInteritum
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Honeycombs are organized in hexagons because it's the most efficient form to divide an area in small parts, right? What is the threedimensional equivalent?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 06:50 AM PDT

I just thought of this and couldn't think of an answer

submitted by /u/Qaysed
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Genetic scientists will often include a gene that codes for a green fluorescent protein in combination with a desired gene. How does the glow tell scientists that the desired gene was inserted correctly?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:55 AM PDT

Why does the heat of combustion of alkanols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol) increase with molecular mass?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 09:52 AM PDT

I'm confused as to what the answer is. It would be much appreciated if the answer was not too advanced as I'm a senior high school student so I have a basic understanding of chemistry.

I've found a variety of different answers on the internet and I'm not too sure on which one is the correct one

E.g. The high the molar mass of a fuel, the higher the carbon content and hence the higher the latent chemical energy in the fuel.

OR So the higher the molecular mass, the more carbon and hydrogen there is to combine with oxygen. The more carbon and hydrogen there is to combine with oxygen, the more energy will be released.

OR is the answer something else entirely.

Answers will be much appreciated. Thankyou!

submitted by /u/ilikepizza9
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2 headed snakes, how their nervous systems works and coordinate movements?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:47 AM PDT

I remember a case of human twins that was born as "one person" with "two heads" and as I remember seeing in the documentary they said that each one controls one side of the body, with other animals like the snakes is the same principle? Or that's a specific case and generally neural signals are all messed up?

submitted by /u/Kaikidan
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How does carbon fiber have such high strength when it needs a resin to hold its shape?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:16 AM PDT

my gut tells me it should only be as strong as the resin used. But if that was true, they would use cheap fibers instead of expensive ones like carbon.

submitted by /u/jbourne0129
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what is the nuance between "embryonic stem cells" & "mesenchymal stem cells"?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:36 AM PDT

I got an oral presentation about the "therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells" to prepare. my researches so far (online of course) revealed that mesenchymal cells has been proven only inside the bone marrow of adults (0.001-0.01% of its total cells) and that its applications are limited given the fact that they only produce 3 types of cells (bones,fat,cartilage) and are difficult to isolate given the percentage.

on the other hand embryonic cells are easily obtainable (if we cast aside ethics) and its applications are 'unlimited' (obviously).

coherent and easy so far. but she also gave me some kind of a resume to help me with my task except that everything related to therapeutics in it are talking about embryonic stem cells and how they can treat incurable deceases like diabetes.... when the title clearly says "mesenchymal stem cells: therapeutic applications" I am totally lost.

she seems to be expecting a presentation on mesenchymal stem cells's therapeutic applications when she asked about embryonic cells. am I missing something? should I just do it on embryonic cells and replace embryonic with mesenchymal?

submitted by /u/KuroOni
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How was the structure of the Earth determined?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:04 AM PDT

How have scientists determined the depths of the various layers (crust, mantle, etc) and how accurate are these values thought to be?

submitted by /u/cbdr
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Why do some areas of Earth have far less lightning storms than other areas?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 05:56 AM PDT

I grew up in Wisconsin and lemme tell you. Extremely loud, scary thunderstorms were pretty common during the warm months.

But I have lived abroad (not in the usa) for over a decade and there's perhaps 1 really bad (scary) lightning storm per summer (at least the places I've lived).

why is there less lightning in these other nations? i'd assumed lightning struck pretty uniformly across the earth.

submitted by /u/VillageIdiot34
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