- AskScience AMA Series: We are Jeff Galvin and Dr. David Pauza (long time lurkers, first time posters) here to talk about “treating the untreatable, curing the incurable” -- the future of genetic medicine. How it works. What it can do. Ask us ANYTHING!
- How do voting machines work and why would we need to audit something as simple as a vote count?
- Can oral vitamin B12 work effectively if taken sublingually?
- Do "larger" people have an advantage combating a viral or bacterial infection?
- Does any career other than Seismologist use the richter scale?
- [Mathematics] Why is the Powerset of N considered to have the same cardinality with R?
- Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
- If dividing by zero is indeterminate, but dividing by a fraction is the same as multiplying by the reciprocal? What is 1 / (1/0)?
- Honeycombs are organized in hexagons because it's the most efficient form to divide an area in small parts, right? What is the threedimensional equivalent?
- Genetic scientists will often include a gene that codes for a green fluorescent protein in combination with a desired gene. How does the glow tell scientists that the desired gene was inserted correctly?
- Why does the heat of combustion of alkanols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol) increase with molecular mass?
- 2 headed snakes, how their nervous systems works and coordinate movements?
- How does carbon fiber have such high strength when it needs a resin to hold its shape?
- what is the nuance between "embryonic stem cells" & "mesenchymal stem cells"?
- How was the structure of the Earth determined?
- Why do some areas of Earth have far less lightning storms than other areas?
| Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:01 AM PDT Who are we? I'm Jeff Galvin, son of an MIT Electrical Engineer and inventor who pioneered advanced portable radar and analog signal processing. I'm an entrepreneur, Silicon Valley startup guy and former Apple International Product Marketing Manager in the 80's; where I traveled the world introducing the original Macintosh (and LISA if you ever heard of that). Computer nerd from the 7th grade (early 1970's), I taught basic computer programming on weekends at MIT and later became the youngest-ever Head Teaching Fellow for Natural Sciences 110 (the second largest undergraduate class on campus) at Harvard as a Sophomore. After a successful career in computers, software and the Internet, I retired to become a "Silicon Valley Angel Investor". Retirement didn't last long… I met Dr. Roscoe Brady at the National Institutes of Health and he showed me something that I immediately realized would be bigger than computers or the Internet ever became. In 2006, Dr. Brady opened my eyes to viral vectors and genetic technologies that I realized could let me reprogram the fundamental computers of life itself: the human cell. That "ah-ha moment" back in 2006 began my quest to solve intractable human disease by repairing the underlying genetic roots of cancers, inherited disorders and infectious disease. Now, I head a leading genetic technologies company that is going to help send chemotherapy and radiation for cancer the way of leeches and bloodletting, and provide treatments and cures for scores of formally un-addressable disorders and diseases. TL;DR - Silicon Valley sweetheart turned genetic drug developer The Activator - My name is David Pauza, an OG (original gene cloner) since the 1970s. My areas of expertise are human virology and cancer. For the last 30 years or so, I have been studying HIV / AIDS, publishing scientific papers and educating the public about viral diseases. Before joining AGT, I had started an HIV research program at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, then built a strong HIV program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and finally moved to the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. During those years my lab group focused on understanding the most basic steps in HIV disease and designing new treatments or vaccines. We first talked openly of curing HIV disease in 1992 and have kept that flame burning ever since. The path to a cure depended on studying fundamental aspects of human virology and immunology. Many of the lessons learned in our study of AIDS apply directly to human cancer, which continues to be a major threat to HIV+ people even with current therapy. I brought these perspectives, skills and some team members to American Gene Technologies where we are working with Jeff to chart innovative cures for major human diseases. TL;DR - A scientist with deep knowledge and a big bag of tricks. As we see it, the new frontier of drug development is genetic science, where rifle-shot treatments deal with the specific, underlying causes of disease, eventually leading to cures rather than lifetime treatments. We take a creative approach, believing that many diseases can be treated with genetic therapy if you mix the right technology with a solid understanding of disease and add advice from talented clinicians to guide treatment delivery. We are currently focusing on HIV / AIDS, Liver Cancer, Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Breast Cancer. Ask us anything about our mission, gene therapy basics, new technology, research, development portfolio or the future! If you would like more information about our company, team, research collaborators or scientific advisors, visit www.americangene.com We will be back from 2:00 – 4:00pm EST to answer your questions! [link] [comments]  |
| How do voting machines work and why would we need to audit something as simple as a vote count? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:16 PM PDT To a simpleton like myself, an average smartphone seems far more complicated than a machine that counts "Votes for H" and "Votes for B." How do the voting machines responsible for counting votes actually work? How could something so simple be the subject of fraud? How could that fraud be detected and rectified? [link] [comments]  |
| Can oral vitamin B12 work effectively if taken sublingually? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 10:32 PM PDT |
| Do "larger" people have an advantage combating a viral or bacterial infection? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:26 AM PDT All else being equal, aside from height/weight (but the same BMI) would you expect someone shorter than average or taller than average to get over say, a viral infection, at a different pace than an average person? Say you have: A 5'4", 127lb male ("smaller") A 5'10", 153lb male ("average") A 6'4", 180lb male ("larger") All the same BMI, with identical immune systems, diets, environmental factors, and have proportional bodies, would the larger specimen be able to fight the virus 40% quicker than the smaller one? Or feel side effects proportionately less than the smaller one? Etc? Or does the virus scale itself to the size of the human, and they can expect identical experiences the duration of infection? I apologize if this is a stupid question but I wonder if there's some how an almost mechanical advantage to a larger person in fighting disease. Thank you in advance for your consideration and/or any directions you can point me to for my own edification. [link] [comments]  |
| Does any career other than Seismologist use the richter scale? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:35 PM PDT |
| [Mathematics] Why is the Powerset of N considered to have the same cardinality with R? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 02:46 PM PDT Hello there, This question is probably not all that interesting for most people but I would appreciate an answer as it is very perplexing to me why this notion exists. This question arose when mentioned briefly during a lecture however there was no further explanation given. My mathematical understanding is equal to Calculus 1 and 2, Linear Algebra and the basics of Mathematical Analaysis (Set Theory, Limits, Bounded sequences etc). Thank you for your time [link] [comments]  |
| Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:05 AM PDT Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 20 Apr 2016 03:12 PM PDT If 1/0 is done first, the result would be a division by zero error. However, if the problem is rewritten as 1 * (0/1), the zero would shift into the numerator and return 0. So, which of these rules would take precedence in solving this? Edit: undefined, not indeterminate [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 20 Apr 2016 06:50 AM PDT |
| Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:55 AM PDT |
| Posted: 20 Apr 2016 09:52 AM PDT I'm confused as to what the answer is. It would be much appreciated if the answer was not too advanced as I'm a senior high school student so I have a basic understanding of chemistry. I've found a variety of different answers on the internet and I'm not too sure on which one is the correct one E.g. The high the molar mass of a fuel, the higher the carbon content and hence the higher the latent chemical energy in the fuel. OR So the higher the molecular mass, the more carbon and hydrogen there is to combine with oxygen. The more carbon and hydrogen there is to combine with oxygen, the more energy will be released. OR is the answer something else entirely. Answers will be much appreciated. Thankyou! [link] [comments]  |
| 2 headed snakes, how their nervous systems works and coordinate movements? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:47 AM PDT I remember a case of human twins that was born as "one person" with "two heads" and as I remember seeing in the documentary they said that each one controls one side of the body, with other animals like the snakes is the same principle? Or that's a specific case and generally neural signals are all messed up? [link] [comments]  |
| How does carbon fiber have such high strength when it needs a resin to hold its shape? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:16 AM PDT my gut tells me it should only be as strong as the resin used. But if that was true, they would use cheap fibers instead of expensive ones like carbon. [link] [comments]  |
| what is the nuance between "embryonic stem cells" & "mesenchymal stem cells"? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:36 AM PDT I got an oral presentation about the "therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells" to prepare. my researches so far (online of course) revealed that mesenchymal cells has been proven only inside the bone marrow of adults (0.001-0.01% of its total cells) and that its applications are limited given the fact that they only produce 3 types of cells (bones,fat,cartilage) and are difficult to isolate given the percentage. on the other hand embryonic cells are easily obtainable (if we cast aside ethics) and its applications are 'unlimited' (obviously). coherent and easy so far. but she also gave me some kind of a resume to help me with my task except that everything related to therapeutics in it are talking about embryonic stem cells and how they can treat incurable deceases like diabetes.... when the title clearly says "mesenchymal stem cells: therapeutic applications" I am totally lost. she seems to be expecting a presentation on mesenchymal stem cells's therapeutic applications when she asked about embryonic cells. am I missing something? should I just do it on embryonic cells and replace embryonic with mesenchymal? [link] [comments]  |
| How was the structure of the Earth determined? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:04 AM PDT How have scientists determined the depths of the various layers (crust, mantle, etc) and how accurate are these values thought to be? [link] [comments]  |
| Why do some areas of Earth have far less lightning storms than other areas? Posted: 20 Apr 2016 05:56 AM PDT I grew up in Wisconsin and lemme tell you. Extremely loud, scary thunderstorms were pretty common during the warm months. But I have lived abroad (not in the usa) for over a decade and there's perhaps 1 really bad (scary) lightning storm per summer (at least the places I've lived). why is there less lightning in these other nations? i'd assumed lightning struck pretty uniformly across the earth. [link] [comments]  |
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