Scientists think the Earth had 2 periods of time when it was almost completely covered in ice. They only lasted a few million years. Do we have any way of knowing if Europa or Enceladus might be in similar temporary freezes? Or is theirs a clearly permanent state? | AskScience Blog

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Friday, August 9, 2019

Scientists think the Earth had 2 periods of time when it was almost completely covered in ice. They only lasted a few million years. Do we have any way of knowing if Europa or Enceladus might be in similar temporary freezes? Or is theirs a clearly permanent state?

Scientists think the Earth had 2 periods of time when it was almost completely covered in ice. They only lasted a few million years. Do we have any way of knowing if Europa or Enceladus might be in similar temporary freezes? Or is theirs a clearly permanent state?


Scientists think the Earth had 2 periods of time when it was almost completely covered in ice. They only lasted a few million years. Do we have any way of knowing if Europa or Enceladus might be in similar temporary freezes? Or is theirs a clearly permanent state?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 07:43 PM PDT

How are animal toxicity studies related back to humans when different species find different things toxic?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 01:46 PM PDT

Let's take raisins for example. If you were testing raisins in dogs, the LD50 would be really low compared to the LD50 in humans.

How do we account for these differences? Are there animals that have consistently had similar toxicities as humans that are used (mice? pigs?)? Are compounds tested in many different species? I know they can be tested on human cell lines, but that doesn't necessarily equate to the whole system.

submitted by /u/chocolatem00se
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Can unborn babies have allergic reactions/do they have allergies?

Posted: 09 Aug 2019 07:24 AM PDT

What are the potential affects? Could it kill the fetus?

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Why do medicines that work as painkillers typically also reduce fever?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 07:30 PM PDT

What was the main theory of the extinction of the dinosaurs, pre-discovery of the Chicxulub crater?

Posted: 09 Aug 2019 05:36 AM PDT

Is it possible that small exoplanet, which does not acquire magnetosphere, has an atmosphere?

Posted: 09 Aug 2019 01:02 AM PDT

To my small understanding, the magnetosphere is necessary to have atmosphere because of solar winds which can destroy atmosphere (this happened on Mars right). And we are almost sure that planets exist outside of star systems. So hypothetically, is it possible for such planet to sustain atmosphere without functional magnetosphere outside of star system?

Thanks and please be sympathetic with me. I am no close to astronomy and english (unfortunately).

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Besides the famous Janus cat, "Frank and Louie," have there been any other publicized cases of diprosopus (not sure of adjective form) animals (those with a duplicated face) surviving into adulthood and ultimately dying for reasons unrelated or mostly unrelated to their condition?

Posted: 09 Aug 2019 02:41 AM PDT

Why does a tropical storm's outflow have an anticyclonic motion?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 08:38 AM PDT

I recently saw a gif of clouds moving away from a typhoon in a clockwise flow instead of anti-clockwise (northern hemisphere). A quick google search told me that that was cyclone outflow and it happens because 'vorticity is reduced as air is lifted through the storm'. But then why does the spin then reverse? Why does it not seem to be affected by the Coriolis effect? Thank you!

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Is immunotherapy effective on brain tumors?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 08:52 PM PDT

With extensive searches there is little information to find one way or another. Most sites discuss what scientists and medical facilities hope to achieve for patients, but little information about what is currently achievable.

Is immunotherapy a current and effective option for brain tumor patients?

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For a container with two holes in a liquid exerting a pressure. Is the force of the liquid through each hole the same as the force through the hole of only one hole were there?

Posted: 09 Aug 2019 12:14 AM PDT

If the area of each hole is A, and liquid Pr. Is P, if the force of liquid through one hole P/2A or P/A?

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What exactly determines something as a null geodesic, and why do massless particles like photons follow the null geodesic? Also, why does gravity affect the null-geodesic?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 09:14 PM PDT

From my understanding light travels along the null-geodesic. If it would try to pass an object with high mass (e.g. a black hole), the null geodesic is affected by the gravitational pull, which also causes light to be pulled respectively, which would also slow down time. At the same time, isn't the null-geodesic a "status" where time does not exist because the Minkowski metric is 0?

I think I've got some stuff mixed up, and I'd like to understand it more.

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What does "Earth-analog outgassing rates for surface pressure" mean?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 12:20 PM PDT

I'm reading this paper:

https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1907/1907.13215.pdf

page 8, 10 lines down.

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Why don’t the inside of pipes erode away?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 01:39 PM PDT

I know they act on serotonin receptors like 5-HT1D, but how exactly do triptans abort migraines?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 02:27 PM PDT

When is the butterfly's sex determined? Is it when it hatches into a caterpillar or when it transforms from a caterpillar to a butterfly inside the pupae? And if the answer is the first option, does the caterpillar have any sorts of genitalia or something that reveals its sex?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 02:40 AM PDT

How do people predict the paths of forest fires?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 09:15 AM PDT

I always see the predicted path of a forest fire, but what factors lead to where to fire burns? I know the wind is probably one factor but what else determines the path of the fire?

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What do we mean when we refer to the age of the universe?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 02:21 AM PDT

If gravitational time dilation means that the speed of a clock is affected by the mass in the local area of space, then different physical regions of the universe will have different times elapsed since the big bang. The age of the space inhabited by the solar system will be different to that in the intergalactic vacuum. Wouldn't the vacuum observer come up with a different age?

What exactly is it that is 13.772 billion years old?

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