How do we know how to build large scale, but rare, civil engineering projects? (e.g. subways) | AskScience Blog

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Sunday, September 1, 2019

How do we know how to build large scale, but rare, civil engineering projects? (e.g. subways)

How do we know how to build large scale, but rare, civil engineering projects? (e.g. subways)


How do we know how to build large scale, but rare, civil engineering projects? (e.g. subways)

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 08:22 PM PDT

Melbourne (Australia) is building its first subway since the 1980's. Building subways doesn't seem that common around the world in general. When a project like this is undertaken, how do we find people who have expertise in building them? Furthermore, when the project ends, how is the expertise gained in building that project kept/maintained for the next one? Since these sort of projects are so rare, it seems hard for people to build up their experience to do each subsequent project better (as one would building multiple skyscrapers, or websites for example).

Are these projects mostly done by people doing it for the first time? Are they informed by past successes and failures somehow?

EDIT: Thanks everyone for the fantastic responses so far! A lot of people are focusing on the 'subway' example, which was which first prompted my question, but apparently aren't as rare as I first thought. So a side question would be, are there any projects where maintaining knowledge and experience in building it does become a problem, simply because the projects are so uncommon? My other thought was dams, but they seem common too.

submitted by /u/Kangaroony3000
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/r/AskHistorians Floating Feature on the History of Science and Technology! Come over to read and share your favorite stories from their history!

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 11:24 AM PDT

How is a human's immunity system measured? (ie, I see studies that says this or that increase your immune system. )

Posted: 01 Sep 2019 06:10 AM PDT

There are lots of articles about "mass tree planting" events across the world. What happens after they are planted? Do only half of them grow? What's the impact? Anybody know?

Posted: 01 Sep 2019 06:05 AM PDT

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/climate-change-india-plants-220-million-trees-in-a-single-day-to-save-the-planet/

Here is a link to a massive tree planting they did recently in India. It's an awesome movement and I'm so glad to see many nation's making this a part of their process toward addressing climate change. But, what happens after the trees are in the ground? I'd love to know.

submitted by /u/M4D_SCIEN7IST
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How do physicists make two atomic/sub atomic elements crash into each other?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 11:17 PM PDT

What I'm really confused about is the size of the atomic elements, they are so small, but yet, physicists are able to make two of them crash into each other after accelerating them many times over with just magnetic forces. How is this type of precise control possible?

submitted by /u/frodog5050
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Do smells/odours truly disappear from things over time or do we just get used to them?

Posted: 01 Sep 2019 06:20 AM PDT

For context, someone in my family was cooking some steak downstairs and he did so without really ensuring the windows were open etc. As a result, the smell of meat/smoke went up in the house and I think it went into some of the clothes in my room upstairs.

Will these odour particles go on there own after time? Do these odours just hang around and disappear without any other impact or do we just get used to them?

submitted by /u/Ballsonhard
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How do people determine the tilt of a planet of direction is relative in space?

Posted: 01 Sep 2019 05:58 AM PDT

How Does Light From a Laser Operate When Passing Through Incredibly Tight Gaps?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 10:47 PM PDT

I had a neat idea that I want to explore (using wavelength-specific systems to process information at non-binary bases). But to get such an idea working on the scale of modern computers I'd need to get the pathways down to or below 14 nanometers, after some cursory googling I've come to the conclusion that light is far to unpredictable for me to fully understand so instead I'd like to ask a few questions to people who absolutely know more than I do:
1: how does the wavelength of a photon effect the space it can travel through?
2: would this effect it turning corners?
3: does the wavelength of a beam of light change how well it can be detected?
4: what are the modern limits on the wavelength range of photovoltaic cells and light emission systems like lasers? 5: are there any materials or compounds that react to specific wavelengths of light and maintain their state for very long amounts of time?

submitted by /u/AlexStorm1337
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How did Pangea break apart if the tectonic plates didn't have much "wiggle room"?

Posted: 01 Sep 2019 04:34 AM PDT

My understanding of tectonic plates is that they fit together like pieces of a jigsaw on the earth's surface. They have a little bit of wiggle room to move along the magma below, but not so much that they could move all over the earth without hitting into another plate.

How then could Pangea get split up so much? It's like two adjacent pieces of the jigsaw managed to move to opposite sides of the puzzle; did they slide over their neighbours to get away from each other?

I think that maybe some parts of the plates slid under their neighbours and were lost, while at other parts of the plate, magma was released and rebuilt forming new plate (like if a road was being extended at one end and destroyed at the other, it would look like the plate's 'moving'). I haven't seen explicitly said anywhere so either I'm wrong or I'm just not googling the right string of words!

submitted by /u/ChineseMurderVans
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Has the inclination of WR 104 ever been firmly determined, or do we still not know?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 11:26 AM PDT

I'm sorry, I really am, I am not sure if these questions are allowed, or if they are seen as immensely irritating.

I have recently sadly become overwhelmed with anxiety over Earth's safety (yes, I am trying to get help), and this is one of the biggest ones that bugs me, because I see information swing back and forth. I cannot find much information on the WR 104 binary system beyond 2015. Before 2009, the inclination is said to be <12°, and then a year later it was said to be maybe MUCH larger after spectroscopy. However, on Wikipedia, it states its inclination is back to 16°, with no reference linked. I did see this paper, but I have never seen any reports on it at all.

So, is Earth back in WR 104's sights, or is it still up in the air?
(and if I am allowed a second question, do astronomers still believe that the chance of a GRB in the Milky Way is still roughly 1% due to metallicity?)

submitted by /u/venting11202
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How did the Dicynodonts (Placerias, Dinodontosaurus, Ischigualalastia) go extinct?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 12:10 PM PDT

Dicynodontia is a taxon of anomodont therapsids with beginnings in the mid-Permian, which were dominant in the Late Permian and continued throughout the Triassic, with a few possibly surviving into the Early Cretaceous. Dicynodonts were herbivorous animals with two tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'.

Scientific name: Dicynodontia

Phylum: Chordata

Rank: Infraorder

Clade: †Chainosauria

Higher classification: Anomodont

Order: Therapsida

submitted by /u/Kingkongpizzapop2
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Why can't we synthesize the top shelf, super expensive, 40 years old scotch in the lab? Is there anything about the scotch only achievable by aging it more?

Posted: 01 Sep 2019 03:06 AM PDT

On Jupiter there is a storm that never ends. Is that something that could happen on Earth?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 04:13 PM PDT

I'm thinking not but global warming is a doggy's momma.

submitted by /u/simAlity
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Before Copernicus, what did people think a year was?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 10:07 AM PDT

So, people believed that the sun revolved around the Earth until after the Copernican revolution, but we had also known that a year was 365.25 long days since Classical Antiquity, so what did people believe a year was before Copernicus? It couldn't just have been "one orbit around the sun" because nobody believed the Earth revolved around the sun. Was it simply the idea that a 'year' was one full cycle of the seasons?

submitted by /u/HenriettaLeaveIt
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If I was on the Moon during a Lunar Eclipse, would the landscape be covered in red light?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 01:24 PM PDT

Does organ donors need to be the same sex as the recipient of said organ?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 09:46 PM PDT

If not, does a XX organ have a higher rejection rate when placed in a XY body? Is this how it even works at all?

submitted by /u/MaelstromRH
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Movies often show villains taking over the airways and broadcasting their own message. What prevents someone from doing this IRL?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 02:12 PM PDT

Does increasing muscle mass also affect the tensile strength of tendons?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 09:07 PM PDT

Let's take a body builder, do their tendons have a higher tensile strength than an average person?

submitted by /u/MordecaiKravits
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How do alpha particle emitters work?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 04:47 PM PDT

The other day in chemistry we learned about the gold foil experiment. I had a nagging question though, how does the alpha-particle emitter work, and how did Rutherford have access to it?

submitted by /u/flagjt
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would we be able to feel gravitational waves if our planet orbited two colliding black holes?

Posted: 31 Aug 2019 03:41 PM PDT

gravitational waves gets weaker as they travel across space with the two colliding black holes only measuring a movement of 1/1000th of a proton, so i'm wondering if we would actually feel it if we were close to the epicenter? or would relativity get in the way?

submitted by /u/MLPorsche
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