Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines?

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• Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines?
• AskScience AMA Series: I am Tom Talbot MD MPH, an infectious diseases physician and infection prevention expert/vaccine advocate who's been working on the frontlines during the COVID pandemic. AMA!
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
• How much does alcohol affect vaccine efficacy?
• Do Star Systems have areas of “Interstellar Space”?
• How does "green" energy producers maintain the frequency of the electricity generated?

Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines? Posted: 16 Feb 2021 08:38 PM PST I'm a Canadian and we are dependent on the EU to ship out the remaining vials of the vaccine as contractually obligated to do so however I'm wondering what's stopping us from creating the vaccines on our home soil when we already have the moderna and Pfizer vaccines that we are currently slowly vaccinating the people with. Wouldn't it be beneficial for all countries around the world to do the same to expedite the vaccination process? Is there a patent that prevents anyone from copying moderna/Pfizer vaccines? submitted by /u/lionheart2893 [link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: I am Tom Talbot MD MPH, an infectious diseases physician and infection prevention expert/vaccine advocate who's been working on the frontlines during the COVID pandemic. AMA! Posted: 17 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST I am an infectious diseases physician (for almost 2 decades) working at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC - views expressed are my own and don't represent formal VUMC guidance). Much of my professional career has focused on infection prevention as the VUMC Chief Hospital Epidemiologist (a fancy word for medical director of the institution's infection prevention program). I work to reduce the risks of patients and healthcare workers catching an infection related to healthcare. This could be infections after surgery, infections due to medical devices, and infections related to emerging pathogens, like COVID. I'm also a recognized expert in and advocate of vaccinations as a way to protect individuals, other patients, and healthcare workers from harm (such as spread of viruses like influenza and now COVID). Now that several effective COVID vaccines are available, these will be the tools that help get us to the other side of this pandemic. However, vaccination efforts have been hampered by supply/logistic issues, confusion over eligibility, and hesitancy. Happy to chat with everyone today at noon (ET, 17 UT) about COVID and the vaccines! Twitter: @trtalbotmd Username: /u/trtalbotmd submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Posted: 17 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

How much does alcohol affect vaccine efficacy? Posted: 16 Feb 2021 08:34 AM PST So lately, there's been a lot of contradictory information about how alcohol might affect the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (e.g., with Russia, India, and the UK advising people to not drink before and after vaccination for various periods of time vs. various American doctors saying that moderate drinking shouldn't affect the vaccines at all). I realize that we don't yet have data on the COVID vaccines in particular. But in general, how much does alcohol consumption actually affect immunity in response to vaccinations (e.g., development of antibodies and memory t-cells)? A lot of people are drinking a lot more than usual recently, due to the pandemic. So, three separate questions would be: How does moderate drinking affect vaccine efficacy (e.g., 1-2 drinks per day)? From online sources, it seems like the impact would be minimal. How would a binge or two a few days after the vaccine affect its efficacy? Would this completely undermine antibody and t-cell development? How would regular heavy drinking affect the vaccine's efficacy? I realize that regular heavy drinking can suppress the immune system. But would it in particular prevent the formation of antibodies and memory t-cells? submitted by /u/dky828 [link] [comments]

Do Star Systems have areas of “Interstellar Space”? Posted: 16 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST My basic understanding of interstellar space is that it's the areas outside of star systems. However, I was reading about the "Oort Cloud", which is towards the end of our solar system - and this graphic here shows that between Neptune and the Oort Cloud, there is interstellar space. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud#/media/File%3APIA17046_-_Voyager_1_Goes_Interstellar.jpg So my question really is, what is interstellar space and is it possible for star systems to have it? submitted by /u/s1yh1r [link] [comments]

How does "green" energy producers maintain the frequency of the electricity generated? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 02:55 PM PST From what I have read, the frequency of electricity is maintained by the spinning of generators. With wind, and especially solar, the frequency is not easily maintained. Since a lot of consumer motors need to have the frequency of electricity maintained in a very tight range or the motor will quickly fail. submitted by /u/ShotnTheDark_TN [link] [comments]

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AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything!

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• AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything!
• What impact do those long and low cold temperatures have on insect populations like ticks, mosquitos, chiggers, butterflies, bees, in temperate regions?
• Do superfluids have surface tension?
• Why was the Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) outbreak of 2002-2004 not worse?
• Does moving water freeze at slower rate than stagnant water?
• What's special about spin that allows two electrons to be in the lowest energy level without canceling each other?
• Can vaccines force a pathogen like COVID-19 to mutate 'undesirably'? Have we seen this with influenza or other vaccines?
• Did the rate of physical disability decrease throughout in the 20th century?
• How many neurons do earthworms have?
• Endocrinology: How can hypo and hyperthyroidism create similar neurological effects/symptoms, yet be opposing conditions?
• How do economist calculate price elasticity using income and price of an item?
• Whats going tonhapoen to the gulf current?

AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything! Posted: 16 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST We're a group of scientists from around the globe that came together to work toward the common cause of imaging nearby planets that could potentially support life. You might have seen our work (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21176-6#Sec3) in the headlines recently, in which we reported the first sensitivity to sub-Saturn sized planets in the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri along with a possible candidate planet. We'll be on around 2 PM ET (19 UT) and we're looking forward to your questions! Usernames: /u/k-wagner, /u/erdmann72, /u/ulli_kaeufl submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

What impact do those long and low cold temperatures have on insect populations like ticks, mosquitos, chiggers, butterflies, bees, in temperate regions? Posted: 16 Feb 2021 06:03 AM PST I'm a hiking, camping and trail running enthusiasts who often deals with ticks, chiggers, mosquitos, etc. I was wondering what will those low temperatures for the past 2 weeks will have on those populations. submitted by /u/sage5979 [link] [comments]

Do superfluids have surface tension? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:15 PM PST I know about surface tension in regular water, but can a superfluid have surface tension? submitted by /u/SiegfriedScott [link] [comments]

Why was the Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) outbreak of 2002-2004 not worse? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 10:34 AM PST I'm curious why that Coronavirus outbreak didn't become worse/affect greater numbers. From reading about it, it doesn't seem as though the early reaction to it was much different than the early reaction to SARS-Cov-2 (Covid 19). Was it less contagious? Was it just luck? submitted by /u/Dozhet [link] [comments]

Does moving water freeze at slower rate than stagnant water? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 02:08 PM PST submitted by /u/electricgotswitched [link] [comments]

What's special about spin that allows two electrons to be in the lowest energy level without canceling each other? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 01:35 PM PST Is there two electron fields one for each spin for example? submitted by /u/anonymous0x9 [link] [comments]

Can vaccines force a pathogen like COVID-19 to mutate 'undesirably'? Have we seen this with influenza or other vaccines? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 03:34 PM PST If everyone is vaccinated, and the vaccines cover all mutations up till that point, can that trigger the virus to mutate in a new direction, effectively responding to our response? Have we ever seen a 'wild' virus change because we did something to it? submitted by /u/vIpshnu [link] [comments]

Did the rate of physical disability decrease throughout in the 20th century? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 12:03 PM PST Hello, I was looking for stats on this topic, but struggled to find anything that really fit the bill. My question mostly pertains to the developed world, although I imagine the trends involved are global to varying degrees. I'm also excluding physical disability due to aging, because that seems like it obscures the overall picture (unless, I suppose, 80-year-olds today are more or less likely to be disabled than 80-year-olds a hundred years ago) It occurred to me the other day that many of the factors that caused lifelong physical disability in the past are now largely controlled. Most infectious diseases that caused disability in children, like polio, meningitis, and mumps, are now either gone from the developed world or relatively rare. Additionally, a number of other causes of disability, like growth hormone disorders, are now routinely identified and treated in childhood. We've also improved health and safety and environmental regulations, which means you'd think fewer people are disabled due to workplace injuries or preventable exposure to contaminants (lead, for example). Another example of a cause of disability that is decreasing in incidence are neural tube defects, due in part to the US and a few other countries introducing folate fortification. My guess from all of this is that the number of people per 100,000 with physical disabilities is probably decreasing, as fewer people acquire disabilities and those that did decades ago pass away. Is this true? Are there countervailing trends I'm missing out here? I'm only asking for curiosity because this seems like a demographic trend nobody mentions if it's true. submitted by /u/MerryMach [link] [comments]

How many neurons do earthworms have? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 09:35 AM PST I have tried to Google this many times to win an argument over which has more neurons, a fruitfly or an earthworms. The fruitfly number came up easy, although I got two figures(135000 and 250000). I gathered a fruitfly would have more since it has much more complex behaviours. The counter argument was that earthworms have neurons throughout their bodies since they have repeating sections. But are those actual neurons? Do spines have neurons or just a lot of nerve cells? submitted by /u/Bora_Horza_Kobuschul [link] [comments]

Endocrinology: How can hypo and hyperthyroidism create similar neurological effects/symptoms, yet be opposing conditions? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 11:37 AM PST Preface: I have hypothyroidism and was reading medical literature that hypothyroidism often is associated with decreased memory/impairment. However, hyperthyroidism is also associated with memory impairment as well. My hunch was that an increased concentration of TSH/TH would lead to increased mental function, but it seems this is not the case with hyperthyroid patients. Can someone in the field better explain this? Papers I glanced through: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10747-7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285549/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453099000505?via%3Dihub submitted by /u/Wahtnowson [link] [comments]

How do economist calculate price elasticity using income and price of an item? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 08:38 AM PST Hi r/askscience Let's say I survey people who consumed chocolate regularly in a longitudinal fashion and I recorded the price of their fav chocolate (can change) every 2 months along with their income. Is there a way to calculate the aggregated price elasticity of chocolate for chocolate lover within the sample? Like for example, when luxury goods are deemed to have a huge price elasticity. That is determined by supply and demand, but can supply be substituted with income? submitted by /u/findinginformations [link] [comments]

Whats going tonhapoen to the gulf current? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST This hard freeze over most of the North American continent is something else. My question is, what will the current weather system do to the gulf of Mexico and the gulf stream? Currently, the water temp off of Galveston is at 58. Will Europe have a much cooler spring this year? submitted by /u/Kickstand8604 [link] [comments]

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How are blood vessels connected in a partial liver transplant?

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• How are blood vessels connected in a partial liver transplant?
• AskScience AMA Series: We are evolutionary biologists from the University of Tennessee celebrating Darwin Day. Ask Us Anything!
• How significant is fever in suppressing virus outbreaks?
• Is coughing an evolutionary advantage? If so, why do we try to suppress it with cough syrup ?
• Why is it that the AstraZeneca vaccine has a reduced efficacy on the B1351 Corona strand?
• Is lithium that common in the earth's crust? and nickel?
• Is peripheral vascular resistance different from systemic vascular resistance?
• Post translational removing of methionine?
• Presence of SRP in LUCA?
• In theory, could heavier metals that are either magnetic or paramagnetic (e.g. chromium, copper, iron, manganese, etc.), accumulated in the bone or tissue of a person, be affected by an MRI scan, either causing heating or movement of tissue?
• How did early human discovered the uses of fire, and How do they make a fire at the first place? People said that early human made a fire from striking flint with a minerals called "Pyrite", but how did they know that striking those things would make a fire?
• How are public/private cryptographic key pairs actually generated?
• Why are the target northern and southern latitudes for a Mars sample return mission not equal?
• How do aerospace engineers protect the solar shield and fragile components on the JWST from tiny meteoroids?
• Moderna vs Pfizer/Biontech BNT162b1 vs BNT162b2?
• mRNA vaccines work by introducing an mRNA sequence which is coded for a disease specific antigen. Is it possible to introduce an mRNA sequence that directly codes for the antibody?
• How did theropods support their weight on two legs?
• Why is Flash photography not allowed in museums?

How are blood vessels connected in a partial liver transplant? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 08:25 PM PST The liver has several crucial blood vessel connections. How are transplants 'hooked up' to them? They can't be just sewn on can they? Isn't there a rather large size difference between the primary vessels and the vessels present in the donated organ? submitted by /u/jwizardc [link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: We are evolutionary biologists from the University of Tennessee celebrating Darwin Day. Ask Us Anything! Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:14 AM PST Hello! We are evolutionary biologists from the University of Tennessee with a wide variety of research backgrounds. We are here celebrating a belated Darwin Day, which commemorates the birthday of Charles Darwin each year on February 12. Joining us today are: Krista De Cooke, PhD student (u/kdec940) studies the spread of invasive plants and native plant alternatives. Her work aims to develop practical tools to help people select appropriate plants for their needs that also serve a positive ecological purpose. Stephanie Drumheller, PhD (/u/uglyfossils) studies paleontology, especially taphonomy. Her research focuses on the processes of fossilization, evolution, and biology, of crocodiles and their relatives, including identifying bite marks on fossils. Find her on Twitter @UglyFossils. Amy Luo, PhD student studies the evolution of bird song dialects. Brian O'Meara, PhD (/u/omearabrian) is an evolutionary biologist at the University of Tennessee and President-Elect of the Society of Systematic Biologists. His research focuses on methods to study how traits have changed over time and their potential impact on other traits as well as speciation and extinction. Find him on Twitter @omearabrian and the web at http://brianomeara.info. Dan Simberloff, PhD (u/kdec940) is a leader in the field of invasion biology and the Nancy Gore Hunger Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Tennessee. He studies the patterns displayed by species introduced outside their geographic ranges, the impacts such species have on the communities they invade, and the means by which such invasions can be managed. Ask us anything! We will be answering questions starting around 5pm Eastern Time, 10 UTC. submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

How significant is fever in suppressing virus outbreaks? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 07:21 AM PST I was recently sick in Covid 19, during the sickness i developed a slight fever. I was recommended to not use Ibuprofen to reduce the fever since that might reduce the body own ability to fight the virus and therefor prolong the sickness How much, if any, effect does fever have on how long you are sick? submitted by /u/Theremere [link] [comments]

Is coughing an evolutionary advantage? If so, why do we try to suppress it with cough syrup ? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 05:19 PM PST Coughing is the way our body tries to get rid of foreign bodies out of our lungs. I wonder why we should prevent our body to cough, even if it allows us to get rid of some virus. I understand that it slows down the spreading of the disease, however I don't understand, from an evolutionary point of view, why this feature was kept. If it is so disadvantageous, why would this trait survive ? If it's advantageous, why do we suppress it ? submitted by /u/Ulzaf [link] [comments]

Why is it that the AstraZeneca vaccine has a reduced efficacy on the B1351 Corona strand? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 04:54 AM PST As far as I know both types of vaccines, mRNA and vector, accomplish the exact same response from the human body, producing the spike protein present on the SARS-cov-2 virus. Therefore I find it strange, that the mRNA vaccines show higher efficacy than the Vector vaccine by AstraZeneca. submitted by /u/MOOOthePRO [link] [comments]

Is lithium that common in the earth's crust? and nickel? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 04:58 AM PST Hi I heard Elton Musk say in a podcast that lithium is one of the most common elements on earth, and that we could find it anywhere. Nickel was a little more difficult. After a brief survey he obtained the information that lithium is number 32 and nickel 23, in terms of abundance in the earth's crust. Can anyone clarify me about this? Could Elon Musk be wrong? Thanks submitted by /u/taparuere [link] [comments]

Is peripheral vascular resistance different from systemic vascular resistance? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:56 AM PST In StatPearls at NCBI website, they have 2 different but connected chapters explaining each. Is there a difference between the usage of these terms? submitted by /u/10thingsIhateAbout [link] [comments]

Post translational removing of methionine? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:53 AM PST The methionine codon AUG is also the most common start codon. A "Start" codon is message for a ribosome that signals the initiation of protein translation from mRNA when the AUG codon is in a Kozak consensus sequence. As a consequence, methionine is often incorporated into the N-terminal position of proteins in eukaryotes and archaea during translation, although it can be removed by post-translational modification. I wonder is there statistics about how many percent of the proteins have their N-terminal methionine removed in all organisms and for example in human? I can infer it's like almost all? submitted by /u/mehelek [link] [comments]

Presence of SRP in LUCA? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:51 AM PST Signal recognition particle (SRP) is ribonucleoprotein. Does presence of RNA and fact, that no organism evolved protein-only SRP, say that LUCA could have this ribonucleoprotein? submitted by /u/mehelek [link] [comments]

In theory, could heavier metals that are either magnetic or paramagnetic (e.g. chromium, copper, iron, manganese, etc.), accumulated in the bone or tissue of a person, be affected by an MRI scan, either causing heating or movement of tissue? Posted: 15 Feb 2021 04:38 AM PST There seem to have been some reports of metals in tatoos possibly being affected, but what about those metals in tissues or bone, accumulated either through a lifetime of diet or by toxic exposure. submitted by /u/etherified [link] [comments]

How did early human discovered the uses of fire, and How do they make a fire at the first place? People said that early human made a fire from striking flint with a minerals called "Pyrite", but how did they know that striking those things would make a fire? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 10:13 AM PST submitted by /u/CuteSlavMan69 [link] [comments]

How are public/private cryptographic key pairs actually generated? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 12:45 PM PST Everything I read seems to always be really heavy on simple example theory and totally empty on real world implementation. Like how does my computer know what massive primes to use? How does it even know they are prime? If there is a list of primes to use then aren't there tables that would easily break public keys? submitted by /u/ItsDijital [link] [comments]

Why are the target northern and southern latitudes for a Mars sample return mission not equal? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 10:30 AM PST Proposed landing sites for MSR missions appear to target a latitude range of -5 degrees to 25 degrees. Why wouldn't these two values be equal and opposite? Sources for clarification- https://www.lpi.usra.edu/planetary_news/2014/04/04/scientists-favor-four-exomars-landing-sites/ https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2011-06/P3_GRANT_Landing_Sitesv3.pdf Page 9: -14.9 degrees stresses southern latitude limit submitted by /u/a_bar_named_puzzles [link] [comments]

How do aerospace engineers protect the solar shield and fragile components on the JWST from tiny meteoroids? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 03:13 PM PST submitted by /u/Rivman96 [link] [comments]

Moderna vs Pfizer/Biontech BNT162b1 vs BNT162b2? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 02:39 PM PST There are people that says that the Moderna vaccine should work as well as Pfizer/Biontech because they uses the same spike. Do anyone know how much difference there are between Moderna and BNT162b2 compared to between BNT162b1 and BNT162b2? What was the problem with BNT162b1 that made it fail before phase 3? submitted by /u/johnnydues [link] [comments]

mRNA vaccines work by introducing an mRNA sequence which is coded for a disease specific antigen. Is it possible to introduce an mRNA sequence that directly codes for the antibody? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 10:54 AM PST submitted by /u/Bearr09 [link] [comments]

How did theropods support their weight on two legs? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 03:50 AM PST There are a lot of incredibly large theropods like T-Rex, giganotosaurus, spinosaurus, etc. which seem to exceed large animals like elephants in weight, even though elephants are quadrupedal. I'd like to know how the leg bones of theropods were able to support the weight of these animals on two legs. I have read that hollow bones, as seen in birds and theropods, are supposed to be very strong, but I've also read that large animals like elephants and sauropods have almost entirely solid leg bones to support their weight. submitted by /u/HorrendousHexapod [link] [comments]

Why is Flash photography not allowed in museums? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 04:49 AM PST Tagging physics but it might be chemistry. What's the story about the flash that damaged the old things? Or is it more a social thing so that everyone gets the same experience? submitted by /u/PepSakdoek [link] [comments]

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What exactly causes a virus to mutate? Does it have anything to do with the carrier?

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• What exactly causes a virus to mutate? Does it have anything to do with the carrier?
• Why do animals have different lifespans?
• How is it determined if an earthquake is a main quake vs after/before shock?
• Could mRNA technology be used to improve the seasonal flu vaccine?
• How do the mother koala keep her pouch clean while the baby koala is living in it?
• Why does wavelength determine the kind of EM a mesh blocks?
• Which constellations will be the first ones to lose their shape with the passage of time?
• [Light] Why is the angle of incidence the same as the angle of reflection? Why is it not twice, or half?
• What is the general concensus regarding the Sputnik V vaccine?
• Are electrons the only type of elementary particles that are all identical?
• Why do refrigerators suddenly start making a sound out of nowhere?
• Why are there more earthquakes in Summer?
• Why does Japan get so many earthquakes?

What exactly causes a virus to mutate? Does it have anything to do with the carrier? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 05:57 AM PST Have they ever done tests on people with new strains to test their genetic makeup to see if there's some commonality like a specific genetic mutation? submitted by /u/heyimjason [link] [comments]

Why do animals have different lifespans? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 06:26 PM PST This seems like a really stupid question but here goes: My dog is 7 and she's obviously gonna die much younger than I will. That got me to wondering, since she's a mammal like me, with roughly the same batch of parts, why do we have such different lifespans? Also, why do some dog breeds live way longer than others? It seems to have something to do with size, but there doesn't seem to be an exact correlation. What is it in our genes that says "this many years for a human, this many years for a dog, this many for a horse, etc.?" Thanks in advance for the education! submitted by /u/kahnwiley [link] [comments]

How is it determined if an earthquake is a main quake vs after/before shock? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 01:44 AM PST Just last night Northern Japan suffered a 7.3 magnitude earthquake. News outlets reported today that the quake was an aftershock from the 2011 9.0 magnitude Tohoku quake. ​ What does this mean? I had assumed that aftershocks/before shocks were simply temporally associated, but there have been many earthquakes since 2011 in that region that were not considered aftershocks. What makes this one different than the other quakes that have come before it? How is it determined if an earthquake is a main quake vs after/before shock? submitted by /u/arthouse2k2k [link] [comments]

Could mRNA technology be used to improve the seasonal flu vaccine? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 04:55 AM PST I've read several articles that claim mRNA vaccines make changing the payload very easy. It's a supposedly simple matter of producing the same vehicle but with a different mRNA strand inside. I've read claims that if we needed an updated vaccine to handle the new COVID strains, it could be made in a few weeks. Would this tech be adaptable to the seasonal flu vaccine? Would it give advantage over the current production methods? Could this let us make vaccines that better match circulating strains, because we wouldn't have to start production so far in advance of flu season? Could this remove the dependency on huge numbers of chicken eggs for flu vaccine production? submitted by /u/auraseer [link] [comments]

How do the mother koala keep her pouch clean while the baby koala is living in it? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 03:11 PM PST submitted by /u/QuarantineNudist [link] [comments]

Why does wavelength determine the kind of EM a mesh blocks? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 02:29 PM PST Due to both an RF circuit design class and personal interest, I've been reading up on radios and antenna design and came across a fact that I think illustrates some error in my visualization of how EM waves propagate. In a microwave appliance, there is a metal mesh behind the front window that blocks microwaves from escaping. The explanation for this is that the holes in this mesh are small enough in relation to the wavelength of the microwave such that there is not enough space for them to pass through. In TEM mode like this would be in free air both amplitude components of the wave are perpendicular to the direction of propagation, however, they are measures of field strength so should be unrelated to matters of distance like hole size. But wavelength is a measure of distance along the axis of propagation, so how does changing the size of a hole in a mesh prevent a discrete ray from travelling through it normal to the plane of the hole? If the light is like a train and the mesh is a tunnel I would think that the length of the wave/train is irrelevant to whether that wave/train could get through a tunnel? submitted by /u/Dothwile [link] [comments]

Which constellations will be the first ones to lose their shape with the passage of time? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 12:14 PM PST submitted by /u/rinkoplzcomehome [link] [comments]

[Light] Why is the angle of incidence the same as the angle of reflection? Why is it not twice, or half? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 01:51 PM PST I know this is quite abstract, and maybe it's impossible to know, but is there some reason it had to be that way? submitted by /u/Ouisopsa12 [link] [comments]

What is the general concensus regarding the Sputnik V vaccine? Posted: 14 Feb 2021 12:23 AM PST Hello, I would like to know what's the general consensus of the scientific community concerning the Russian Sputnik V vaccine. I read that it uses the Ad26 and Ad5 adenoviruses and that "these wild viruses are very common in humans and there's widespread immunity to them, so there's the potential that immunity will block the vaccine carrier". I'd like to know if new studies showed that it actually won't affect the 92% reported efficacy or if other issues or promising results were pointed out. submitted by /u/Khelebragon [link] [comments]

Are electrons the only type of elementary particles that are all identical? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 09:54 AM PST submitted by /u/imgoingdef [link] [comments]

Why do refrigerators suddenly start making a sound out of nowhere? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 01:07 PM PST submitted by /u/ennivachuvokke [link] [comments]

Why are there more earthquakes in Summer? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 10:33 AM PST submitted by /u/unnamed887 [link] [comments]

Why does Japan get so many earthquakes? Posted: 13 Feb 2021 06:51 AM PST Is it due to fault line proximity or volcanic activity being an island nation. I don't know how it works. submitted by /u/whatthewhat2020 [link] [comments]

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