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Saturday, December 31, 2016

If we could drain the ocean, could we breath or live on the deepest parts or would pressures, temperatures, and oxygen levels be too extreme for us to live such as high altitudes?

If we could drain the ocean, could we breath or live on the deepest parts or would pressures, temperatures, and oxygen levels be too extreme for us to live such as high altitudes?


If we could drain the ocean, could we breath or live on the deepest parts or would pressures, temperatures, and oxygen levels be too extreme for us to live such as high altitudes?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 07:24 PM PST

How would we know if Voyager 1 or 2 crashed into something?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 02:03 PM PST

I went to JPL's website, but there is nothing there about the possibility of it happening.

Did we just chose a course that at the time looked pretty empty to us?

submitted by /u/acrowsmurder
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Is there any significance behind how long it takes your body to get sore after a workout?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 08:59 AM PST

I know that for me, I can workout at 8am and begin feeling sore that night, and wake up the next day in full blown soreness. Some people experience DOMS where they don't get sore for 2 days. Any reasoning for this? Does it relate to how fast the body repairs damaged muscle fibers?

submitted by /u/pitterpatter19
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When did Humans first start eating communal meals, instead of just snacking all day?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 12:16 PM PST

Animals never sit down and eat a meal together, they just snack all day. When did humans start having meals together, at set times, instead of just eating when hungry?

submitted by /u/MrAcurite
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What evolutionary advantage is there to internal organs feeling pain when without modern medicine, there's nothing a person or animal can do to fix what's causing the pain anyway?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 06:14 PM PST

Supposing that all antibiotics became completely useless tomorrow, how prepared would we be to fight off infections with other modern medicine?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 02:40 AM PST

Would we have no better survival rates than in the middle ages, or can we combat bacterial infections in other ways?

submitted by /u/weeaboo_willy
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Why does screaming during pain seem to make it feel less painful?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 06:14 PM PST

If all of the mass in the universe was to be inside of one black hole right now would the event horizon be larger, smaller or the same size as the universe is right now?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 05:19 AM PST

also if this was possible would this effect the rate at which the universe expands (especially if the event horizon of this black hole is larger than what the universe is right now)

submitted by /u/Biased24
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If hot air rises and cold air sinks, why does the air get colder as you get higher in altitude?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 02:55 AM PST

What would a large piece of a substance with a very short half life look like as it decays?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 04:40 PM PST

A half life of a few minutes or even seconds such as carbon-10.

submitted by /u/mick44c
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Are there any everyday macroscopic phenomena that are caused by the quantum behaviour of microscopic particles?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 12:12 PM PST

Or "can I see the effects of quantum stuff with my own eyes"

submitted by /u/saucenpops
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If the square root function only returns positive values, does that mean i is positive?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 01:04 AM PST

Pauli exclusion principle: how fast does 'this state is occupied' information travel?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 02:52 AM PST

Assuming it travels with c, does this mean that PEP can be violated for short amount of time?

submitted by /u/ryp3gridId
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Why can't we remember smells as well as sights?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 02:17 AM PST

Could Scientists create a YY... being?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 07:34 PM PST

After thinking about what I learned in science class in school years ago, I started to wonder if a YY...being, could be created. Surely it could be created, but has it been? And what was the outcome?

submitted by /u/Howitsmaderemix
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If a binary star system goes supernova, do the stars merge?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 06:57 PM PST

  • Will two binary stars merge when one goes supernova?
  • Can swallowing a star with lighter fuels reverse a supernova? My understanding of supernovas is that they result from a star running out of light elements- so what would an exploding star swallowing a partner star containing lighter fuels do to the exploding star?
  • Would a smaller star that is swallowed up by a supernova disintegrate? How solid or 'fluffy' is the advancing shockwave from an exploding star? Would the external pressure exerted on a smaller star by its exploding partner exceed the internal pressure generated by the smaller star's own fusion?
  • Are prior observations of a star circling a black hole (and being siphoned into its accretion disk) evidence for these scenarios? Do the stars have unusual composition for their size, reflecting a bolus of heavier elements being blown into their heliospheres?
submitted by /u/clone_or_bone
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What are examples of physical processes that involve wave function collapse?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 06:33 PM PST

I learned in an intro quantum mechanics course that taking measurements on quantum particles results in a collapse of their wave functions to a narrow spike, and that the measured quantity assumes a definite value after the measurement. Can anyone give me some examples of these types of measurements? The professor and text were exceedingly vague on this.

submitted by /u/elisanchez333
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Is it possible to retrieve Voyager with our current/near future tech?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 07:39 PM PST

Let say for some [insert] reason, The fate of humanity is rest whether we can retrieve Voyager or not.

We HAVE to retrieve Voyager by any means back to earth, budget is not an issue no matter how high.

The only limit is our current tech/near future tech.

  • Is it possible ?
  • What tech/method do we use ? (Rocket type / Nuclear is permitted), gravity assist etc)
  • How long it will took to catch with voyager with chosen method?
  • Fastest method VS Most efficient method ?
  • Estimated budget ?

Sorry for stupid question, i'm just curious after i read about :
How would we know if Voyager 1 or 2 crashed into something?

submitted by /u/YJSubs
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Are domestic dogs a monophyletic group?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 10:10 PM PST

By this I mean was there a single wolf domestication event that all modern dogs are descended from or were there multiple domestication events?

submitted by /u/CaptainVonDanDan
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Why do we feel the need to itch/other things when we cannot do them?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 01:44 AM PST

For example you feel the need to itch when you can't since your hands are obstructed in some way.

Sorry for poor example.

submitted by /u/Mr_Prolix
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What is the physics/chemistry behind why two glass sheets with a thin layer of water in between require a lot of force to separate?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 04:34 PM PST

I know the basics behind the pressure difference, a bit about van der waal forces but don't quite understand how it really works. Can someone explain in some detail what the physics/chemistry is behind this.

submitted by /u/Tine00
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Is there any possibility of a Leviathan or thought-to-be Mythical creature living in our oceans?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 02:57 AM PST

If the Big Bang came from a previous Big Crunch, wasn't information destroyed?

Posted: 31 Dec 2016 01:10 AM PST

I've heard about preservation of quantum information (one of the paradoxes that had to be solved surrounding black holes). How does that square with an oscillating-universe model?

submitted by /u/zakarranda
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Friday, December 30, 2016

Discussion: Smarter Every Days newest YouTube video on Prince Rupert Drops VS Bullets!

Discussion: Smarter Every Days newest YouTube video on Prince Rupert Drops VS Bullets!


Discussion: Smarter Every Days newest YouTube video on Prince Rupert Drops VS Bullets!

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 12:45 PM PST

So you may have seen the Smarter Every Day video about Prince Rupert Drops but today Destin is doing something even neater.

Prince Rupert Drops are so tough that even a hammer hitting them cannot break the glass. Destin finds out in this video if a bullet has enough force or if the drop will win.

Destin(/u/MrPennyWhistle) will be here throughout the day to help answer your questions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24q80ReMyq0

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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AskScience AMA Series: I'm /u/OrbitalPete, a volcanologist who works on explosive eruptions, earthquakes, and underwater currents. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 05:00 AM PST

/u/OrbitalPete is a volcanologist based at a university in the UK. He got his PhD in 2010, and has since worked in several countries developing new lab techniques, experiments, and computer models. He specialises in using flume experiments to explore the behaviour of pyroclastic density currents from explosive eruptions, but has also worked on volcanic earthquakes, as well as research looking at submarine turbidity currents and how they relate to oil and gas exploration.

He's watched volcanoes erupt, he's spent lots of time in the field digging up their deposits, and he's here to answer your questions (starting at 12 ET, 16 UT)!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is it possible to calculate the average chance of winning a 16x30 game of Minesweeper with 99 mines, assuming perfect play?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 09:21 AM PST

I saw this frustrating windows Minesweeper picture on /r/gaming, and it got me thinking that it must be a statistical impossibility to maintain a 100% win rate, even with perfect play on that "expert" 16x30 grid of minesweeper with 99 mines. No matter how perfectly you play, some games will force you to occasionally have to make a guess, as is the case in the image that I linked too.

If we can assume that we have a perfect player, who always makes the most highest probability selections (in other words, if there is a 100% "safe" square, it will always pick that before attempting to guess on a 50/50 safe square, and if there is a square that has a 2/3 chance of being safe, it will pick that before picking a square that has a 50/50 chance of being safe, then what would percentage of wins would the "perfect player" most likely approach?

Other assumptions:

  • The first click will never result in a mine exploding --> the game is generated AFTER you click your first square.

  • Mine placement is completely random, except for the first clicked square.

  • The Mines can not change position after the board has been determined on the first click.

Thanks Reddit!

submitted by /u/TheYambag
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Why does sublimation occur in some substances instead of melting?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 06:24 AM PST

What causes a material or element to skip a "stage" of matter and go immediately from a solid to a gaseous state?

submitted by /u/BRL0
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Will the antibodies from a blood donor attach to the antigens of the donation recipient?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 12:12 PM PST

I know that O- is the universal donor and that AB+ is the universal recipient because O- lacks major antigen groups while AB+ has the 3 major antigen groups.

However, what still confuses me is why the antibodies received from the donor don't attach to the recipient's own blood cells. For example, if an O- person donates blood to an AB+ person, won't the antibodies from the O- donor attach to the RBCs of the AB+ recipient?

Is this just a volume issue? Are there just not a large amount of antibodies present to attach to the recipient's cells?

Thanks for any and all responses!

submitted by /u/SportsAndScience
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Is solar power effective in the Arctic summer?

Posted: 30 Dec 2016 06:15 AM PST

How much does the slant of the Earth affect the efficiency of Solar Power? Could we, for example, build solar plants in the Arctic to take advantage of 24/7 sunlight in the summer? Or does the reduced "strength" of the sunlight more than offset anything we gain from the increased duration of the light?

submitted by /u/jpranevich
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Does a stationary object "move through time" at the speed of light?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 07:56 PM PST

I realize that doesn't make sense, as speed is dependent on time. But I am an amateur who has been playing with the various equations of relativity and trying to learn this in my spare time. I'm noticing that acceleration through space essentially dilates time as though you were merely "rotating" a unit of spacetime along a 4 dimension hypersphere(is that the right term?) axis, as opposed to accelerating in 4 dimensions. The length of a unit doesn't appear to change, but it's angle does? And if I'm extrapolating this correctly, then that is why we can never move at the speed of light through Space. It takes infinite energy to rotate the angle of the Space-line segment up to a 90 degrees away from a purely timelike direction, and even if we did, we would no longer experience the passage of time as we would now have 0 movement in the time axis. Is this understanding correct, or do I need to go back and reread this stuff?

Sorry for explaining this in rudimentary terms without the actual scientific terms. I'm just trying to learn this from a mix of youtube videos and links to old physics documents and doing the math at home.

submitted by /u/Garresh
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Why is torque a vector? Right hand rule is a bit arbitrary isn't it? What does the direction of the torque vector signify?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 10:39 PM PST

If time is affected by gravity then how can we measure light years accurately?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 10:18 AM PST

I'm not very knowledgable of and haven't studied physics or astronomy, so this is something I can't get my head around.

Time is affected by gravity, right? So something with a strong gravitation pull (a planet?) is going to have slightly faster "time" than the "time" that is further away from the gravitational pull.

And we measure light years by the amount of time it takes for light to travel from A to B. But if A and B have different gravitational strengths surrounding them, then how can we measure the exact amount of travel time?

For some reason I feel like I'm missing something here. Also isn't light meant to be affected by gravity also? Thanks

submitted by /u/daymanmissedtheboat
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Is it cheaper to turn your hot tub down or leave it at your ideal soaking temperature?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 04:31 PM PST

A friend and I have a disagreement on this issue, I think he is wasting money turning his hot tub down to 87 every night and that he would save money by leaving it at 102, he dismisses the idea outright.

I tried to do the math myself, here is what I came up with:

Assumptions:

  • January Outdoor Mean Temp: 34F / 1.11 C
  • Ideal temperature: 102F / 38.9C
  • Energy saving temperature: 87F / 30.6 C
  • Tub capacity: 435 gallons
  • Tub dimensions: 2.3m x 2.3m x 1m
  • Tub surface area: 19.78m2
  • Tub insulation: 0.1m styrofoam (top is on, for simplicity sake treating the top as the same thickness and material as the sides)
  • Thermal conductivity of styrofoam: 0.03 W/(m*C)
  • specific heat of water: 4.186 j/(g*C)

First we calculate the heat transfer rate at 102F and 87F respectively using R = kA(T1-T2)/d. We can assume the energy required to maintain the tub at a constant temperature is equal to the energy lost through the sides:

R = 0.03*19.78*(38.9-1.11)/0.1 = 224.25 J/s R = 0.03*19.78*(30.6-1.11)/0.1 = 175 J/s 

Next we want to calculate the energy required to heat the tub from 87F to 102F, to do that we need to know the mass of water in the tub (preferably in grams).

435 gallons of water = 1650000 grams [via wolframalpha](https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=435+gallons+of+water) 

The energy required to heat the tub from 87 to 102 is then calculated using E = km(T1-T2).

E = 4.186*1650000*(38.9 - 30.6) = 57327270 

Now we can compare the two methods. The first method is running the tub constantly at 102F for time t. The second method is running the tub at 87 for time t and then heating it up to 102 when you are going to use it.

224.25t = 175t + 57327270 solving for t gives t = 1.16401×10^6 seconds = 13 days 11 hours 20 minutes 

Thus by my calculation, if he uses the tub more than once every two weeks he is losing money by turning it down to 87F. Can someone with a stronger engineering or physics background comment so that I can show him that I'm not completely full of it? Did I make any mistakes in my calculations?

submitted by /u/iLikeTurtles1112
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Is there any reason why all the gas giants in our solar system formed in the outer solar system? Why didn't any gas giants form in the inner solar system?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 05:57 AM PST

Do molecules with excited electrons act very differently (compared to the molecule in the ground state) in the presence of an electromagnetic field?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 01:11 PM PST

Does every planet massive enough to support an atmosphere (e.g., as dense as Mars's) actually have one?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 05:50 AM PST

What about the atomic/molecular structure of some material gives it a low or high specific heat?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 08:10 PM PST

What is the farthest wind has traveled?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 07:29 AM PST

How do animals evolve to have certain patterns on their body?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 03:24 AM PST

On the front page i saw an owl with fake eyes on the back of the head, as the feathers on the back of the head are of a different colour, resembling an eye.

How did it evolve to have those specific patterns?

submitted by /u/popularpumpkin
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Is there a way to convert Revolutions/Unit to Distance/Time?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 07:58 AM PST

For instance could something like a pulsar have the speed of its spin converted to mph? Can something spin fast than the speed of light?

Edit: I probably should have used the word "rotation" instead. Im tired, sorry

submitted by /u/TheBigTibbowski
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Why do allosterically regulated reactions have a large Gibbs free energy change compared to reactions regulated by phosphorylation?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 11:03 AM PST

In the glycolytic pathway, the 3 reactions that are allosterically regulated (Glucose to G6P, F6P to F-1,6,-BP, and PEP to Pyruvate) all have very negative gibbs free energy changes. Why is this the case for allosteric regulation and not for steps regulated by phosphorylation?

EDIT: not glycolytic steps regulated by phosphorylation. First comment cleared it up any way.

submitted by /u/poopsycal
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How does a polarizing filter work ?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 11:14 PM PST

Thursday, December 29, 2016

Does this* number have a name?

Does this* number have a name?


Does this* number have a name?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 03:44 PM PST

I would be more specific in the title, but it would be too incomprehensible and cut-short probably. It will take some explanation before I get to my question again but it's there:

I was working on a math puzzle a while back where I had to guess the next number in a series. The given series was "1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, __" and I had to guess the last number. I guessed correctly, but instead of intuitively realizing that the pattern was " x2 ", I found the answer via another method.

I found the differences between the adjacent numbers in the series, i.e. 4 - 1 = 3, 9 - 4 = 5, so on, and used those to create a new series: "3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13". I then performed the same operation on that line, finding the differences between adjacent numbers and then using those to create a new line: "2, 2, 2, 2, 2".

I thought this was interesting, because by performing this differences method twice on my given series, I was able to bottom-out/hit a ceiling at the number 2*. The number 2 was useful, because I could then work my way back down/up (depends on how you write it down, I guess) to find the next number in the series: 64.

I decided to try this again on a new, related series. I made the series "1, 8, 27, 64, 125" ( x3 ) and resolved to use the same differences method on this line. The first time yields: 7, 19, 37, 61"; the second time yields: "12, 18, 24"; the third time bottoms out at: "6, 6".

So ( x2 ) bottoms out at 2, and ( x3 ) bottoms out at 6.

I continued this with ( x4 ): "1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401". The differences method yields: "15, 65, 175, 369, 671, 1105"; again, and it yields: "50, 110, 194, 302, 434"; again, and it yields: "60, 84, 108, 132"; again, and it yields: "24, 24, 24".

So ( x4 ) bottoms out at 24*.

Finally, my question: Is there a name for these bedrock numbers that I've marked with the asterisks?

Additionally, I would like to know: is there reading material on the matter? Is there a more elegant way of finding the bedrock number that underlies a given exponent?

tl;dr:

2 underlies ( x2 ), 6 underlies ( x3 ), 24 underlies ( x4 ), and so on, for reasons explained above. Why?

submitted by /u/nmhnmhnmhnmh
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In the Northern Hemisphere, as we move towards the Summer Equinox, why does the sunset push out by 1 minute each day, while the sunrise only gains 1 minute every 5 days? Shouldn't they space equally?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 07:23 AM PST

If you let a closed system of gas sit for a sufficiently long time, will all of the individual molecules eventually have the same speed or energy?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 03:55 PM PST

Situation 1: A closed system of a pure gas - say, helium, where the same speed would generally equate to the same energy.

Situation 2: A closed system of a mixed gas - say, a sample of earth's atmosphere, where molecules would have to have either different speeds or different levels of kinetic energy.

Whether or not particles would ever end up "averaging out" their speed or energy is the gist here. Hopefully I explained this well!

submitted by /u/Waffledragons
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What is the best way to guess a random number?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 08:32 PM PST

If there is a random number between, say 1-1000, what is the most effective way to find it? Do you keep cutting it in half? Or is it worth risking it, maybe saying 800, narrowing your guesses by either a lot or a little. Is there some sort of math to figure this out? Thanks!

submitted by /u/NotJustin_
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Where do spawning salmon go after they have finished?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 07:54 AM PST

I have a salmon creek on my property. I watch them over about four weeks. They thin out to about one every three days then they stop coming. I know they die because they look real sick when they arrive. I don't see them wash up. And don't see them swimming back down. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/I_baccus
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How did the Earth go from a molten mass of rock to a bunch of continental plates?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 06:43 PM PST

I've been trying to learn about how the Earth was formed, and this part in particular is really obscure whenever I try to research.

Once the crust began to cool, would it form into a solid, smooth shell of rock around the outside of the mantle? Was it already broken up into plates, or did something else cause it to fracture?

And if the crust was more uniform than it is today, how did we end up with gigantic ocean basins and steep continental shelves?

submitted by /u/phoenixwarbird2962
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Why does the panama canal need locks? Shouldn't the fact that the Pacific and Atlantic are one body of water equalize the altitude between them?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 06:41 PM PST

How is this(image linked inside) possible?

Posted: 29 Dec 2016 12:31 AM PST

Do things that have similar scents/smells have similar chemical makeup? Or can two distinctly different things with distinctly different chemical makeups smell the same?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 03:27 PM PST

Is there a theoretical/physical limit to how much data we can store in a given volume? For example, what is the maximum number of bits we could store in a cubic centimeter?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 08:34 PM PST

Was just thinking about how storage has gotten smaller over the years, and how much further we can possibly compress it.

I'm assuming there must be some limit, since we obviously wouldn't be able to store an infinite amount of data in any space.

submitted by /u/websitegenius
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When it comes to processing information, are our eyes faster, ears faster, or both the same?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 05:11 PM PST

Elaboration:

When I see an object, say a soda bottle... My eyes take in this information and my brain processes it. I see that it is a soda bottle.

When I hear a sound, perhaps a train horn... My ears take in this information and my brain processes it. I understand that it is a train horn.

Which of these processes occurs more quickly?

submitted by /u/Gotitaila
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Why are there so few neurons in the Cerebral Corex, compared to the number in the Cerebellum?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 07:15 PM PST

I have searched for answers online but haven't found anything satisfactory.

From what I know, there are ~69 billion neurons in the Cerebellum, and ~16 billion in the Cerebral Cortex. This seems strange, considering the fact that the Cerebrum accounts for roughly 85% of brain mass. Source for my information.

Is 16 billion a rather low number in comparison or am I overthinking this?

submitted by /u/EdgarTheBrave
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If an electron is an excitement of a particular field, would an anti-electron be an excitement in the same field or its own field?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 04:42 PM PST

The same question in regards to all fundamental particles, if an up quark is an excitement in an underlying field would an anti up quark be an excitement in the 'opposite direction' of the field or would it have it's own field?

submitted by /u/b-mish
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Why does the probability of pair production increase around a nucleus with high Z?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 05:47 PM PST

Are there other species besides humans that have a concept of grandparents?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 04:13 PM PST

[Psychology] Can a healthy and mentally sound adult develop Anti-Social Personality Disorder?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 07:44 PM PST

I know that ASPD is usually considered hereditary and appears to be expressed at a very young age, but could someone in a healthy environment and in good health develop it?

submitted by /u/Lonelyfloormat
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Why can't we trigger small earthquakes to prevent larger ones?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 06:10 PM PST

So many areas of the world are expecting large earthquakes in the next few decades. The San Francisco Bay area has a 99% chance of a Magnitude 6.7 in the next 30 years. On the other hand there are cities like Hollister which don't have earthquakes but constant ground-shift.

There are reports of fracking causing earthquakes in the mid-west. Could we use fracking technology to trigger small earthquakes to reduce pressure on major faults.

submitted by /u/DrVentureWasRight
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What is gain of function research?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 08:53 PM PST

Edit: I want to understand what is Gain-of-Function research is and why is it banned or paused in the U.S.?

submitted by /u/SoManySparrows
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How would a particle accelerator powerful enough to recreate the temperatures/energies/densities of the "unknown" part of time just after the big bang look like?

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 09:46 AM PST

I often hear lecturers say that we need a machine with a trillion times the energy of the LHC to know more stuff about the weird time just after the big bang.

How would it look like?

How large will it be?

How long will it take to be built and how much is the cost?

submitted by /u/_Duality_
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Wouldn't large scale mining on the moon have a negative impact on Earth? Assuming large deposits of valuable minerals are found in it

Posted: 28 Dec 2016 11:21 AM PST

If the moon's gravity is related to the tides in the ocean, couldn't taking away a large portion of its mass have a significant potential impact?

submitted by /u/ProfessorWednesday
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