Why does depression cause brain atrophy in certain regions?

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• Why does depression cause brain atrophy in certain regions?
• Since insulin regulates the production of ketones, what prevents Ketoacidosis when a Type 1 Diabetic attempts a ketogenic diet?
• Is it possible to catch a second strain of the "Common Cold" while still suffering from a first?
• How does Swine Flu Work?
• Increased ocean temperature affects hurricanes (https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/), but does the increase in land temperature have any effect on hurricanes such as in their severity or sustainment on land?
• How exactly did pectoral fins evolve on fish?
• What happens to the suprarenal glands after a kidney removal?
• is paracetamol a nsaid?
• How does spacecraft fairing size affect the rocket handling?
• Is there a correlation between "Adrenal Fatigue" and Hypocortisolism (or Blunted Cortisol Response)?
• what’s the difference between rh-null and rh-negative?
• What happens when a person takes antibiotics?
• How do cells recognize each other?
• Do worms (I was thinking earthworms, but nematodes of any kind will work) have a distinct top and bottom?
• Does sound waves become muddled with noise if the medium it travels through is very hot?

Why does depression cause brain atrophy in certain regions? Posted: 25 Nov 2021 01:48 AM PST Is it reversible? submitted by /u/zerohero01 [link] [comments]

Since insulin regulates the production of ketones, what prevents Ketoacidosis when a Type 1 Diabetic attempts a ketogenic diet? Posted: 25 Nov 2021 05:07 AM PST When a Type 1 Diabetic attempts to follow an extremely low carb diet they would have to take close to no insulin or else they would risk facing repeated low blood sugar levels which then would force them to eat carbohydrates to raise, making the diet no longer low carb. When insulin levels are cut too far down from a low carb diet, why doesn't ketoacidosis occur? Do Type 1 Diabetics on keto produce more ketones because of this? And if so, does that mean that they can shred excess fat at a more effective rate than someone without the disease? submitted by /u/T1Bam [link] [comments]

Is it possible to catch a second strain of the "Common Cold" while still suffering from a first? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 10:07 AM PST submitted by /u/yetanotherworkacct [link] [comments]

How does Swine Flu Work? Posted: 25 Nov 2021 09:43 AM PST It's thought that all Influenza originate from Birds, so why is that Swine Flu, being a strain of Influenza, primarily targets Pigs, and not Birds which should be their primary host they are adapted to? Is Swine Flu now primarily adapted to Pigs, having changed it primary host when splitting off into a new strain? How could that be possible considering it's fairly recent emergence? submitted by /u/KarmaWhoreCam [link] [comments]

Increased ocean temperature affects hurricanes (https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/), but does the increase in land temperature have any effect on hurricanes such as in their severity or sustainment on land? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 09:36 PM PST submitted by /u/USAhj [link] [comments]

How exactly did pectoral fins evolve on fish? Posted: 25 Nov 2021 08:30 AM PST My thinking is fins are probably modified from some type of spikes on the sides of early jawless fish, but I'm probably wrong. submitted by /u/not_ur_uncle [link] [comments]

What happens to the suprarenal glands after a kidney removal? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 10:35 PM PST I'm studying biology for med school admission and I'm learning about glands. They "sit" on the top of each kidney, but what happens to them when the kidney is removed? Do they take the gland too? submitted by /u/ivappa [link] [comments]

is paracetamol a nsaid? Posted: 25 Nov 2021 07:17 AM PST submitted by /u/unimportantsarcasm [link] [comments]

How does spacecraft fairing size affect the rocket handling? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 09:47 AM PST Today's SpaceX DART launch featured a fairing that was larger in diameter than the main rocket body. Instinctively, this looks unstable, but obviously it is not (or at least, not in any way that can't be handled). Does the added drag, aerodynamic effects, or mass outside the width of the main rocket body cause much trouble? submitted by /u/Matir [link] [comments]

Is there a correlation between "Adrenal Fatigue" and Hypocortisolism (or Blunted Cortisol Response)? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 01:34 PM PST "Adrenal Fatigue" is a syndrome talked about in alternative medicine that is not accepted as a legitimate diagnosis in conventional medicine. On the other hand, mainstream science is beginning to discuss Hypocortisolism - I don't mean Addison's Disease - as a possible mechanism involved in the pathology of some condition that result from chronic or extreme stress such as PTSD, as well as other conditions such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia. It is speculated this is as a result of Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis dysregulation. When I read up on "retro" diagnoses such as Neurasthenia and Shell Shock, I start wondering if they were the same conditions with different names and all had this particular "blunted cortisol response to stress" phenomenon in common. As a layman with no background in medicine, when I read up on "Adrenal Fatigue" and Hypocortisolism, they sound very similar. And if it has been now recognized that some form of pseudo "Hypocortisolism" that isn't extreme enough to constitute as Addison's Disease may be behind a lot of chronic functional or mental conditions, why isn't more research being done to correct this form of Hypocortisolism? All I find on this subject is antidepressants can modulate the Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis to correct Hypercortisolism in depression, but nothing on how to fix a blunted cortisol response to stress. Many patients with PTSD are put on antidepressants, which to me sounds like reduces cortisol. Nicotine increases cortisol. Is it possible many people with mental disorders use tobacco to up regulate their cortisol response to stress? submitted by /u/Prefect1969 [link] [comments]

what’s the difference between rh-null and rh-negative? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 08:21 AM PST i've fallen down a rabbit hole of blood types and stuff lately. i know rh-null is extremely rare. around 50 people in the world have it if i'm correct. if rh- neg means it doesn't contain the rh antigen, then isn't that just rh-null submitted by /u/useless_orange_v [link] [comments]

What happens when a person takes antibiotics? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 08:06 AM PST Let's use a sinus infection as an example bacterial infection, as there are a lot of secondary symptoms, like sinus pressure, inflammation, fatigue, lack of appetite, etc, that are present secondary to the bacteria itself - and sinus infections are well known to the general public. Azithromycin dosage starts with 500 mg, followed by another 250 mg every 24 hours. After that first dose, it peaks in the blood at 2 hours in, and the patient can start feeling better after 3-4 hours (although azithromycin stays in the blood stream longer, up to 10 days even though the dosing regiment ends after 5 days). By what mechanism do antibiotics work this quickly? Are the antibiotics literally killing bacteria in that short time? Or is there something more going on, giving the immune system a break to stop producing t-cells or reducing inflammation, etc? Essentially, my question is why do antibiotics work so quickly (with azithromycin as an example, but really any fast working antibiotic is applicable) and how does the antibiotic have such a quick and marked effect on symptoms? submitted by /u/bebe_bird [link] [comments]

How do cells recognize each other? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 08:51 AM PST In Immune by Philipp Dettmer, he describes your immune system as differentiating between your body and antigens with the analogy of checking if puzzle pieces fit together. In a bit more depth, what is happening when cells check to see if these protein "puzzle pieces" fit together? submitted by /u/jenovaside [link] [comments]

Do worms (I was thinking earthworms, but nematodes of any kind will work) have a distinct top and bottom? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 08:12 PM PST Like, is there a part of the worm that it would prefer to be touching the ground? Do they get disoriented if the wrong side of them is up? submitted by /u/Toorelad [link] [comments]

Does sound waves become muddled with noise if the medium it travels through is very hot? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 02:36 AM PST My rudimentary understanding of temperature has always been that particles "jiggle in place" more "violently" when their temperature increases. So, I wondered whether an increase in temperature in the medium a sound travels through, has an effect on the noise that medium introduces to a given acoustic signal. I imagine it would have no noticeable effect since sound is a more macro phenomenon, but it never hurts to ask :) submitted by /u/RazomOmega [link] [comments]

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AskScience AMA Series: We're journalists who used genomic sequencing data to reveal how a dangerous strain of salmonella spread through America's chicken industry and still makes people sick. We also made a tool to let people check where their chicken and turkey came from. Happy Thanksgiving, AUA!

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• AskScience AMA Series: We're journalists who used genomic sequencing data to reveal how a dangerous strain of salmonella spread through America's chicken industry and still makes people sick. We also made a tool to let people check where their chicken and turkey came from. Happy Thanksgiving, AUA!
• How do physicists predict new fundamental particles mathematically?
• Is a seismic survey of the sea bed harmful to marine life?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
• Monoclonal Antibodies and COVID vaccine?
• How much lava is there on earth?
• What exactly does the Strong Force affect?
• What does ''chain mobility'' mean and why does a lower chain mobility make a polymer harder to hydrolyze ?
• If you were to throw a baseball from the iss would it reach earth?
• Why am I getting the opposite color change for a complexometric titration using Eriochrome Black T?
• Is the naming scheme used for COVID-19 common in virology?
• Can you use zinc oxide in place of zinc powder for the "turn pennies to gold" experiment?

AskScience AMA Series: We're journalists who used genomic sequencing data to reveal how a dangerous strain of salmonella spread through America's chicken industry and still makes people sick. We also made a tool to let people check where their chicken and turkey came from. Happy Thanksgiving, AUA! Posted: 24 Nov 2021 04:01 AM PST We're ProPublica reporters Bernice Yeung, Michael Grabell and ProPublica data reporter Irena Hwang. Bernice and Michael have spent years reporting on the U.S. meatpacking industry, while Irena used her background in bioinformatics to track salmonella infantis, a dangerous strain that's sickened tens of thousands of people, including some who died, in the past few years. Other countries have all but eliminated salmonella in poultry, but in America, infantis has been allowed to spread and continues to make people sick. The USDA knows about it. The meat industry knows about it. But the public? Not so much. Most people know that cooking poultry kills salmonella, but many studies found that cooks routinely cross-contaminate their kitchen surfaces after handling raw meats, which means that bacteria like salmonella are still a risk. In addition to publishing a huge exposé on the outbreak, we also made a database that lets anyone look up where their chicken or turkey came from, as well as how often dangerous salmonella was found by USDA inspectors. We call it Chicken Checker. In spite of the name, Chicken Checker also lets you look up turkey. Happy Thanksgiving. Keep up w/ ProPublica on Twitter or via Email, and we'll see you all starting around 11 am ET (16 UT), AUA! (P.S. If you look up your chicken on Chicken Checker, be sure to fill out the information at the bottom of the page - it'll help us track supply chains and do more journalism that helps consumers). Username: /u/propublica_ submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

How do physicists predict new fundamental particles mathematically? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 06:16 AM PST What does an "undiscovered particle" look like in the math, and how do you know it when you see it? submitted by /u/5tring [link] [comments]

Is a seismic survey of the sea bed harmful to marine life? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 06:27 AM PST Shell has contracted a company called Shearwater GeoServices to conduct a seismic survey for petrogas off one of the most biodiverse marine areas of South Africa. People are calling for us to boycott Shell service stations, protesting and sign petitions because of this. Here is a link to another post that goes into more detail link Is this going to be as harmful as people are making it out to be? Ps: not sure what flair to give this. submitted by /u/mainbok [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Posted: 24 Nov 2021 07:00 AM PST Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

Monoclonal Antibodies and COVID vaccine? Posted: 24 Nov 2021 12:29 AM PST Question for those of you that understand immunology. We know that the CDC says to wait 90 days between the monoclonal antibody infusion for COVID 19 and getting vaccinated (first dose). Can anyone give insight into why? What is the science behind needing to wait? Would it cause serious adverse/side effects or would the antibodies from the infusion and the antibodies from the vaccine go to war with each other per se? Not looking to get into a vaccinated vs unvaccinated discussion. Just curious about the science of it. submitted by /u/Creamymoistmustard [link] [comments]

How much lava is there on earth? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 10:03 PM PST My son's actual question (the relevance of which we may ignore for now) was if there was more water or more lava on earth. I have read estimates on the amount of water, but it seems to be an interesting, uncommon question how much lava there is on (in) our planet. (I guess this would be a question for Randall Munroe..) PS: Hope I got the right flair. Please tell me otherwise. submitted by /u/matty_lean [link] [comments]

What exactly does the Strong Force affect? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 05:05 PM PST I'm aware that protons and neutrons are made up of 3 quarks each. Each of them have a 'color' of the force that keeps the particle together. My understanding is that this balance is the strong force. However, there is also in physics a strong force that keeps all the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (other that gravity). I'm not finding any mention of color. Is it the same force? It seems weird that there would be additional strong force since affecting the protons and neutrons since they are internally color satisfied. submitted by /u/InvaderMixo [link] [comments]

What does ''chain mobility'' mean and why does a lower chain mobility make a polymer harder to hydrolyze ? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 01:34 PM PST I read that polymers like PET are hard to hydrolyze because of their high ratio of aromatic units, which reduces their chain mobility. Could anyone explain to me what chain mobility is exactly ? And why it has anything to do with hydrolysis of the polymer ? submitted by /u/BringBackDumbledore [link] [comments]

If you were to throw a baseball from the iss would it reach earth? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 08:36 PM PST Assume normal human arm strength. I'm not talking about if it would burn up upon reentry, but rather would the ball orbit at a lower altitude or would it have enough momentum to spiral all the way down submitted by /u/cornernope [link] [comments]

Why am I getting the opposite color change for a complexometric titration using Eriochrome Black T? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 08:27 PM PST Hi all, I am trying to conduct a complexometric titration involving antacid, by trying to determine its magnesium concentration (which is in the form of Mg(OH)2 in my antacid) through EDTA. I've seen in a bunch of places online that the color change should go from red to blue when the indicator Eriochrome Black T is used, as a result of this equation: MgIn- + HEDTA3- <--> MgEDTA2- + HIn- Wine red Blue However when I add the indicator to my antacid, I get a moderate blue color, that gets darker as I titrate EDTA (0.25 mol) into it. I added drops of a pH 10 buffer solution to the analyte before titrating as well, as I think the titration needs to be at that pH to work. One reason I thought of is that the antacid I'm using has a lot of aluminum hydroxide in it, however I was under the assumption that EDTA does not typically form complexes with aluminum and that it shouldn't affect my titration. This is a report on the specific antacid I'm using by the way: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5550/smpc — in my experiment I diluted it heavily, diluting around 156 ml to 1.25 liters. I tried using different amounts of the antacid, EDTA, pH 10 buffer solution, and indicator, and was not able to get the correct colors. I also read somewhere that heating it could help it? Though I tried that and did not see a difference. If there's anybody who could possibly help me with this, I would appreciate it greatly. Thank you so much submitted by /u/SlooBananas [link] [comments]

Is the naming scheme used for COVID-19 common in virology? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 10:18 PM PST From an article I read. In COVID-19, 'CO' stands for 'corona,' 'VI' for 'virus,' and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as "2019 novel coronavirus" or "2019-nCoV." submitted by /u/laneLazerBeamz [link] [comments]

Can you use zinc oxide in place of zinc powder for the "turn pennies to gold" experiment? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 11:48 AM PST submitted by /u/Spawticusx805x [link] [comments]

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Do the vaccines prevent Covid from damaging your brain?

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• Do the vaccines prevent Covid from damaging your brain?
• Can I "average out" water temperature by adding volumes at a specific temperature?
• Are sounds quieter at higher altitudes?
• How did rocks end up in places that aren't near mountains? Middle of Fields, deserts, etc. And how did big rocks end up in rivers? If the river can't move it at it's current size how would the river have moved it when it was bigger?
• Do the same tactics to reduce exposure to COVID (mask indoors, frequent handwashing) work for the flu and common cold in the same capacity?
• What are the effects of meditation our brain?
• Could the Kessler Effect be observable from earth?
• What mechanism makes beta carotene helpful in preventing macular degeneration but dangerous once you have macular degeneration?
• Why can't alpha-amylase (either salivary or pancreatic) break down disaccharides like Sucrose or Maltose?
• How do radios work? (and other devices controlled by radio waves) How is the sound information encoded onto the wave, and how does the home radio turn the light information put back in the speakers?
• Why emission peaks redshift when concentration increases?
• Can COVID-19 get transmitted through hair?

Do the vaccines prevent Covid from damaging your brain? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 08:26 AM PST submitted by /u/xxcapo [link] [comments]

Can I "average out" water temperature by adding volumes at a specific temperature? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 10:23 PM PST Let's say I want my bath at a perfect temperature, but my water heater is busted. I have a jumbo cauldron at my fireplace, though, so I boil up 25 gallons of water, and mix it with my ice cold tap water, trying to get the temperature just right. Just to make the math easy, I have 25 gallons of boiling water at 100c, and I mix it with 25 gallons of 25 gallons of almost freezing water, call it 1c. Will that give me a nice 50 gallon bath at 50c? Or do I end up with some other temperature? submitted by /u/cessna120 [link] [comments]

Are sounds quieter at higher altitudes? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 07:03 AM PST I was thinking that there's virtually no sound in space because there's essentially no matter for it to be transmitted through. Are sounds quieter at higher altitudes because there's less air? submitted by /u/Waukigu [link] [comments]

How did rocks end up in places that aren't near mountains? Middle of Fields, deserts, etc. And how did big rocks end up in rivers? If the river can't move it at it's current size how would the river have moved it when it was bigger? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 08:27 AM PST Especially big rocks, how could they just be sitting out in places with no water, near no places with volcanic activity, and if large volcanic eruptions put them there wouldn't their be pieces of volcanic rock there too? submitted by /u/crediblewordbank [link] [comments]

Do the same tactics to reduce exposure to COVID (mask indoors, frequent handwashing) work for the flu and common cold in the same capacity? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 10:42 AM PST See also: suggestions for only gathering outdoors, 6-feet apart, etc. I *assume* they do, but perhaps the common cold/flu has their own weird methods of infection. submitted by /u/senordingleberry [link] [comments]

What are the effects of meditation our brain? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 06:17 AM PST submitted by /u/hirekbharti [link] [comments]

Could the Kessler Effect be observable from earth? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 07:35 AM PST What might it look like? Would it require a telescope? submitted by /u/Your_mothers_punt [link] [comments]

What mechanism makes beta carotene helpful in preventing macular degeneration but dangerous once you have macular degeneration? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 04:32 PM PST submitted by /u/Lord_Mikal [link] [comments]

Why can't alpha-amylase (either salivary or pancreatic) break down disaccharides like Sucrose or Maltose? Posted: 23 Nov 2021 12:18 AM PST a-amylase is a glucosidase that hydrolyzes a1,-4 glyosidic bonds between monosaccharides. Maltose and Sucrose are also linked by a1,4 linkages but during digestion, they are hydrolyzed by brush border disaccharidases. Why is this so? Why can't a-amylase do the job? Thank you. submitted by /u/OcularSpite [link] [comments]

How do radios work? (and other devices controlled by radio waves) How is the sound information encoded onto the wave, and how does the home radio turn the light information put back in the speakers? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 03:11 PM PST I understand that radios (like what is in your car) need electrical power (from batteries/wall outlet/car) and get radio waves that are from transmitters. Radio waves are a kind of light wave. However, in my daily experience with light, information is not encoded onto the light wave other than color (and maybe amplitude.( This is another thing that is unclear to me. What is the amplitude of a light wave? Is it even meaningful to say "the amplitude of a light wave"?) How is the sound information encoded onto the wave, and how does the home radio turn the light information put back in the speakers? Thanks so much! submitted by /u/Completeepicness_1 [link] [comments]

Why emission peaks redshift when concentration increases? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 10:10 AM PST Can someone explains to me why is that? I was measuring fluorescein emission spectra at different concentrations ( 0.01mM , 0.02mM , 0.05mM) in a 10mL solution of distilled water and 0.5mL NaOH 0.1M. Thank you!!! submitted by /u/gpalo [link] [comments]

Can COVID-19 get transmitted through hair? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 09:04 PM PST I want to know how long the virus can live on the hair on our heads. It's been a great source of anxiety for me to the point where I'm cutting my long hair short. submitted by /u/seaofflames [link] [comments]

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The Pauli Exclusion Principle doesn't apply to Bosons. Does this mean any number of bosons can occupy the same space?

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• The Pauli Exclusion Principle doesn't apply to Bosons. Does this mean any number of bosons can occupy the same space?
• Why is argon used in sputtering PVD processes?
• Satellite LiDar has been used to discover lost and buried ruins on earth; is it possible to use LiDar in the ocean to look for wreckage or submarines?
• Why is it much more costly to make antiprotons than positrons?
• Do diffused and focused mode of thinking actually exist?
• How are we able to work with things on the atomic scale?
• How does frame of reference in physics being arbitrary reconcile with kinetic energy being proportional to square of velocity?

The Pauli Exclusion Principle doesn't apply to Bosons. Does this mean any number of bosons can occupy the same space? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 11:19 PM PST Let's say I observe a photon. How would I know that's not, for instance, ten photons in the same state? Once two particles are in the same state, is there some mechanism by which they can diverge? submitted by /u/Rare-Technology-4773 [link] [comments]

Why is argon used in sputtering PVD processes? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 12:42 AM PST Last week during a lecture about PVD and sputtering my professor showed a graph of sputter yield for each atomic number, and it looked like the opposite of atomic radii for each atomic number, the yield goes up as you move to the right in the periodic table, and drops down when you move from a noble gas to an alkali metal. He said this graph explains it because argon has the highest yield, but it doesn't. Every noble gas below it in the periodic table has better yield (according to that graph). My question is - why use argon? And what makes noble gases have the best yield for their row in the periodic table? submitted by /u/PizzaBlasterZ [link] [comments]

Satellite LiDar has been used to discover lost and buried ruins on earth; is it possible to use LiDar in the ocean to look for wreckage or submarines? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 02:16 AM PST submitted by /u/dragonlord133 [link] [comments]

Why is it much more costly to make antiprotons than positrons? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 10:06 AM PST submitted by /u/shockingdevelopment [link] [comments]

Do diffused and focused mode of thinking actually exist? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 08:14 AM PST I read this in a book called mind for numbers and is this an actual thing with credible research behind it or not If so how can I rapidly change between them submitted by /u/BlintzKnight43 [link] [comments]

How are we able to work with things on the atomic scale? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 08:28 PM PST How on earth are we able to move individual atoms/manipulate them in any way? Aside from atoms, something that never made sense to me is transistors. Those things that make computers run are to my knowledge, the size of electrons! How are we able to manufacture them and precisely make electronic parts such as CPUs and whatnot with things the size of electrons and not accidentally break them by blowing a little on them? Even more fascinating is how these things don't break just by touching them. As an example, here's a video about some guy who tried to take a picture of an atom. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ialegYl3cko (skip to 0:40). It says "he placed an atom between two rods and took a picture of it". How? If anyone can help make sense of this that would be really cool, I've never understood how this stuff is possible. submitted by /u/MyPing0 [link] [comments]

How does frame of reference in physics being arbitrary reconcile with kinetic energy being proportional to square of velocity? Posted: 22 Nov 2021 07:44 AM PST I'm having a difficult time reconciling my understanding of kinetic energy being the square of the velocity with my understanding of frames of reference being arbitrary. So given some frame of reference, say a spacestation traveling through a starless void at a speed signficantly less than the speed of light, a spaceship with mass of 1 Kg (guess it's a small ship) traveling at exactly the same speed (0) has 0 J energy of kinetic energy. If that ship speeds up to 1 m/s, it should now have 0.5 J of kinetic energy. Presumably this means that it fired its thruster for some length of time. Now if the spaceship doubles its speed, it's now going 2 m/s but its kinetic energy will have increased to 2 J. Did it need to 'expend' 3 times at much energy from it's thrusters to get to this speed? Now I run into the problem that I thought frame of reference is arbirary. What if we instead start with the moving 1 m/s frame of reference? Does it take less fuel for the spaceship to change speeds if we change our frame of reference? What am I missing here? submitted by /u/juckele [link] [comments]

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If the electrical conductivity of silver is higher than any other element, why do we use gold instead in most of our electronic circuits?

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• If the electrical conductivity of silver is higher than any other element, why do we use gold instead in most of our electronic circuits?
• Why makes Endometriosis so hard to diagnose?
• What kind of data is transferred to your computer during an internet speed test?
• How much of the smallpox fatality rate was due to poor healthcare, nutrition and limited disease knowledge vs. actual deadliness of the virus?
• Why can something such as Root(-1) be categorised as an entirely new, in this case imaginary, number while 1/0 is undefined?
• What makes you need less oxygen when your muscles are trained?
• If anti-matter interacts with light the same as matter, how do we know that half the galaxies we see aren't made of anti-matter?
• Why do Virologist use Vero(Monkey Kidney) cells to culture respiratory viruses and respiratory tract cells?
• Re: Gauge blocks. Why is the exact mechanism for "wringing" unknown? Is is Van Der Waal forces? Is this too difficult to test?
• What makes Einsteins field equations symmetrical over the diagonal?
• Does the nerve pathways in the PNS myelinate the same way that they do in the CNS?
• What's the purpose of citric acid in the prostatic fluid?
• helicopters have rear rotors to control spin, why don't single prop planes need to control roll?
• Why does uranium-235 split when hit by a neutron?
• How do ophthalmic medicines enter systemic circulation?
• Why is it that doctors mustn't shake pfizer vacine but its is in requirements of the Chinese vacine?
• What is the average unique antibody count for a healthy human?
• Could we splice together all the little chunks of Neanderthal DNA in European and West Asian peoples to clone %revive a Neanderthal?
• Can you cold weld materials that have been case hardened with nitrogen?
• Does Specific Heat/ Heat Capacity correlate with heat Conductivity?

If the electrical conductivity of silver is higher than any other element, why do we use gold instead in most of our electronic circuits? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 03:12 AM PST submitted by /u/RomeNeverFell [link] [comments]

Why makes Endometriosis so hard to diagnose? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 10:55 AM PST According to Wikipedia, "Women suffering from endometriosis see an average of seven physicians before receiving a correct diagnosis, with an average delay of 6.7 years between the onset of symptoms and surgically-obtained biopsies, the gold standard for diagnosing the condition. This average delay places endometriosis at the extreme end of diagnostic inefficiency." (source) What makes Endometriosis so hard to diagnose? Is it purely social factors ("periods are supposed to hurt a little, get over it" etc.) or are there other factors involved that complicate diagnosis? submitted by /u/SCWthrowaway1095 [link] [comments]

What kind of data is transferred to your computer during an internet speed test? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 11:49 AM PST submitted by /u/elonmusk12345_ [link] [comments]

How much of the smallpox fatality rate was due to poor healthcare, nutrition and limited disease knowledge vs. actual deadliness of the virus? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 06:59 AM PST Smallpox killed about 30% of those it infected and the numbers were even higher among populations with no exposure. If small pox returned, most of the population would have no exposure or vaccination history. But with more knowledge of viruses and better healthcare today, do we have a sense of how deadly it would actually be? submitted by /u/badlybarding [link] [comments]

Why can something such as Root(-1) be categorised as an entirely new, in this case imaginary, number while 1/0 is undefined? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 09:30 AM PST This is probably a very vague and poorly thought out question but I'm curious. Basically, from my limited understanding of complex and imaginary numbers. A number which has no real solution can be manipulated and exist within things that have ramifications in the real world. Despite having no "real" solutions. What separates something like root(-1) from something like 1/0. Where one can have its own inner working where one is completely unsolvable? Could something like 1/0, 2/0 ever be computed into its own classification like negative roots can? submitted by /u/NihongoThrow [link] [comments]

What makes you need less oxygen when your muscles are trained? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 10:39 AM PST When you start working out, in the beginning, you gasp for air like crazy after a very short training time. But when you keep doing it it gets much better and after a while, you don't even breathe harder than normal for twice the workout you did in the beginning even with more muscles (due to the training). So my question is, do your muscles get more efficient, or do your lungs get more volume? Or is it something else? submitted by /u/srirachaninja [link] [comments]

If anti-matter interacts with light the same as matter, how do we know that half the galaxies we see aren't made of anti-matter? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 12:38 PM PST submitted by /u/Duwang_Mn [link] [comments]

Why do Virologist use Vero(Monkey Kidney) cells to culture respiratory viruses and respiratory tract cells? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 02:14 PM PST Edit: And not Respiratory tract cells submitted by /u/BassPlayaYo [link] [comments]

Re: Gauge blocks. Why is the exact mechanism for "wringing" unknown? Is is Van Der Waal forces? Is this too difficult to test? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 12:32 PM PST I'm hoping someone can help. I was reading about gauge blocks yesterday and I'm a complete novice in this area so please correct me if I'm wrong. This topic is absolutely fascinating. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_block#cite_note-NIST2-5 Basically, gauge blocks which are hard and ultraflat have an attractive, binding property which can join together with considerable force. The blocks can be metallic or non-metallic, like ceramic, so the force isn't magnetic. The blocks need to be joined in a sliding process called "wringing", in order to squeeze the air out between the two pieces; just banging the two pieces together won't work. Gauge blocks also need a tiny film of oil to help with surface tension. Gauge blocks can work in a vacuum, so air pressure isn't considered to be a major but is a contributory factor? Most sources online agree the force is intermolecular, but don't specify which force exactly. Examples of Intermolecular forces can include Van der Waals force, London Dispersion force and hydrogen bond forces. Van der Waals forces are extremely short range. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_contact_bonding However this link says: "Intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and dipole-dipole interactions are typically not sufficiently strong to hold two apparently conformal rigid bodies together, since the forces drop off rapidly with distance, and the actual area in contact between the two bodies is small due to surface roughness and minor imperfections. However, if the bodies are conformal to an accuracy of better than 10 angstroms (1 nanometer), then a sufficient surface area is in close enough contact for the intermolecular interactions to have an observable real world physical manifestation—that is, the two objects stick together. Such a condition requires a high degree of accuracy and surface smoothness." As an interesting side note: It's accepted that Van der Waals forces explain how geckos walk up walls. They splay out long hairs on their toes which increases surface area in order to stick to the wall. When they're ready to take the next step they unfurl their toes to break the force. " Gecko's hairs are 30-130 µm long that end with hundreds of even tinier hairs of radius 0.2-0.5 µm. Because of these hairs gecko is capable of holding it's weight with only one toe of one foot." Questions are: What is the actual gap measurement between two gauge blocks after wringing? Would intermolecular forces work within this distance? If not, which of the intermolecular forces would be a likely candidate? Why is the exact mechanism unknown? Have there been no studies on this phenomenon or would testing be too difficult? submitted by /u/LorenClay [link] [comments]

What makes Einsteins field equations symmetrical over the diagonal? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 12:02 PM PST I've watched a lot of videos lately where people point out that the 16 equations are really just 10 because the matrix is symmetrical, but I dont understand what "physical" property actually create this effect? submitted by /u/taracus [link] [comments]

Does the nerve pathways in the PNS myelinate the same way that they do in the CNS? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 04:11 PM PST My understanding is that brain plasticity comes from neural pathways becoming myelinated and de-myelinated. This is how we are able to reshape patterns and behavior. Does this same mechanism apply to the peripheral nervous system? submitted by /u/Peeeats--uh [link] [comments]

What's the purpose of citric acid in the prostatic fluid? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 04:21 AM PST I'm studying reproductive physiology and I'm a bit confused as to why the prostatic fluid contains citric acid. Isn't the prostatic fluid supposed to be basic in order to help neutralise the pH of the vagina, since sperm cells don't do too well in acidic pH? Based on my reading + what I could find online, I have two theories: citric acid may be part of the substances in semen that the mitochondria of sperm cells use to create energy. The citric acid could be converted into citrate, which would then participate in the citric acid cycle. Alternatively, the citric acid could be helping to clot the semen following ejaculation along with fibrin + prostatic clotting enzymes. I can't find any sources that clearly discuss what exactly the citric acid is for though. submitted by /u/Lithrops [link] [comments]

helicopters have rear rotors to control spin, why don't single prop planes need to control roll? Posted: 20 Nov 2021 04:56 PM PST I get that the rotational torque of a helicopter's main rotor needs to be offset to prevent it the body from spinning in place--and that is what the rear rotor is for, makes sense. But in the case of a single propeller plane, why doesn't it need some smaller prop/rotor at the wingtips to help with the rotational force that would make it roll? submitted by /u/Dimsby [link] [comments]

Why does uranium-235 split when hit by a neutron? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 10:19 AM PST I'm writing an essay on nuclear power vs. fossil fuels in an attempt to promote advocacy for nuclear power, and while I'm looking up information something started bugging me. ​ What EXACTLY causes uranium-235 to release energy? Is it because the neutron destabilizes the atom so it ejects it? I'm no physics expert (although I intend to pursue a degree for it in two years) and would really like to know. This is all fascinating to learn. I feel like a kid again! submitted by /u/Jedifruitsnacks94 [link] [comments]

How do ophthalmic medicines enter systemic circulation? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 05:32 AM PST Title^ submitted by /u/VitaminKet [link] [comments]

Why is it that doctors mustn't shake pfizer vacine but its is in requirements of the Chinese vacine? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 02:56 AM PST I am interested why do doctors need to gently invert vial but not shake? If they shake the bottle the vacine is not usable. This is true for pfizer and moderna, however chinese vacine requuires shaking of the vacine? What is the science behind this? This is by no means an antivaxer post, I am vacinated 😊. submitted by /u/IvoAndric [link] [comments]

What is the average unique antibody count for a healthy human? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 12:23 PM PST I've been trying really hard to find out how many unique antibodies an 'average human' has. I get a lot of research about the potential number of combinations (up to a quintillion according to some sources). But what about just the average number we have? I am an overworked high school Biology teacher, trying to prepare some good information for my students about the immune system (and to allow them to better understand the place of the mRNA vaccines in the fight against infectious disease. I think that students will be even more accepting of the vaccine, once they realise that it only adds one extra antibody to the vast repertoire their body already has). Thanks for any help at all and have a nice day. submitted by /u/slackslackliner [link] [comments]

Could we splice together all the little chunks of Neanderthal DNA in European and West Asian peoples to clone %revive a Neanderthal? Posted: 20 Nov 2021 01:37 PM PST I hear some Europeans have up to 4% Neanderthal genes. How close could we get to resurrecting Neanderthals from splicing together these gene segments? submitted by /u/JamesKPolkerface [link] [comments]

Can you cold weld materials that have been case hardened with nitrogen? Posted: 21 Nov 2021 05:24 AM PST submitted by /u/_The_Orion_ [link] [comments]

Does Specific Heat/ Heat Capacity correlate with heat Conductivity? Posted: 20 Nov 2021 05:12 PM PST This whole topic takes a lot of wrapping my head around it and is super confusing so bear with me Basically, if you have an Object, like Water with a higher Specific heat than another Object of the same mass, let's say Iron, this means Water can hold more Heat Energy per 1 Kelvin right? How does this relate to the Amount of Energy both substances can conduct/ emit, so the time it takes to emit 1Joule of energy from said object to another given object? How exactly do this work and does a 50°C High Specific Heat Object feel hotter or Colder to the Touch than a Low specific Heat Object? Last, of all does this also apply to colors? A Black painted Object conducts and emits heat better than a bright object like a white or silver one. does this mean A black object take feels hotter to the touch as it emits more heat faster and does this also mean a black object can store less heat energy than a white object? Thanks for any takes on this in advance! submitted by /u/DerMax_HD [link] [comments]

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