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Saturday, April 30, 2016

Banana. We are regularly told that bananas are under threat. Are there other strains of Banana under development, if so how far away are they to commercial introduction and what other measures might be under way to protect this staple crop?

Banana. We are regularly told that bananas are under threat. Are there other strains of Banana under development, if so how far away are they to commercial introduction and what other measures might be under way to protect this staple crop?


Banana. We are regularly told that bananas are under threat. Are there other strains of Banana under development, if so how far away are they to commercial introduction and what other measures might be under way to protect this staple crop?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 11:12 AM PDT

It is widely advertised that current banana production is a monoculture, dominated by the « Cavendish » strain, and seemingly threatened by Fusarium (aka Panama disease). Is this threat as serious as the Press makes it seem to be (I've seen mentions on "Bananageddon" ... seriously)?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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Is it possible to completly solve chess?

Posted: 30 Apr 2016 03:25 AM PDT

I don´t mean just programming an engine that is able to beat anyone. I mean to have a computer calculate the best turn (assuming that there always is exactly one best turn) in all possible position and storing the result as a file, so that another computer would have to do nothing but searching for the current position to know the best turn. And if it is possible, how long would it take the currently fastest computer to do so?

submitted by /u/dohvakiin97
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Is it possible to taste/smell chirality?

Posted: 30 Apr 2016 06:23 AM PDT

Can your senses tell the difference between different orientations of the same compound?

submitted by /u/Beelzebubs-Barrister
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At higher altitudes, you weigh less. At lower altitudes, you weigh more. At the center of the earth, you'd weigh zero. At what depth would you weigh your maximum?

Posted: 30 Apr 2016 03:28 AM PDT

Why are properties of alloys not averages of the properties of it's component metals?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 09:50 PM PDT

I was just doing some homework, and I read in my textbook that titanium alloys can be stronger than titanium even though titanium is the strongest metal. How does this work, wouldn't mixing titanium with a weaker metal make the mixture weaker than pure titanium? The same question applies for any alloy, the properties of alloys are not the averaged properties of the component metals. I sort of get how this would be, but I would like a good explanation so I fully understand it. Thanks!

submitted by /u/coolamebe
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Could a black hole's mass, event horizon size, and spin be used to calculate the size of the singularity - also giving a clue as to the actual density and state of the degenerate matter making it up?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 04:25 PM PDT

After reading an article recently on rotating (Kerr) black holes, I was struck by the fact that nature apparently applies a speed limit to them, where spin reduces the size of the event horizon, but can never reduce it to where you would find a naked singularity. But that then left me wondering the title question - what if any reason is there that given their mass and rate of spin, you couldn't deduce the angular momentum and then circumference of the singularity itself - giving more clues as to its nature?

submitted by /u/Hailbacchus
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What are the Origins of the Water of Earth's Ocean's?

Posted: 30 Apr 2016 03:31 AM PDT

I couldn't really find a clear answer on google.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/TimeFlier101
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AskScience AMA Series: We are neuroscience & neurotechnology researchers at Harvard Medical School with a mission to communicate science to general audiences. Ask us anything!

Posted: 30 Apr 2016 07:14 AM PDT

Science In The News (SITN) is a graduate student organization at Harvard with a mission to bridge the communication gap between scientists and general audiences. We achieve this through various avenues online through our blog, podcast, and Reddit AMAs, and through free, local events in Boston & Cambridge including seminars, Science By The Pint, and DayCon – an annual science conference designed for the general public. In addition to our website, you can follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.


In our recent Special Edition on Neurotechnology, we have written a series of articles covering recent technologies that are pushing the boundaries of what we know about the brain. Each article describes how these new technologies have already impacted neuroscience and where these technologies are taking us next. With the potential to improve countless lives, we believe the future of neuroscience is bright and will only get brighter.

For this AMA, we have gathered the authors of these articles and other Harvard PhD candidates conducting research in the field:

  • Kevin Sitek: Neuroimaging of speech production and auditory perception
  • Stephen Thornquist: Behavioral and computational neuroscience
  • Kelsey Tyssowski: Gene expression and chromatin in neurons, neuronal plasticity
  • Vivian Hemmelder: Reinforcement learning; time perception; curiosity
  • Jim Bohnslav: Systems neuroscience, computational ethology
  • Shay Neufeld: Reinforcement learning, addiction, habits, decision making, reward
  • Siva Nagappan: Neurodevelopment

We look forward to your questions. Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/SITNHarvard
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How does medicine act differently when administered via different methods?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 08:46 PM PDT

If I have pills of acetaminophen, and I swallow them, they provide pain relief within usually 30 minutes or so. Would there be a different affect if I were to crush a pill and inhale the dust, specifically through the sinuses? What if I were to use the pill as a suppository? Would these different methods of administration affect how the medicine behaves?

submitted by /u/TheColdestFeet
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Would Lorentz Contractions occur in objects made of antimatter?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 05:28 PM PDT

Or, does the charge of an antimatter object exhibit any different behavior than "regular" objects when approaching lightspeed?

submitted by /u/aBraXiOuS
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I know space can bend but can it tear?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 03:22 PM PDT

Why does 2 neutron stars colliding create a black hole, instead of a combined neutron star?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 09:36 PM PDT

What is the relation between the mass and radius of a star?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 05:05 PM PDT

I've been looking on the Internet for some kind of formula without success. I guess that the radius of a star might be influenced by many factors; if you want to describe them that would be great, but I would be happy just by knowing how the gravity of the mass influence the radius, simplifying phenomena like photon pressure for now. Is there a way to approximate the radius of a star only by knowing its mass?

(I am programming some kind of 2D gravity simulator only for learning and gaming purposes)

submitted by /u/Loaerile
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Is dark matter taken into account when making any planetary or cosmological calculations? For example has anyone thought of the effects of dark matter when modeling the Moon formation? And to what scale do you stop taking it into consideration?

Posted: 30 Apr 2016 12:26 AM PDT

Is there evidence of ayahuasca analog usage in other ancient cultures?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 04:46 PM PDT

Are there regions outside of South America where naturally-occuring sources of both N,N dimethyltryptamine and a powerful monoamine oxide inhibitor, along with a method for preparing them in such a way as to facilitate an hallucinogenic experience, were (possibly) readily available to the indigenous peoples in the premodern era?

If so, is there any lore from that region which might indicate that such a concoction was ever used in a religious or mystic ritual?

Edit: clarified region, fixed typo

submitted by /u/Haplo781
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How can you induce Cooper pair formation in BCS theory of Superconductors?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 04:17 PM PDT

What factors influence the electrons to pair up as Cooper pairs so that material defects do not affect the superconductivity as electrons flow along the material? Is it possible to generate the correct conditions with organic polymers, i.e: can we apply the principles of quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems to the room temperature superconductivity problem? Any help would be greatly appreciated as I am relatively new to this field and hope to learn anything I can. Thanks!

submitted by /u/QuantumBoy365
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How can an incompressible fluid at constant temperature exert different amounts of pressure?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 01:28 PM PDT

This is a question I've had for a long time in the back of my mind. We are told that water is incompressible (or at least, under reasonable conditions). In fact, even 4 kilometers under the ocean, the water is only 1.8% denser. Further, it's generally much colder than water at the surface.

It is also my understanding that pressure, as exerted by a gas or liquid, is a function of the number and force of molecular collisions on a volume by a surrounding substance.

If that's correct, how can fluids, such as water, exert different amounts of pressure? The water under the ocean is colder, and therefore the kinetic energy of the water molecules, and hence energy of collisions, is decreased, and it's only 1.8% denser, thus the change in the number of collisions per unit time cannot account for the 400x increase in pressure compared with the surface.

I know I'm either missing something or misunderstanding something. Please help!

submitted by /u/ndufour
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Friday, April 29, 2016

Can a flammable gas ignite merely by increasing its temperature (without a flame)?

Can a flammable gas ignite merely by increasing its temperature (without a flame)?


Can a flammable gas ignite merely by increasing its temperature (without a flame)?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 12:37 AM PDT

Let's say we have a room full of flammable gas (such as natural gas). If we heat up the room gradually, like an oven, would it suddenly ignite at some level of temperature. Or, is ignition a chemical process caused by the burning flame.

submitted by /u/ExCx
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Why do biologists always refer to mitochondrial DNA in reports on evolution and cladistics as opposed to the DNA found in the nucleus?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 12:33 AM PDT

This might sound like a rather stupid or silly question but I just though about this while studying for my IB bio exam.

submitted by /u/littlewigbighair
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How does fracking affect volcanic eruptions?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 06:39 PM PDT

I was thinking, if it triggers earthquakes, wouldn't it also maybe make volcanic activity more likely?

submitted by /u/zeldazonklives
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If transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes, how do mRNA quantification methods provide meaningful results?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 12:40 AM PDT

Wouldn't it be more of a measure of the brief latency between transcription and translation than an indicator of transcript or protein level?

submitted by /u/neurominer
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Do all of the planets orbit on the same level, and if so why does it appear that we're "looking up" at Saturn through Earthbound telescopes?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 06:50 PM PDT

Are there dynamic weather-like changes in Saturn's rings between daylight and planet shadow?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 12:21 AM PDT

I know the concept of "weather" in Saturn's rings isn't the right way the phrase the question, but that's really where this line of thought comes from. Do Saturn's rings experience weather? I was thinking that there must be a difference in temperature between when the rings sit in Saturn's shadow and when exposed to sunlight. I know it's darker and colder out there than here in the comfy habitable zone but is the fluctuation between warm and cold enough to cause dynamic weather-like patterns in the rings?

submitted by /u/porty_paisley
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Will continental drift eventually bring the continents back together?

Posted: 29 Apr 2016 04:50 AM PDT

Is water at absolute zero denser than water at 4 degrees Celsius?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 03:36 PM PDT

I know liquid water is generally denser than ice from the polarity of the bonds, and the way the molecules orient themselves, but as things approach absolute zero they get denser and colder, so is there a point where ice surpasses the density of 4 degree Celsius water?

submitted by /u/Arabaster77
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Why are spinal discs so prone to hernias?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 08:37 PM PDT

I'm a 1st year med student, studying the lumbar region in anatomy, we barely brush on the subject and the professor wasn't able to give me the answer I was looking for.

So, throughout the millions of years of evolution, how come the spinal discs are STILL so prone to hernias and bulges? I mean, it was enough for me to pick up weights in an incorrect way to herniate my L5S1 (CT+MRI approved) as well as billion of others who suffer from a similar condition.

submitted by /u/Xeydo
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Can EM field bend light?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 07:43 PM PDT

Is there a mathematical proof/justification for x^-1 = 1/x? Or is it just conjecture/nonclemature?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 06:53 AM PDT

The inside of my pineapple can appears to be galvanized steel, what is the reason for this?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 01:53 PM PDT

Some quick searching online suggested that galvanized steel might not be all that food safe since the zinc coating can end up in the foodstuffs if they are acidic. Some also suggest that there is a lining between the steel and food, but if so then why bother with a galvanized steel can instead of a typical can?

submitted by /u/thar_
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Why are radioactive elements that only give off alpha radiation still dangerous, given that that's just a helium nucleus?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 09:48 AM PDT

How much does quantum uncertainty effect the macro world?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 01:56 PM PDT

Why is it that you can put so much weight on one side of a barbell without it tipping over?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 06:13 PM PDT

I was at the gym today and I was able to put 90 pounds on one side of the barbell without it tipping over. Why doesn't any imbalance of weight cause it to tip over?

submitted by /u/CashCop
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Is it possible to choose a wedding date that has the highest probability of me actually being there?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 04:22 AM PDT

I work on a ship in a cycle where I am away for an average of 80 days, followed by an approximately equal length holiday where another person works in my place. I am newly engaged and hoping to get married in February 2017 but due to my work trips being not of an exact length it is very difficult to choose a date and start making bookings/invitations. Here are my previous trips:

28/07/2014-09/10/2014 73 days

09/10/2014-26/12/2014* 78 days

26/12/2014-05/03/2015 69 days

05/03/2015-29/05/2015* 85 days

29/05/2015-20/08/2015 83 days

20/08/2015-03/11/2015* 75 days

03/11/2015-26/01/2016 84 days

26/01/2016-25/04/2016* 90 days

Trips with an asterisk represent when I was on holiday but are equally valid trip lengths in terms of data because the ship does the same journey.

I am on the ship now and my most recent trip began on the 19/4/2016. This is earlier than the end of the last trip because our records only show departure time so I took the dates from departure-departure and will work them back to the day I joined. I will do this work trip, a holiday, another work trip and then we will get married in the following holiday.

If we want to get married on a Saturday what is the best date to choose? We understand that this is a basic mathematics problem however the answer is very important to us for obvious reasons. Thank you in advance.

submitted by /u/boobsandsandwiches
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Why is it still impossible to manufacture Water?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 10:09 AM PDT

Maybe a really stupid question, but, out of everything we are technologically capable of doing I don't have a wide enough knowledge of science to understand why we can't just "make" water. H2O seemed oh so simple in high school science.

submitted by /u/house221b
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Why didn't this mixture of Conc. Sulphuric Acid and Cyclohexane react as expected?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 12:21 PM PDT

Hi! British 6th form student here. So in chemistry earlier, reasons aside, we were mixing concentrated sulphuric acid with cyclohexene, and we got the expected result once, a orange mix. However, when we first tried the reaction a gas was produced, (known because the bung popped off spectacularly), and we got a black stodgy mixture with a slight orange tint,. However, when put into water it took on a slight greenish tint, and behaved strangely, some floating at the top, some going to the bottom, some strands going inbetween the two. I would guess that there may have been a contamination in the test tube, but that is fairly unlikely as it was a fresh batch of clean test tubes. Can anyone identify what it is that has happened here?

Sorry about the picture quality, best i could do at the time.

/u/superhelical has kindly pointed out to me that I was wrong, and that when I wrote cyclohexane I meant cyclohexene. So, hats off to him, and sorry about my mistake.

submitted by /u/JGAJ99
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How to reconcile clocks in simple time dilation problems?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 08:01 AM PDT

I think the answer here is going to be pretty straightforward, but I can't find what I'm looking for in the FAQ or by searching. I think my confusion might go a bit deeper, but I've boiled things down to a simple problem that I can't quite grasp. Got to be something simple I'm missing.

Let's say there are two spaceships, both 6 lightyears from Earth in opposite directions. The ships and Earth have their clocks synced and have no relative velocity. Both ships accelerate quickly to 0.6c towards Earth and stop when they arrive. From the reference frame of Earth, it will take 10 years for both to arrive. The Lorentz factor for 0.6c is 1.25, so when we look at the clocks on board they'll say 8 years have passed. So a person on Earth was correct to believe that the spaceship clocks tick slower.

Confusion: shouldn't the observers on the ships perceive time passing more slowly on Earth and (even more so) on the other ship?

Let's say ship A assesses the situation after accelerating (instantaneously). Earth is 6 lightyears away and coming closer at a rate of 0.6c. Ship B is 12 lightyears away and coming closer at a rate of 0.88c (by velocity addition with relativity). That gives a Lorentz factor of 2.125. This means Earth should reach A after 10 A years (6/0.6), while only 8 years (10/1.25) passed on Earth. And it means B should reach A after 13.6 A years (12/0.88), while only 6.4 years (13.6/2.125) pass on B.

Obviously this second set of calculations makes no sense. It seems clear from the problem that B and A should reach Earth at the same time.

And it's also confusing that the clocks don't match up. I expect that part of the problem is the "broken symmetry". The ships accelerate and Earth doesn't. But with my understanding I get the same confusing results if you remove this aspect. Toss out Earth and the problem should look the same either way, no? Yet each ship thinks time passes differently on the other ship. So how can their clocks match up in the end?

I've tried drawing some Minkowski diagrams to make sense of things, but it's not helping. I assume my misunderstanding is either carrying over to that exercise or else it's deeper than I think.

Can anyone help me out here?

submitted by /u/jofwu
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We evolved from monkeys, could it happen again given enough time? Could another species/family/genus of homosapiens occur?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 05:32 AM PDT

Could we see/co-exist with another "group" of humans?

submitted by /u/SahSon
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Is the infinite-th root of -1 equal to 1?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 05:11 PM PDT

Using polar coordinates to work out powers and roots on an imaginary/real plane means that to raise a complex number to a power, the new angle become the product of the power and the angle, and the new r (distance to the origin) becomes rpower

-11/2 shows that you get i (or -i but lets just deal with positive roots for now), raising it to a third makes the root move closer to 1 along the unit circle. It gets even closer for a quarter. summarised visually here

Does this mean that as the power approaches infinity, the root approaches 1? Can you therefore infer that 1 (as absurd as that alone sounds) could equal -1?

submitted by /u/YesmynameisPerry
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Thursday, April 28, 2016

A lot of skin products offer a "sensitive skin" alternative. What is the usual difference in ingredients and why is this better for sensitive skin?

A lot of skin products offer a "sensitive skin" alternative. What is the usual difference in ingredients and why is this better for sensitive skin?


A lot of skin products offer a "sensitive skin" alternative. What is the usual difference in ingredients and why is this better for sensitive skin?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 11:02 PM PDT

Is there an actual reason the Sun and the Moon are the same size in the sky?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 06:57 PM PDT

In school, I was taught that it was just a coincidence that the Sun and Moon are the same size in the sky but it seems like such a rare coincidence, there'd have to be a reason, wouldn't there?

submitted by /u/dancingbanana123
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Is a Yellowstone eruption in the next decade imminent?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 05:33 AM PDT

What is a tl;dr of your PhD?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 10:33 AM PDT

Inspired by a similar thread in /r/math. Feel free to ask follow-ups.

Edit: for those posting, consider becoming a panelist and getting flair by posting to the stickied panelist application thread!

submitted by /u/albasri
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What is the method and way of computational and visual detection of subatomic particles as seen in the CMS?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 09:08 PM PDT

What happens to photons of light that only penetrate the open ocean so deep? Why don't they hit the seafloor?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 04:40 PM PDT

Is the universe expanding in three dimensions or four?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 02:07 PM PDT

If space has been expanding since the Big Bang, is it expanding in the three spatial dimensions, or is spacetime also expanding in the time dimension?

If it's also expanding in time, how does that actually affect progression of time? Does it slow?

submitted by /u/goodevilgenius
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Does cardiac muscle contain different muscle fiber types, like skeletal muscles do (Type I, II...)?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 09:04 PM PDT

How are pill vitamins made?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 08:11 PM PDT

Getting an operation in a few weeks. I've been told to take some vitamins a few weeks before. I understand we get vitamins through food but, how are they made in pill form? They sure are expensive, maybe make my own if it isn't to hard.

submitted by /u/zephyer19
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why does boiling point of noble gases change as you go down the group?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 08:10 PM PDT

How long is a second?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 02:35 PM PDT

IIRC, for measurements like the kilogram we base it off the number of atoms of a specific element. How exactly do we come up with a uniform version of a second, since time is kind of more abstract than mass.

submitted by /u/OneDozenEgg
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Given x points on a circle, how many different polygons can be constructed?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 04:29 PM PDT

If a neutralisation reaction is exothermic why does adding heat to the reaction promote product formation (opposite logic to Le Chatelier's Principle)?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 07:10 PM PDT

Increasing the reaction temperature increases the number of collisions and number of molecules traveling at or above the activation energy, which would favour product formation. However, the overall neutralisation reaction is exothermic, so by Le Chatelier's Principle adding heat should have the effect of favouring the reactants. This is so fundamental, pls help.

submitted by /u/foxcmethoxc
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What is the fastest algorithm for multiplication of two n-digit numbers?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 03:39 PM PDT

[Chemistry] How does the voletage of a reference electrode affect the overall cell potential?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 04:43 PM PDT

Given the vast distances of space. Do radio signals in space ever suffer from attenuation?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 04:32 PM PDT

A common advice given to runners is to perform a "leg drain". Does the practice have any real basis in physiology?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 08:10 AM PDT

One website (and it is by no means alone in making this claim) suggests: > Do "leg drains" by lying on your back with your legs extended vertically and feet propped against a wall for three to four minutes. This drains the blood out of your legs so fresh, clean blood can be pumped back into them when you stand up.

Something about the idea of "fresh, clean blood" rings false. But is it?

submitted by /u/celebratedmrk
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Are gas giants simply stars that failed to "ignite?" Why would one gas clump turn into a star and another one turn into a gas giant?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 09:55 PM PDT

Are we able to observer and directly quantify any forms of magnetism outside of our galaxy?

Posted: 28 Apr 2016 12:46 AM PDT

Do illnesses like influenza leave small long-term after effects on normally healthy individuals?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 06:18 PM PDT

Influenza strains can be quite serious diseases that can kill but for most healthy individuals it can be survived with a high likelihood. However, many disease have after effects caused by symptoms experienced through the course of the disease. Have there been studies done to examine if relatively minor diseases have caused lasting effects such as increased susceptibility to future illness? Is there damage accumulated in areas the body isn't typically replacing cells?

submitted by /u/pandizlle
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There are reports of a tale of an Inuk making a knife out of shit and spit in deeply sub-zero temperatures and using it to butcher a dog, build a sleigh and flee. Is such a knife mechanically possible or is it a tall tale?

Posted: 27 Apr 2016 10:44 AM PDT

link to the apocryphal tale here: https://dontdontoperate.wordpress.com/2012/08/09/wade-davis-zombies-the-inuit-and-the-shit-knife-louis-riel-and-canadian-history/

Previous discussion of this story on TIL:

https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/1w0yxz/til_that_an_elderly_eskimo_in_the_1950s_in_order/

I underline that the tale is from Inuit oral history, so it may have grown in the telling.

Could such a knife hold an edge sufficient to kill, skin and butcher a dog? Could it be mechanically resilient enough to do the job the tale claims it did?

Are the faeces necessary? Would not simply making a similar tool out of ice/snow and spit be just as effective (if true)?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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