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Wednesday, June 30, 2021

Since there isn't any resistance in space, is reaching lightspeed possible?

Since there isn't any resistance in space, is reaching lightspeed possible?


Since there isn't any resistance in space, is reaching lightspeed possible?

Posted: 30 Jun 2021 12:24 AM PDT

Without any resistance deaccelerating the object, the acceleration never stops. So, is it possible for the object (say, an empty spaceship) to keep accelerating until it reaches light speed?

If so, what would happen to it then? Would the acceleration stop, since light speed is the limit?

submitted by /u/paflou
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Do semi aquatic animals get ticks and lice?

Posted: 30 Jun 2021 05:10 AM PDT

Hey all, so I saw a video of a platypus scratching itself and it got me thinking.

Can they get ticks and lice?

Since they would be underwater most of the time, wouldn't the ticks and lice drown?

Also can water living mammals get ticks and lice?

submitted by /u/Nokxtokx
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 30 Jun 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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How Do We Know What Amino Acids Are Made Of?

Posted: 30 Jun 2021 05:46 AM PDT

They're too small to photograph. Are there some sort of specialized indicators we use?

submitted by /u/Rockfiresky
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Is it possible to have element number 119?

Posted: 30 Jun 2021 08:13 AM PDT

This issue exists because there are only 7 electron shells and the electrons of element 118 already occupy all the shells, so if it can be synthesized, this element would be positively charged (causing that there are no neutral atoms, only ions) or will an 8 be created layer?

submitted by /u/InevitableHungry5097
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Can solar panels on satellites reflect bright light back to Earth?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 08:17 PM PDT

So about 15 years ago my family and I were stargazing and started spotting satellites. One we spotted suddenly became incredibly bright, like daylight bright, then dissipated after a few seconds

The best theory we have is that the satellite was able to reflect sunlight from beyond our horizon down to us.

Is this a viable theory? If not what else could have done this?

submitted by /u/Im-a-magpie
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Are rex blocks(meteorology) more likely to form over specific geological features?

Posted: 30 Jun 2021 04:31 AM PDT

Covid variants: Do they survive on different surfaces within a similar time frame or does it vary?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 07:17 PM PDT

Why do proteins have so many more antagonists/inactivators than they have agonists/activators?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 11:24 AM PDT

What happens to all the candle wax?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 11:13 AM PDT

What happens to candle wax once it's burned? If I understand correctly, our sense of smell is based off of small compounds being inhaled. So with that being said, are we just inhaling wax particles? Is this bad over the long term? Can you burn too many candles in your house?

submitted by /u/MrEntei
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If you were on the north or south pole during the solstice, would you experience 24hrs of light or darkness?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 05:00 PM PDT

How are fruit and vegetables that have been blended different from fruit and vegetable's that have been thoroughly chewed?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 03:54 AM PDT

I've had to go low fiber diets in my life. I was told one thing that would ease digestion was to thoroughly chew my food. I've seen health advice that smoothies, ones made in the home with no excess sugar, aren't as healthy as eating the fruit and drinking the liquid base separately because the blender shreds the fibers to be too small.

What does a blender do that a good thorough chew wouldn't?

submitted by /u/recovering_spaz
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Tuesday, June 29, 2021

If a person has been depressed for a long time, is there some kind of 'damage' to their brain, and can anti-depressants reverse the damage?

If a person has been depressed for a long time, is there some kind of 'damage' to their brain, and can anti-depressants reverse the damage?


If a person has been depressed for a long time, is there some kind of 'damage' to their brain, and can anti-depressants reverse the damage?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 06:31 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Miguel Reina-Campos. AMA about cancer metabolism and the immune system!

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 04:00 AM PDT

I am CRI Fellow Dr. Miguel Reina-Campos and I work on characterizing tissue-resident T cells and how they behave during infection to better understand how they might be manipulated against cancer. My research will inform why the immune system is unable to suppress cancer within the nutrition-limited tumor environment. I recently wrote a review in Nature Reviews Immunology (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-021-00537-8) on this growing area of research.

I will be on 1pm ET (17 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/CancerResearchInst

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Is vaccination always recommended after infection regardless of the type of pathogen?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 08:12 AM PDT

Is it my understanding that vaccination for COVID-19 is recommended even if you have previously tested positive for the virus. Is this also the case for other types of pathogens with (relatively) new vaccines such as chickenpox? Why or why not?

submitted by /u/SportsAndScience
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Human population just BEFORE the Toba eruption?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 07:16 AM PDT

Hello everyone,

I have seen/heard/read dozens of articles regarding how the human population was depleted to a relatively small number (roughly 20,000) before recovering in the centuries that followed.

But WAS the estimated human population just before the eruption?

submitted by /u/GasFormer3393
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Why did the smallpox vaccine cause a scar and why don’t other vaccines leaves scars?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 09:17 PM PDT

Will vaccines work for an Immunocompromised person? What would also happen if that person has been vaccinated?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 03:23 AM PDT

Does a black hole experience friction drag from the matter it is travelling through?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 09:04 PM PDT

Could we measure the age of an organism by looking at its DNA?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 02:20 PM PDT

The ends of DNA get shaved off every time they're copied, as far as i remember. So could we measure the age of an organism by looking at its DNA? For cases where we don't have the birthday.

submitted by /u/willjum
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Why is cancer often "delayed"?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 01:32 AM PDT

I recently watched this video and realized that cancer tends to manifest well after exposure to certain substances. This is true with many things, such as smoking, drug use, sunburns, etc. My understanding is that cancer is a mutation of cells often caused by an outside source such as chemicals or radiation. In this woman's case, shouldn't cancer have manifested shortly after exposure to burn pits? Why did it take so long, and why does this often seem to be the case regardless of the initial cause?

submitted by /u/caleb_1223
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Why is the WHO now saying that fully vaccinated people still need to wear masks because of the delta variant?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 05:20 PM PDT

From what I recall, there's supposedly good evidence to show that you don't transmit the virus if you have been vaccinated. And that the vaccines are still very good against the Delta variant. What was it that changed?

submitted by /u/Zorseking34
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What is the relation of a mass of an animal to the combined area of the cross section of the limbs it uses for moving and does that have any relation to its speed?

Posted: 29 Jun 2021 02:05 AM PDT

How is the optimal flight altitude calculated?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 03:09 PM PDT

Considering all the factors, lift, drag, weight, air density, etc, how is the optimal altitude calculated for minimizing fuel consumption? For example a commercial flight

submitted by /u/Moneyisanobject
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Do terrestrial plants ever poison or otherwise attack other plants?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 12:04 PM PDT

... other than simply growing to dominate the nearby ground and sky.

submitted by /u/xaplexus
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What inputs are used for weather forecasting models during the "heat dome"?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 07:42 AM PDT

The 24h/48h forecasts ended up being quite accurate where I live in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, and even several days out forecasts called for record-breaking temperatures. Was anything different done to generate the forecasts, such as using a different approach tailored for "heat domes", or do the standard forecasting models already have sufficient inputs so they can effectively predict the resulting temperatures even in an extreme weather event?

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Why does the Penrose process require mass to be given to the black hole in order to extract energy?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 04:05 PM PDT

From what I understand, if the ergosphere provides energy much like a whirlpool, why can't you just send mass in(say a rocket) and have it leave with more energy provided by the black hole?

submitted by /u/EHProgHat
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How do psychedelic substances like lsd cause perceptual distortion?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 03:21 AM PDT

What is the explanation for the perceptual phenomena such as 'breathing rocks' and shifting colors? (and for example why is that area affected specifically... I know other psychedelics cause purely auditory hallucinations) Do we know which layer of the visual cortex is involved? What other areas are activated / deactivated?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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Did grasslands exist before monocots (or angiosperms more broadly) evolved?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 01:13 PM PDT

Grasslands represent 20-40% of the Earth's land surface and basically all plant species you encounter in a grassland are angiosperms. The only living grasslike vascular plants I know of that aren't angiosperms are Equisetum which are mostly found in marshy areas. Prior to the evolution of angiosperm grasses what plant communities (if any) would be found growing in land areas subject to seasonal drought?

submitted by /u/wTVd0
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Why does milk spoil if left out but the FDA says you can leave butter out as long as you need?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 10:00 AM PDT

Is global warming leading to more seismic activity?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 04:32 PM PDT

What is the amount of energy (in eV) that is required to write or flip a bit in flash memory?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 11:55 AM PDT

I am asking about commercial flash memory cards, not anything else such as memory specifically designed for spacecraft. I think I found something on google but I am not sure if it is really what i'm looking for. It said that the energy required to write a bit is around 1.5 nanojoules, or 9.32GeV. Is that correct?

submitted by /u/OhFuckThatWasDumb
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Monday, June 28, 2021

Are birds today descended from a single dinosaur species or multiple dinosaur species?

Are birds today descended from a single dinosaur species or multiple dinosaur species?


Are birds today descended from a single dinosaur species or multiple dinosaur species?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 06:38 PM PDT

Basically the title. Do we know? If not, will we ever know?

Or is my understanding of evolution so poor that this question makes no sense?

submitted by /u/_meshy
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Why don't planes have dimples like golf balls?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 10:54 AM PDT

If golf balls are made more aerodynamic by having a dimpled surface, than why don't we use this design principle for other things that need low drag such as cars, aircraft, boats, etc?

submitted by /u/velloceti
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How do they know that the skull found in Harbin (AKA Dragon Man) belonged to a male and not a female?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 07:21 AM PDT

I was just reading an article about it, and there was a drawing of a male Homo longi, and I thought, why couldn't it be a female? Is there a scientific way of knowing that from the skull, considering that their characteristics differ from H.Sapiens?

I then googled, "archaic human" and saw mostly male represented, which led me to a second question, do we have any evidence-based estimates of the female-male ratio on those populations?

submitted by /u/LiliMaz
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Having a large supply of ATP inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, thus preventing more ATP from being synthesized. Is there any particular reason that the body wouldn't want to keep creating more ATP?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 08:39 AM PDT

Wouldn't it be better for the body to just stockpile ATP rather than store energy as triacylglycerol?

Edit: my best guess is that ATP is less energy dense than fats, so if you kept making it you'd inflate like a balloon. I'm also thinking that maybe we don't have enough adenosine to be using it all up on excess ATP, so it makes more sense to just constantly recycle a small quantity than it does to stockpile it. Am I on to something here?

submitted by /u/stirling_s
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Regarding evolved resistance to medicines for pathogens, is there a well understood mathematical limit to natural mutation/selection, such that we can be confident a new therapy will provide long lasting protection?

Posted: 28 Jun 2021 06:34 AM PDT

The dangers of antibiotic resistance are well known, as are the dangers of vaccine resistance with mutation. If we were able to create some new form of treatment, would it theoretically be possible to ensure it remains outside of the evolutionary ability of the pathogen to adapt and can we model/predict this mathematically?

submitted by /u/I-mean-Literally
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How much energy is required for D-D fusion???

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 01:08 PM PDT

I can't find a straight answer on this anywhere! Everyone seems to know the temperature required for fusion, and everyone knows the amount of energy released by the reaction, but I want to know the amount of energy required to move two deuterium atoms at rest, to a distance close enough to fuse is. Anyone know what this amount of energy is? I know quantum tunneling effects come into play, but just ballpark it. Let's say a distance close enough that there's a 50% chance of tunneling. Is it 1MeV? 0.5MeV? 2MeV?

submitted by /u/-CuriousPanda-
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The mitochondria and chloroplast are examples of endosymbiotic relationships, but are there any other examples of eukaryotic cells forming an endosymbiotic relationship with another organism?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 10:58 AM PDT

If there aren't, then what stops cells from forming such relationships? If there are, what is the nature of the symbiotic relationship, and are they able to pass on these endosymbionts to subsequent generations?

submitted by /u/stirling_s
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Is this meteorologist correct in stating that the contribution of global warming to the current PNW heatwave is minimal?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 09:48 PM PDT

Seattle-based meteorologist and known... shall we simply say "controversy enthusiast" Cliff Mass wrote the following late last week in regarding the forecasts for what has become the hottest day in Seattle history (bold emphasis is mine):

But consider that the temperature anomalies (differences from normal) during this event will reach 30-35F. The proximate cause of this event is a huge/persistent ridge of high pressure, part of a highly anomalous amplification of the upper-level wave pattern.

There is no evidence that such a wave pattern is anything other than natural variability (I have done research on this issue and published in the peer-reviewed literature on this exact topic).

So without global warming, a location that was 104F would have been 102F. Still a severe heat wave, just slightly less intense.

Source: https://cliffmass.blogspot.com/2021/06/incredible-temperatures-are-being.html

Is this essentially correct, ie. that this is natural variability, and that today would have still been balls hot in Seattle, or is the "huge/persistent ridge of high pressure" that caused this event somehow a result of climate change?

Most other sources I read seem to take that this is climate change at work as a given. I'd be curious to hear a rebuttal/support from someone who knows what they are talking about!

submitted by /u/quick_Ag
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What is actually being referenced as “average” temperature?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 01:56 PM PDT

I always see climate change referenced as a change in average temperature. What average? Is this the recorded high temperature every day/365? Or is it the average of every June 27, year over year? Or something else? It just seems underwhelming when I hear a change in average temperature of say 2-3 degrees, even though I understand climate scientists are very concerned about it. It's hard to contextualize without knowing what average we're talking about.

submitted by /u/RockAtlasCanus
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How were vaccines used in the 1980s and 1990s made? (mRNA, viral vector, etc.)

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 10:04 AM PDT

(I know mRNA is new so it won't be that but I just listed it as an example) I wondered if anyone knows how the usual vaccines administered in childhood (in the UK) were made/formulated? I'm referring to tetanus, diphtheria, MMR, rabies, measles, polio etc.

submitted by /u/R_12345678910
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Does Earths Aphelion always fall on an American summer?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 09:54 PM PDT

-Does it always fall on an american summer? -If so, could this be why it seems as though an Australian summer is so much more brutal? -Is the temperature difference so much that we can actually tell? -How much does an Aphelion affect a winter cycle?

submitted by /u/AcidxChristxMessiah
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Why is foliar feeding strongly suggested compared to the traditional method of fertilization through soil and root systems?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 10:02 AM PDT

I'm an engineer that is endlessly optimizing my gardening. I've read a plethora of material regarding fertilization and exudates and it has made me think about this topic. I don't have much of a background in biology, let alone botany, so I'd love some insight.

I see that foliar feeding is widely suggested for fertilization of vegetables. My understanding of nutrient uptake through root systems is as follows:

-plant sends out exudates for nutrients -soil biology feeds on exudates and provide respective soluble nutrients in return -the root system uptakes these nutrients with water/moisture in soil

My understanding of foliar feeding is that the stomata on the leaves are capable of water intake, but to a far smaller degree. The foliage can take in nutrients with this water. But, the intake through the stomata is massively inefficient compared to a plant's root system.

With all of that said, my question stands. I understand the peat control aspect of foliar feeding, but why is it widely suggested regarding nutrient uptake?

submitted by /u/VarietyStream
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Can your body adapt to hot temperatures over time like exercising a muscle increases it’s strength?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 09:29 PM PDT

I'm wondering, can a person's body adapt to thermoregulate more efficiently and therefore handle hotter temperatures? Obviously the body adapts by sweating etc., but I mean can it get better at handling heat like exercising a muscle makes it stronger? Also, are people with certain genetics more able to withstand heat than others?

submitted by /u/BigSackofPotatoz
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Was my mother's assertion that "all the nutrition is in the skin" for fruits and vegetables true?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 09:55 PM PDT

My mother insisted that peeling vegetables and fruits removed a significant fraction of their nutritional value. Are there foods for which this is true?

submitted by /u/jns_reddit_already
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Is there any correlation between dark triade personality traits and IQ?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 08:39 AM PDT

Sunday, June 27, 2021

Is it true some prey taunt predators?

Is it true some prey taunt predators?


Is it true some prey taunt predators?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 08:35 PM PDT

I heard somewhere gazelle are so fast, they are quite cocky and will taunt cheetahs by displays of athleticism, kind of like saying "try me; I am fast."

Or how some zebras may display an aloof or cool nature while looking directly at lions, and then you learn that some zebras have actually killed lions by kicking or ganging up on them.

How did this happen, evolution wise? When does a prey determine when to run and when to fight and why?

And how is it smart to make a predator angry by taunting them? Wouldn't that lessen your chance of survival if he picks you out?

submitted by /u/Ulforicks
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If ocean waves are a perturbation of a medium (the ocean), and sound waves are a perturbation of another medium (air), then what is the medium for light / electricity?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 12:00 AM PDT

We know that electricity does not need matter (e.g. induction chargers work in a vacuum / in space) as well as light (seen from space yet space is a vacuum) so I'm wondering what the field medium could be.

submitted by /u/No-Comparison8472
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When a species is born with two heads how are the motor functions of the body controlled or balanced between the two brains?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 06:19 PM PDT

Can humans really use Echolocation like bats?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 06:08 PM PDT

Combining vaccines to increase efficacy?

Posted: 27 Jun 2021 04:48 AM PDT

Are there any trials being conducted on combining different vaccines to fight against Covid 19? For example, administering 2 doses of Pfizer and then injecting Sputnik or Moderna. Is this possible? If yes, will the efficacy shoot up?

submitted by /u/Much_Ganache296
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It’s Magma when it’s underground, Lava when it’s above ground, does it have another name when it’s airborn?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 06:33 PM PDT

When volcanos first erupt and send the magma flying, is it still magma until it hits the ground? Does it become lava the second it's above ground? Is there a third, airborn state?

submitted by /u/Billybluejeans
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What is the risk for developing long term effects or other severe side effects from COVID 19?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 01:05 PM PDT

From what i understand long covid seems a really important issue but the coverage on it seems to have dropped the last few months. Also i dont understand why the odds of getting myocarditis from the mRna vaccine gets so much coverage especially to young people but the odds of getting myocarditis from covid is never mentioned. Isnt this "unfair" to the vaccine ?

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How do we know that all galaxies are going to combine into one in billions of years?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 01:42 PM PDT

I remember hearing about this from a nasa post or a verified astronomer and they said everything is going to move to one point in the universe.

submitted by /u/RpLover221
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What happens to Viral DNA after the Host "Defeats" The Virus?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 08:15 PM PDT

If I were to get, say COVID, and recover, is the remnants of the viral DNA washed out with excrement or urine? Is it absorbed into the blood stream? Something else? I only have A-GCSE Biology 20+ years ago, so go easy on me. Many thanks, kind redditors!

submitted by /u/THVAQLJZawkw8iCKEZAE
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Do trees/driftwood contribute to ocean ecosystems?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 04:21 AM PDT

Why doesnt blood reject like organs do?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 08:56 AM PDT

When someone gets an organ transplant, they're on anti rejection meds permanently after that. Why doesnt blood work the same way during transfusions?

submitted by /u/Thedoctoradvocate
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Does Chinese medicine/treatment actually work or are they just an effect of the placebo effect?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 08:07 PM PDT

What other sensors / tools do we use to image / understand the space other than the sensors for electromagnetic spectrum?

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 01:37 PM PDT

I understand we use radio waves, microwaves, visible light and other radiation that falls on the electromagnetic spectrum. Beyond this what else can we use to detect / observe the happenings in space.

I understand that there is a whole lot of vacuum in space so we can't really use audio, but what other sensory information is / can be used.

submitted by /u/varishtg
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Can black hole really kill? (theoretically)

Posted: 26 Jun 2021 12:36 PM PDT

Hello, I'm not really astrology master... but we know black hole has some extreme gravitational force and other things... but its not confirmed they kill you... so it's theoretically possible to "survive" and "fall" into the core of the hole? (Cause we don't know how it works in this mystery object)

submitted by /u/rbfboycze
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