Can Three of the Four Types of Volcanic Eruptions Happen Underwater? | AskScience Blog

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Sunday, January 13, 2019

Can Three of the Four Types of Volcanic Eruptions Happen Underwater?

Can Three of the Four Types of Volcanic Eruptions Happen Underwater?


Can Three of the Four Types of Volcanic Eruptions Happen Underwater?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 04:48 PM PST

A volcanic eruption is measured in two constants--gas and viscosity. For clearance, low viscosity is like squirting water off a nozzle, whereas high viscosity is like squirting caramel off a nozzle, which takes more effort to do, which ultimately makes it more dangerous.

In geology, there are four different kinds of volcanic eruptions:

  1. Low Gas + Low Viscosity = A quiet lava flow.
  2. High Gas + Low Viscosity = A fire fountain eruption.
  3. Low Gas + High Viscosity = A dome-building eruption. (This sort of eruption doesn't reach critical right away.)
  4. High Gas + High Viscosity = A Ring of Fire explosion.

These sorts of eruption are impressive enough on land, but in the event of someone doing some serious worldbuilding, this question puts three of the four types underwater. Type #1 has long been confirmed to happen underwater, but the oceanic differences in temperature and pressure have produced a different result called "pillow lava".

Is it possible for eruption types numbers 2, 3 and 4 to occur underwater? If yes, then would the oceanic differences in temperature and pressure make them look and act differently from how they have acted above sea level?

submitted by /u/JohnWarrenDailey
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At the heat death of the universe, will most black holes eventually merge due to the incredibly long timescale before they evaporate from Hawking radiation, or will most black holes not merge due to the sheer vastness of space between them?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 07:16 AM PST

Why did the matter that formed our solar system form 8 planets instead of clumping into a bigger star?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 03:33 AM PST

How to determine the melting point of a mixture, which is composed of substances having different-different melting points?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 01:51 AM PST

We know that introducing forests into dry/hot climates has the potential of changing local climates into something much more habitable. What would be the effect on local climate of artificial afforestation in barren but wet/cold places?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 07:59 AM PST

I live in Scotland which is super barren as a result of human activity some few hundred years ago. I was wondering what, if any, effects on the local climate would have an extensive afforestation of the region? Making the place less windy would be probably one of the effects, but would it be also likely to alter the temperature much? What about precipitation? How extensive would the afforestation be for the effects to be measurable?

submitted by /u/Sanuuu
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Why does this wrench with 50,000 amps current running through it appear to heat up from the edges inward?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 06:09 AM PST

I would expect since roughly the same amount of electricity is flowing through the whole thing that it would heat more evenly. What's going on?

https://i.imgur.com/Um00Qdr.gifv

submitted by /u/ILikeLeptons
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How is it possible to measures very high temperatures?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 03:18 AM PST

I've just read an article about nuclear fusion reactors and the article said something about plasma temperatures of many million degree Celsius. How is it possible to measure these high temperatures?

submitted by /u/SuperPenguin1701
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What does an Atom actually look like?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 07:07 PM PST

In school, were always taught that an atom looks like a bunch of electrons orbiting the nucleus in a circular motion.

However, quantum mechanics tells a completely different story of probability.

What does an atom actually look like?

submitted by /u/secretspace2060
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Is it possible for a star to have a low mass yet have a large volume?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 10:47 PM PST

Similar to how neutron stars have a high mass and low volume, does the opposite exist?

submitted by /u/Alphecho015
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Do different gasses have different drag coefficients? Do they generate different amounts of resistance based on their molecular structure?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 08:48 AM PST

Occasionally we see plans to “bring back” extinct mammals like Mammoths, but in reality they would be Mammoth-Elephant hybrids. Would this method work with non-mammals like bringing back the Moa using other ratites like the Emu or Ostrich?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 04:47 AM PST

As noted in the title often when talking about bringing back an extinct species it's usually in regards to a mammal that went extinct fairly recently due to (from my understanding) the fact species exist today that are closely related enough that it may be possible to produce a hybrid offspring.

However I never see any talks about being back extinct birds or reptiles or other egg-laying creatures. Is there some biological reason why it would be harder to produce hybrids using egg-laying creatures. Is artificially inseminating egg-layers not a thing?

Or is it simply a case of mammoths and Tasmanian tigers etc are easier "first steps" on the path to bringing back extinct animals?

submitted by /u/---TheFierceDeity---
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Why is the entropy of a continuous random variable not infinite?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 06:41 PM PST

I understand entropy to be the "amount of randomness" involved in a random variable. In other words, the entropy of a random variable could be characterized as the number of bits of truly random information extractable from a variable. For example, if my variable is a coin flip, it makes sense that I would be able to extract one bit of entropy from that source. The Linux kernel makes use of this concept by "harvesting entropy" from various sources.

But let's say I sampled from a uniformly distributed continuous random variable on the interval [0,1]. Could I not use the digits of such a random number as an infinite source of random bits?

"Alright," you say, "you cannot truly sample from a continuous source." But even if we discritize this continuous random variable, allowing us to sample from it, we should always be able to get more random bits but simply slicing it more and more finely. Slicing it in half, gets 1 bit of entropy, slicing it into 128 sections gives 7 bits of entropy, etc.

Can someone please help me understand? Thanks!

submitted by /u/TubbyGb
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How do I calculate the force and collision time for an object which an impulse acts upon due to an inelastic collision?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 03:04 PM PST

I've been trying to work out the mechanics for this all afternoon but I'm stuck. I can show you my notes if that would help.

If I have two objects moving towards each other, and I know their masses, velocities and accelerations before impact and the coefficient of restitution between them, how do I calculate the force on each object as a result of the collision? Secondly, how do I calculate the length of time this force is applied for (collision time)? (Impulse = the force I need * the time I need)

Thanks

submitted by /u/DaCukiMonsta
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Why are photo files different sizes?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 06:19 PM PST

Digital cameras have sensors that detect a certain number of megapixels. Why are some photo files larger than others if each photo was taken using the same sensor recording the same number of pixels?

submitted by /u/Jglash1
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How does temperature work in space?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 04:01 PM PST

Im curious. Lets say a city sized rock is floating in space. Just an ordinary, mineral based rock. Not going anywhere really, just existing. What would its temperature be like, if lets say, it was the same distance from the sun, as earth is. Would its surface temperature hit 200C? What would its "core" temperature be like?

submitted by /u/Magyarharcos
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Deep-sea brine pools—how do they form, and do they make sounds?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 09:11 AM PST

Hey everyone, I have a couple of questions about deep-sea brine pools (briefly described here, and also in Blue Planet II, episode 3).

  1. Why/How do these pools form? Specifically, why does the extra salt stay in the pool instead of being diluted by the surrounding ocean?

  2. If I were standing at the edge of such a pool (without dying, etc.) and threw a rock into the pool, would it make a sound?

submitted by /u/Wonderful_Toes
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Can Radiation Kill on Contact or Cause Immediate Physical Damage?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 09:45 AM PST

Hello, I am writing a science fiction story and looking for a believable weapons system for the characters to use. I'm looking into radiation as an option, as it has the ability to delete cell functions and kill cells. Everywhere I look either says it takes a minimum of a week to die from radiation exposure or that, and to quote an answer to a similar question on this subreddit, "if you run at a nuclear reactor core right after pulling it out, you'll die before touching it".

So my question, in more detail is, if radiation could be shot from a gun in extremely high concentrations, could it damage the brain or heart enough to cause instant death, and could it damage the skin enough to cause visible physical trauma? What would this trauma look like?

submitted by /u/ellieisherenow
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How do telescopes “hold still” during the long exposure times needed for images like the Hubble deep field photos?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 10:30 AM PST

In long exposure photography, I know a camera must be held very still or be able to perfectly track the object to produce a clear image. Because Hubble is in orbit, how does it "hold still" for 11 day exposure times? Is it because the distance between Hubble and the area it's photographing is so great or is it compensated for by some computer wizardry? I've tried googling this, but I've never been able to find a reasonable answer.

submitted by /u/Nerfo2
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Why do we see from the front of our eyes if the retina is in the back? Why don’t we see the inside of our eyes?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 06:41 AM PST

If two planes fly by one another in opposite directions, each going Mach 0.5, would there be a sonic boom? Or one that only the pilots could hear?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 07:57 AM PST

From each pilot's point of view, the other plane is traveling at the speed of sound. So would this produce a sonic boom? And if not, are sonic booms only produced when an object is going Mach 1 relative to the Earth's surface?

submitted by /u/otterman_empire
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Regarding statistics, of what significance is the mode? Are there any useful applications?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 11:09 AM PST

If tick is attached to the host and put under water, can it take oxygen from host blood to stay alive?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 02:35 AM PST

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