If the brain evolved in vertebrates as a part of the spinal cord, why do brains exist in animals without spinal cords, such as insects and other arthropods? Is this an example of convergent evolution, and how different really are vertebrate brains from invertebrate brains? | AskScience Blog

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Tuesday, January 8, 2019

If the brain evolved in vertebrates as a part of the spinal cord, why do brains exist in animals without spinal cords, such as insects and other arthropods? Is this an example of convergent evolution, and how different really are vertebrate brains from invertebrate brains?

If the brain evolved in vertebrates as a part of the spinal cord, why do brains exist in animals without spinal cords, such as insects and other arthropods? Is this an example of convergent evolution, and how different really are vertebrate brains from invertebrate brains?


If the brain evolved in vertebrates as a part of the spinal cord, why do brains exist in animals without spinal cords, such as insects and other arthropods? Is this an example of convergent evolution, and how different really are vertebrate brains from invertebrate brains?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 09:14 PM PST

How is the ISS insulated?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 08:06 AM PST

Why does a light bulb glow when electrons pass through it?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 03:32 AM PST

So I am a chemistry teacher in high school and I know a bit about physics here and there but my colleague was struggling with the question why a lightbulb glows when the electrons pass through it?

submitted by /u/Sjeetopotato1
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Scientists! Please discuss how the government shutdown will affect you and your work here.

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 08:16 AM PST

All discussion is welcome, but let's try to keep focus on how this shutdown will/could affect science specifically.

Also, let's try to keep the discussion on the potential impact and the role of federal funding in research - essentially as free from partisan politics as possible.

For reference to what happened during the shutdown last time, please see this thread.

submitted by /u/ren5311
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How do astronauts keep close to the ISS?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 07:44 AM PST

Hi guys, first of all sorry everyone for my bad English and for my lack of competence in the subject but I'm very curious about this question. I've seen a lot of pictures or footage of astronauts in the free space who move just by little air expulsion from their space suit. Buuut... Any object in the earth's orbit must be going at an elevate speed, how can they keep close to the space station when they just jump off of it? Once they they jump they keep moving at the same speed for the inertia force? And if yes, does the suit completely protect them from the consequences?

submitted by /u/Jeje99
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Is Gene editing possible on adult humans or can only be done on embryos ? Why ?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 02:15 AM PST

How do spin-orbit resonances work?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 05:17 AM PST

More specifically, why did the moon form a 1:1 spin-orbit resonance with the Earth but Mercury formed a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance with the Sun? What circumstances lead to different results?

submitted by /u/m0ser
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How is electricity actually consumed?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 11:52 PM PST

I've never understood what happens to an electron as it flows into and out of an electric motor, transistor, etc. What's happening at the electron level as they do their "work?"

submitted by /u/fandingo
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How does the earth's climate vary in an east-west direction rather than the usual polar direction?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 07:02 AM PST

This post shows the change in US' wet-dry boundary. Isn't climate varying based on how far north of south you are?

submitted by /u/saainte
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Can you have more then one intermolecular (attractive) force in a molecule. i.e (dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding or LDF and dipole-dipole etc.)?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 05:34 AM PST

What are antioxidants and what do they do?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 05:26 PM PST

[Optics] Do consumer plastics have unique visual properties that can be detected by a camera or sensors?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 10:24 PM PST

Since the tongue is a muscular organ, would it be possible to strengthen the muscles in it the same way you would, say, biceps? Would it actually get larger as it got stronger?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 11:01 AM PST

I know this is random, and maybe it belongs in shower thoughts, but I am actually really curious. Also, this isn't a sex thing.

To be clear, I'm not talking about therapeutic "tongue strengthening" exercises. I'm actually talking about exercises with the specific intention of building muscle.

submitted by /u/ImgurianAkom
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Why do cameras need to focus? Why can't everything be in focus at once?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 01:48 PM PST

Does the Fusiform Face Area have mnemonic applications?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 08:52 PM PST

Like the method of loci which employs our super-efficient spatial memory to create associations, is there potential for the Fusiform Face Area to help us encode non-face information?

Humans are insanely good at remembering faces, and there are even "super-recognizers" out there who can instantly and accurately identify a face they've only seen once, many many years ago. Many work in law enforcement.

So could it be possible to utilize this brain region's power to retrieve/encode things like, say, the exact details of a painting? Is its use limited to visual information only? As a side question, what are its limits as to what it considers a "face"? If I stared at an image of a face and watched as its features morphed into something else entirely, at what point would I stop being able to recognize that image with pinpoint accuracy?

submitted by /u/denz609
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Do super symmetrical particals have antimatter counterparts?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 03:26 PM PST

In the SS model, are anti-sleptons and anti-squarks a thing?

submitted by /u/Da_Gr8_M8
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What makes the myosin head in the muscle pop back?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 01:53 PM PST

I know when the myosin head connects with an actin filament it pops back which creates forward motion(muscle contraction), but why exactly does it pop back ?

submitted by /u/Daziboy99
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Pregnancy is often accompanied by morning sickness - is there any evolutionary reasoning or is it just a physical reaction to being pregnant?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 02:28 PM PST

With enough time, is every species capable of evolving to be on par with human intelligence?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 09:40 AM PST

I may be wording my question poorly but I want to know if it's possible for other species to reach the level of humans with enough time via evolution. Intelligence might not be the right word but could we have other species reaching the same level of control over their environment? Would this be exclusive to primates or would it be possible for other animals as well?

submitted by /u/ReddiRalph
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Why was there barely any volcamism on the far side of the moon?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 12:55 AM PST

Now Chang'e 4 (with rover Yutu 2) have landed there is one big question to be resolved by scientists: Why there are so many maria (lunar mare) on the near side - those large black patches of basaltic rock which have been spit out by volcanoes billions of years ago? And why there are virtually none on the far side?

This article (in German, translation below) adresses this question, ruling out one explanation. It is not the thickness of the lunar crust:

Translation via Deepl:

Geologists hope that the mission on the back of the moon will enable them to solve previously unsolved mysteries about the development of the Earth's satellite: The researchers would like to understand why the volcanic processes on the front and back side were so different - and why the Mare are not equally widespread everywhere. For a long time they believed that this could be due to the fact that the crust on the lunar front is thinner and volcanic melts could therefore rise more easily in the first millions of years of lunar history. NASA's Grail mission, however, determined the lunar gravity field until the end of 2012 and could not detect any noticeably increased crust thickness on the side remote from the Earth (source: Wieczorek et al 2013). Why are there hardly any volcanic mare? - That's a big question," says Harald Hiesinger, planetary geologist and moon expert at the University of Münster.

Original:

Durch die Mission die Mondrückseite erhoffen sich Geologen, bislang ungelöste Rätsel der Entwicklung des Erdtrabanten klären zu können: Die Forscher würden gerne verstehen, warum die vulkanischen Prozesse auf Vorder-​ und Rückseite so unterschiedlich waren – und die Mare nicht überall gleich verbreitet sind. Lange Zeit glaubten sie, dies könnte daran liegen, dass die Kruste auf der Mondvorderseite dünner ist und vulkanische Schmelzen in den ersten Jahrmillionen der lunaren Geschichte somit leichter aufsteigen konnten. Die NASA-​Mission Grail bestimmte bis Ende 2012 allerdings das lunare Schwerefeld und konnte keine auffällig erhöhte Krustendicke auf der erdabgewandten Seite feststellen (Quelle: Wieczorek et al 2013). Warum gibt es dort dennoch kaum vulkanische Mare? - „Das ist eine große Frage", sagt Harald Hiesinger, Planetengeologe und Mondexperte an der Universität Münster.

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Why does gravitational time dilation exist around a black hole when it did not previously exist around the star it once was? (2 part question)

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 02:40 PM PST

Second question is if black holes exert no more gravity than it once did as a star, then why is gravity so strong that even light can't escape? It just seems contradictory, but I'm no physicist (obviously).

submitted by /u/WolfByTheEars07
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Do whales and other cetaceans sweat, or even have sweat glands?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 09:20 AM PST

I am wondering.

submitted by /u/ppvvaa
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