Is it possible for the human immune system to "forget" any pathogen after vaccination as time passes? How does this work considering that information on certain pathogens are also retained by the immune system and does this vary based on different pathogens?

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• Is it possible for the human immune system to "forget" any pathogen after vaccination as time passes? How does this work considering that information on certain pathogens are also retained by the immune system and does this vary based on different pathogens?
• Question by my 8yr old - Could all the lights on earth ever be as bright as the sun?
• What happens whilst crossing a black hole event horizon?
• Why are Hilbert spaces used in quantum mechanics formalism?
• Did earth always have the same tectonic plates?
• Is there a neutron star-based equivalent to a Type Ia supernova?
• Why is diesel as fuel preferred over petrol in high compression ratio engines? Such as truck/boat/generator engines
• What neuron cell types (and layers) fire the most/least frequently per second?
• How do wasps locate food sources?
• What's limiting the bandwidth being sent back by Mars rovers/other space probes?

Is it possible for the human immune system to "forget" any pathogen after vaccination as time passes? How does this work considering that information on certain pathogens are also retained by the immune system and does this vary based on different pathogens? Posted: 27 Apr 2021 05:13 AM PDT If my understanding is correct, after being vaccinated, the body produces antibodies against a particular pathogen. This can offer protection to the body if any live pathogen were to attack the body. But, and contextually in case of COVID-19, I have also read that, even after vaccination, the antibodies that target the virus drop in number with the passage of time. Contrary to this, I have also read that the immune system does have the ability to remember and retain information about any pathogen for extended periods of time. How do these two correlate with each other? Does/Can the human immune system essentially forget the information on any pathogen after a set period of time? Is this universal to all pathogens and if not, what exactly affects this? submitted by /u/Nish_thp [link] [comments]

Question by my 8yr old - Could all the lights on earth ever be as bright as the sun? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 04:38 PM PDT If we turned them all on together. How would we work this out? Edit: thanks so much for your generous responses, I guess I knew the answer but not how to help him think about it more deeply. He's a curious kid and I want to help him stay that way! submitted by /u/asylum33 [link] [comments]

What happens whilst crossing a black hole event horizon? Posted: 27 Apr 2021 02:52 AM PDT In a large black hole, tidal forces may not 'rip' you apart until you are well within the black hole. But - due to the fact that events that happen inside the event horizon are cut off from those outside - what happens to things at the moment they cross the event horizon (half in/half out)? Can your legs no longer send nerve signals up to your brain? Does a molecule half-in, half-out just fall apart as atoms inside are no longer associated with those outside? Do atomic nuclei just fall apart when they are half in half out? Does everything just get destroyed the instant it crosses? submitted by /u/laz001reddit [link] [comments]

Why are Hilbert spaces used in quantum mechanics formalism? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 07:39 PM PDT I feel "Hilbert space" is a term that gets thrown around in regards to quantum mechanics way more often than it actually gets defined. But I looked it up and a Hilbert space is a complete inner product space. I get what that means, I'm just wondering why completeness is required. The main infinite-dimensional Hilbert space you'd want to use in quantum mechanics is the space of square integrable functions... which is a Hilbert space, provided 1) you use Lebesgue integration, 2) you identify functions which differ on a set of measure 0, and 3) you include very badly behaved functions (not necessarily differentiable or even continuous anywhere). But then wouldn't that mean that the momentum operator is not actually an operator on this space, given the momentum operator involves a derivative and the space includes nowhere differentiable functions? How does this make sense? So why is completeness a requirement, if the only thing it seems to do is require you to include badly behaved functions (which then makes the operators on the space ill-defined for some inputs)? Why not just say "inner product space" (which could be complete, but doesn't have to be)? submitted by /u/miwwdu_sitsom [link] [comments]

Did earth always have the same tectonic plates? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 09:27 PM PDT Are the tectonic plates today the same ones we have always had? For example the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian Mountains are not on one of these fault lines, how did they emerge? submitted by /u/TheSadTiefling [link] [comments]

Is there a neutron star-based equivalent to a Type Ia supernova? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 07:47 PM PDT A Type Ia supernova occurs when a white dwarf star accretes enough mass from a companion star to either collapse into a neutron star or kick off a violent burst of fusion, depending on which model you subscribe to. But what if, instead of a white dwarf, it's a neutron star accreting mass from its companion? Does that produce a specific type of supernova if it hits a certain limit, and if so, what distinguishes it from other types? Are there any known examples, or would this be purely theoretical? submitted by /u/Reedstilt [link] [comments]

Why is diesel as fuel preferred over petrol in high compression ratio engines? Such as truck/boat/generator engines Posted: 26 Apr 2021 12:40 PM PDT submitted by /u/Rallymastxr [link] [comments]

What neuron cell types (and layers) fire the most/least frequently per second? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 01:55 PM PDT submitted by /u/inquilinekea [link] [comments]

How do wasps locate food sources? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 11:00 AM PDT Wasps seem to have an erratic movement pattern, zeroing in on a particular corner and then onto another. Eg. settling on random objects that are not brightly colored and contain no food in them or nearby. However they seem to return to areas where food might have been before. So I assume they use a combo of sense(s) and memory to look for food? Or do they sense a large mammal and therefore likely food sources closeby irrespective of memory? (so it does a random search in the vicinity until it finds food). So, how much do thing like scents and color vision play a role vs memory vs random search? submitted by /u/nickoskal024 [link] [comments]

What's limiting the bandwidth being sent back by Mars rovers/other space probes? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 06:49 PM PDT I understand that latency is limited by distance, but why can't we just put a badass transmitter on the rover and get HD live feed with 4-20 minute delay? submitted by /u/bobombpom [link] [comments]

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Why does a ball bounce higher the more air pressure it has?

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• Why does a ball bounce higher the more air pressure it has?
• If someone has a cervical or thoracic spinal cord injury with total loss of motor function below the lesion but some intact sensation, will they still have motor reflex arcs below the level of injury?
• What do we know about SARS-CoV-2 mutations outside of the spike protein in new variants?
• In a piezoelectric element, does mechanical force have to be pulsed or can it be constantly applied?
• How covid kills people?
• What was assumed to be the structure of alpha particles before and after the discovery of proton?
• Are there any animals with sexually dimorphic hunting strategies?
• Since stars have vastly variable distance from us, and the time for light to reach us varies per star, the position of the stars relative to each other we see must be wrong? Does this matter for astronomy? Do we calculate the real position between stars?
• Testosterone helps build muscle. Does it also help maintain muscle mass once the muscle is already built?
• Can someone explain transcallosal disinhibition to me?
• Can executive functions be improved?
• What is the molecular mechanism by which plants dramatically change variegated leaf patterns as growth conditions change? Light- or temperature-mediated transcription factors?
• Do vaccines only reduce spread by the asymptomatic or do those who still become symptomatic end up being less contagious?
• How do steroids stop/slow Psoriasis?
• What regulates the ratio of males and females in a population?
• Why are the side effects of Coronavirus vaccines so much worse than the flu shot?
• Why can you make n-channel FETs from single layer 2D materials?
• Do different isotopes have different magnetic properties?

Why does a ball bounce higher the more air pressure it has? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 07:50 AM PDT submitted by /u/Blister777 [link] [comments]

If someone has a cervical or thoracic spinal cord injury with total loss of motor function below the lesion but some intact sensation, will they still have motor reflex arcs below the level of injury? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 07:58 AM PDT I haven't found a clear answer on Google, just information on the effect of UMN vs LMN injuries. Someone told me they'd lose bowel and bladder reflexes, but they couldn't explain how the brain would override the reflex arcs, and I don't know enough about the spinal cord to figure it out myself. Edit: Never mind, I found some info! Looks like there can be reflex arcs/spasticity in incomplete SCIs. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860542/ "For instance, Ia-reciprocal inhibition was reduced in individuals with spasticity after incomplete SCI; they were unable to suppress the H-reflex when activating antagonistic muscles and showed abnormal coactivation of antagonistic muscles during isometric contractions.25 Further more, Crone et al26 found that Ia-reciprocal inhibition was replaced by reciprocal excitation of antagonistic muscles after SCI, which facilitated co-contraction of antagonistic muscles during movements. Conversely, Boorman et al27 found that Ia-reciprocal inhibition was increased in individuals with spasticity resulting from incomplete SCI. Therefore, alteration in Ia-reciprocal inhibition is likely to occur in spasticity following SCI, but the nature of alteration and its significance to the pathophysiology of spasticity is unclear." Edit 2: It doesn't talk about bowel/bladder specifically, but I'd assume that would be the same. submitted by /u/mybustlinghedgerow [link] [comments]

What do we know about SARS-CoV-2 mutations outside of the spike protein in new variants? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 12:45 AM PDT Most of the COVID-19 vaccines target the spike protein. Media constantly bombards us with information about a new variant containing mutations in the spike protein. What about other parts of the virus? I'm sure mutations also happen there but what are the implications and are there any notable ones? I appreciate this might be a very broad question but I thought I'm going to give it a try submitted by /u/i_am_full_of_eels [link] [comments]

In a piezoelectric element, does mechanical force have to be pulsed or can it be constantly applied? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 07:27 PM PDT I just saw a video of a guy heating up a resistor by pressing a piezoelectric element in a clamp. It remained hot for awhile. submitted by /u/divertss [link] [comments]

How covid kills people? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 05:41 AM PDT I just saw post about covid lungs, that they are white in x-ray that means that there is no oxygen in them (black is air, white is bad), and now I'm interested about how covid kills people. Im talking about those cases when you are in the hospital with ventilators (or whatever they are called). I tried to google it, but since english is my second language I just don't understand half of the medical terms :D submitted by /u/Agresiivaiss [link] [comments]

What was assumed to be the structure of alpha particles before and after the discovery of proton? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 09:21 PM PDT I've been reading about the history of the Atomic model and how it came to be. I came accross some interesting points that got me some questions. Between 1909 and 1911, Geiger and Marsden did experiments in which they aimed alpha particles at gold foil. The amount of deviation and deflection of these particles lead to the new model of atom where a large amount of charge and mass are in the center of the atom in a nucleus. Later on in 1917 the proton was discovered. Later on in 1930, Irene Joliot Curie and her husband, Fredric, used alpha particles to find an unknown radiation, which was neutral. James Chadwick then discovered the neutron. My question is, how is it that even before the discovery of proton, the alpha particles were being used. Also after the discovery of proton, it took some long time for neutron to be discovered. What was assumed to be the structure of an alpha particle before and after the discovery of proton? Was it assumed that alpha particles are entirely made of proton? But wouldn't that contradict the mass to charge ratio, considering that alpah particles are half proton half neutron? Actually, I am wondering if they had any idea what an Alpha particle is... submitted by /u/HeliumT [link] [comments]

Are there any animals with sexually dimorphic hunting strategies? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 08:34 AM PDT I was reading about big cats and how the males in most big cat species are usually larger than the females, and was wondering if any species use that kind of dimorphic body structure in their favor when hunting. Something like one sex more suited at hunting large prey and one sex better at hunting birds or smaller/faster animals. The examples I found were social animals like lions and wolves, which makes sense to me. But, my google results stopped there. I'm wondering if anyone knows any other examples of this kind of thing? submitted by /u/XelaLord [link] [comments]

Since stars have vastly variable distance from us, and the time for light to reach us varies per star, the position of the stars relative to each other we see must be wrong? Does this matter for astronomy? Do we calculate the real position between stars? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 05:48 PM PDT submitted by /u/Electrochromic_ [link] [comments]

Testosterone helps build muscle. Does it also help maintain muscle mass once the muscle is already built? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 01:16 PM PDT It's commonly known that testosterone aids in the building of muscles. Once a person has already built a certain amount of muscle mass, though, would keeping up the level of testosterone be required to maintain those muscles (with less effort than otherwise)? Or would a decrease in testosterone mean that one would have to exercise harder to maintain those muscles, similar to the increased effort required to build them in the first place? submitted by /u/ArkEneru [link] [comments]

Can someone explain transcallosal disinhibition to me? Posted: 26 Apr 2021 04:04 AM PDT In a simple way, please I just can't wrap my head around it and every paper I come across assumes I already know what it is and there's no definition anywhere online. I just want to finish this stupid essay! submitted by /u/queenxboudicca [link] [comments]

Can executive functions be improved? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 09:14 AM PDT Hello. Apparently fluid intelligence can not be improved, yet. Can we do something about executive functions? Wikipedia article about executive functions says it can be improved at any age. I am 22. Perhaps, I can specifically do certain things since the prefrontal cortex gets myelinated between ages 20-30? Can adults above 30 do something to improve their executive function? submitted by /u/MrBugabooX [link] [comments]

What is the molecular mechanism by which plants dramatically change variegated leaf patterns as growth conditions change? Light- or temperature-mediated transcription factors? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 10:09 AM PDT I posted photos to the botany sub of three examples, unfortunately this sub doesn't allow photos so here are links :) Number of photons changes pigment during tissue growth Unknown condition changes cause differential chlorophyll content Unknown mechanism causes 100% loss of stripes I am a molecular engineer scientist by trade and I am curious about biosensors that respond to environmental stimuli. I would like to know exactly what is happening on the cellular level of these plants that makes them dramatically change their appearance depending if the plant is grown in high or low light, warm or cool, etc. I suspect there are some transcription factors responding to the environment and controlling the expression of pigment or chlorophyll genes, developmentally, as the plant grows new tissue. But which transcription factors? I would like to read peer reviewed papers about their response to stimuli, look at crystal structures, etc For example I found a transcription factor in Arabidopsis that receives light then translocates into the nucleus where it begins its gene expression program. I want to learn on this level of detail for my observed phenotypes. Especially interested in the variegation patterns... How are the stripes and patches formed developmentally? I assume some cycled gene expression pattern? If I can find some good primary research about this, maybe I can write up a generally accessible blog post about variegation molecular mechanisms for gardening enthusiasts :) i just dont even know where to start, since i mostly know about biology for human diseases, not plants submitted by /u/science-shit-talk [link] [comments]

Do vaccines only reduce spread by the asymptomatic or do those who still become symptomatic end up being less contagious? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 03:34 PM PDT While this may be mostly thinking of COVID-19 vaccinations, I am curious as to whether or not similar patterns happen with other viruses and pathogens. submitted by /u/BFeely1 [link] [comments]

How do steroids stop/slow Psoriasis? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 01:43 PM PDT I have psoriasis and topical steroids have worked in managing it. I am curious of how the steroids are able to stop the proliferation of skin cells. submitted by /u/zimm1480 [link] [comments]

What regulates the ratio of males and females in a population? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 06:52 AM PDT submitted by /u/Master_Bombadil [link] [comments]

Why are the side effects of Coronavirus vaccines so much worse than the flu shot? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 10:57 AM PDT I get my flu shot every year and generally don't experience any side effects. With Moderna I had a sore arm, tiredness, fever and chills. Is there something inherent in MRNA vaccines, or does it have something to do with Coronavirus, or is it just that all this is new and it would take a few years before they get a better grip on dosage? submitted by /u/donutsoft [link] [comments]

Why can you make n-channel FETs from single layer 2D materials? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 04:42 AM PDT I'm confused, I get the basic principle of FETs, but now I've read a paper where a single layer of MoS2 is used to fabricate a FET, but there is no doping. Shouldn't there be pnp junctions? Instead there is just a single layer of MoS2 (which is probably an n type semiconductor due to sulfur vacancies). Can someone explain why this works as a FET? Does the SiO2 substrate act as a p-type semiconductor? That's the only explanation I was able to come up with. submitted by /u/fruitydude [link] [comments]

Do different isotopes have different magnetic properties? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 10:04 PM PDT Such as, if I had a magnet made from let's say iron 57, would it be different than a magnet from regular iron? submitted by /u/Elventroll [link] [comments]

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How well does our immune system fare against parasites?

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• How well does our immune system fare against parasites?
• What happens to a fuel reservoir once it is empty?
• Do we actually know what protons and neutrons look like? I know they are always depicted like spheres, but is that what they actually are?
• How significant a factor is the asymptomatic spread of Covid 19 in the mutations of the virus that are being seen?
• If the Crew Dragon LES accidently fired while docked, could it de-orbit the ISS?
• How effective is the COVID vaccine on those who are on immunosuppressives?
• Why does COVID cause hypotension?

How well does our immune system fare against parasites? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 01:27 AM PDT I know that our immune system does pretty well overall against viruses and bacteria, but I read less about parasites. The ones I've learned about like malaria, trichinellosis or tapeworms seem to have no trouble infecting and surviving in the human body, but I imagine there must be some selection bias coming into play. Are there parasites (including helminths) that our body can easily get rid of -- the equivalent of common colds, flu or the other bacteria and viruses we might not even notice? I suppose a way to answer this is to look at immunocompromised patients for ones that aren't usually seen in the general population. submitted by /u/WellMakeItSomehow [link] [comments]

What happens to a fuel reservoir once it is empty? Posted: 25 Apr 2021 05:22 AM PDT Do these large empty subterranean areas have any environmental impact? What issues could they bring up in the future? submitted by /u/JLaws23 [link] [comments]

Do we actually know what protons and neutrons look like? I know they are always depicted like spheres, but is that what they actually are? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 02:24 PM PDT submitted by /u/HoneyBadgers_ [link] [comments]

How significant a factor is the asymptomatic spread of Covid 19 in the mutations of the virus that are being seen? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 11:43 AM PDT submitted by /u/erosharcos [link] [comments]

If the Crew Dragon LES accidently fired while docked, could it de-orbit the ISS? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 02:55 PM PDT submitted by /u/PHealthy [link] [comments]

How effective is the COVID vaccine on those who are on immunosuppressives? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 09:20 AM PDT Some immunosuppressives (infusions and such) are unable to be stopped prior to getting the vaccine due to the time they stay in your system. Would this cause a decrease in the effectiveness of the vaccine due to a blunted response? submitted by /u/eggsolo [link] [comments]

Why does COVID cause hypotension? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 10:21 AM PDT If membranous ACE2 is being depleted, wouldn't you expect to see more hypertension as angiotensin II builds up? Instead, there have been some reports of hypotension, particularly with those on ARBs. Now, hypotension is always a side effect with ARBs, but why would there be an increased risk after COVID infection? If anything, wouldn't the ARB dosage have to increase a little in order to keep up with the increased angiotensin II? I can't find any clear explanation online. EDIT: Similar phenomenon was observed in SARS, where people were being hospitalized for hypotension, but there is no explanation why. Why would the body go into hypotension when there's so much angiotensin II? submitted by /u/lonesomefish [link] [comments]

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How do old people's chances against covid19, after they've had the vaccine, compare to non vaccinated healthy 30 year olds?

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• How do old people's chances against covid19, after they've had the vaccine, compare to non vaccinated healthy 30 year olds?
• What is the likely mortality rate of COVID without any medical treatment?
• Where do the new layers of earth/dirt come from when talking about how different dinosaurs from different time periods have fossils in different layers underground?
• Rabies is a disease with (untreated) near-100% fatality and a prolonged transmissible period. How is it contained in the animal kingdom?
• Is there a hearing version of blindsight?
• Why do we get knocked out by heavy hits to the head?
• Did the rocket boosters used prior to The Challenger have the same “O-ring Problem” that the right rocket booster had in the Challenger launch?
• Does taking a first shot of the COVID vaccine reduce the intensity or severity of symptoms if infected?
• Why are certain foreign proteins expressed on the outside of host cells rather than exocytosed or kept inside the cell?
• What's the difference between 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and 6G?
• What actually happens when acids dissolve something?
• Why does the covid-19 virus have that spherical shape?
• Can we use protons instead of neutrons for nuclear fission?
• Is it possible to predict likely virus mutations in the wild by rapidly mutating the virus in a lab? (For example, predict the most likely future covid-19 variations.)
• How are antibodies produced for SARS-CoV-2 for proteins *internal* to the virus particle, and how can these antibodies for internal viral proteins neutralize infection?
• Is it possible for a pathogen to gain a mutation that alters its mutation rate?
• Is there data on the clearance of lipid nanoparticles found in mRNA vaccines from the human body?
• How does human brain learn to distinguish the living from the non-living? Which parts of the brain contribute to this perception?

How do old people's chances against covid19, after they've had the vaccine, compare to non vaccinated healthy 30 year olds? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 04:41 AM PDT submitted by /u/systemsbio [link] [comments]

What is the likely mortality rate of COVID without any medical treatment? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 03:31 AM PDT I've heard about how lots of people die when there isn't oxygen available for COVID patients in the icu. Like what happened in Egypt a few months ago. submitted by /u/Steve_is_the_man [link] [comments]

Where do the new layers of earth/dirt come from when talking about how different dinosaurs from different time periods have fossils in different layers underground? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 02:44 AM PDT So I've often heard paleontologists say older dinos' fossils are deeper underground and the later dinos' fossils are shallower comparatively, so where does the new dirt come from to bury these fossils? does the earth get thicker due to the increasing layers? volcanic dust? debris from meteorite impacts? submitted by /u/imjustachinaman [link] [comments]

Rabies is a disease with (untreated) near-100% fatality and a prolonged transmissible period. How is it contained in the animal kingdom? Posted: 23 Apr 2021 02:18 PM PDT Rabies is near-universally fatal unless treated early, at least in humans. In animals such as canines, it also provokes aggression and attacking others, which helps spread the disease, over a prolonged period of time and with an easy infection vector. Diseases are generally thought to fall on the mortality-transmissibility curve, where highly lethal diseases generally kill the host before many others are infected, while highly infectious diseases are usually less lethal, with both ends of the curve limiting the diseases' destructiveness at the species level. Rabies, however, seems to be strong in both categories. What stops it from completely decimating every species it targets? submitted by /u/GeneReddit123 [link] [comments]

Is there a hearing version of blindsight? Posted: 23 Apr 2021 07:03 PM PDT I've heard of blindsight, in which a patient with cortical blindness (ie the eyes and optic nerve are still fine, but the visual cortex is damaged so the visual input can't be perceived) still has some level of unconscious sight and is able to distinguish shapes or detect motion even though they can't "see." Is there an equivalent of this for patients who have working middle ear anatomy and functional cochlear nerves, but the auditory cortex is damaged? submitted by /u/kurmit97 [link] [comments]

Why do we get knocked out by heavy hits to the head? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 06:55 AM PDT And when you eventually wake up, what happened in the brain to invoke that response? submitted by /u/RedditorAbz [link] [comments]

Did the rocket boosters used prior to The Challenger have the same “O-ring Problem” that the right rocket booster had in the Challenger launch? Posted: 23 Apr 2021 05:35 PM PDT I've read the famous account of the engineer not wanting the Challenger to launch due to the malfunction. But was this problem present in the rockets used before Challenger? Thank you. submitted by /u/UGiveMeAHadron [link] [comments]

Does taking a first shot of the COVID vaccine reduce the intensity or severity of symptoms if infected? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 01:58 AM PDT I am curious, I know the efficacy doesn't build up until the second shot and one can elget infected. If infected after the first shot, does it have impact on the intensity at all? submitted by /u/yalogin [link] [comments]

Why are certain foreign proteins expressed on the outside of host cells rather than exocytosed or kept inside the cell? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 12:06 AM PDT For example, in the case of mRNA vaccines that code for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, host cells (say, a myocyte) receive the mRNA for the spike protein, produce the spike proteins internally in the endoplasmic reticulum, and then actively transport these foreign spike proteins along the cytoskeleton from the ER to the cell membrane, where they are implanted into the membrane with the spike expressed on the outside layer of the membrane. Are some spike proteins exocytosed and also kept inside the cell as well? Proteins in general either stay inside the cell, are expressed externally on the membrane, or are exocytosed outside the cell, all scenarios of which are mediated by different processes and (I would think) not random. Is there a name for this process / behavior of taking foreign proteins, transporting them, and expressing them on the outside membrane of the cell? What determines whether a protein is expressed on the membrane or not? submitted by /u/rabidsoggymoose [link] [comments]

What's the difference between 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and 6G? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 02:16 AM PDT Each one's supposed to be generally better than the previous, but what exactly is it that makes each technology somehow iterative on each previous one? submitted by /u/normie_sama [link] [comments]

What actually happens when acids dissolve something? Posted: 23 Apr 2021 04:36 PM PDT submitted by /u/shlepky [link] [comments]

Why does the covid-19 virus have that spherical shape? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 01:59 AM PDT The viruses i've seen on books etc always have a icosahedron shape, so why do have some viruses (most famous example would be covid-19) that are sphere-shaped? Is it more advantageous than other shapes? Why do some viruses choose this shape over traditional shapes? submitted by /u/Toxiic_Red [link] [comments]

Can we use protons instead of neutrons for nuclear fission? Posted: 24 Apr 2021 01:54 AM PDT Like in current nuclear power plants the nucleus is split apart by high energy shooting neutrons can we use protons instead of neutrons as using protons instead of neutrons generates no radioactive waste submitted by /u/LazyGamer007 [link] [comments]

Is it possible to predict likely virus mutations in the wild by rapidly mutating the virus in a lab? (For example, predict the most likely future covid-19 variations.) Posted: 23 Apr 2021 01:35 PM PDT submitted by /u/KimchiMaker [link] [comments]

How are antibodies produced for SARS-CoV-2 for proteins *internal* to the virus particle, and how can these antibodies for internal viral proteins neutralize infection? Posted: 23 Apr 2021 11:46 PM PDT https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Comparison-in-immunogenesis-of-each-vaccine-platform-Natural-infection-shown-in-Figure_fig1_348326510 "Natural infection, (shown in Figure 1), via ACE2-mediated cellular infection and APC presentation, produces wide variation of immunogenicity with multivalent antibodies-shown as red for anti-S, blue for anti-N, and yellow for anti-ORF8; the latter two are less neutralizing." The N (nucleocapsid) and ORF8 proteins are both internal to the virus membrane. AFAIK they are not expressed on the outside of the virus. - Since they are not expressed on the outside of the virus like the S, M, and E proteins, how are antibodies created for it? - Since they are not expressed on the outside of the virus like the S, M, and E proteins, how are antibodies able to bind to the N and ORF8 proteins of virus particles? My guess: When the virus enters a host cell, the process of viral replication within the host cell cytoplasm creates the individual N and ORF8 proteins, and not all of them are assembled into new virions. Some N and ORF8 proteins (along with other viral proteins) migrate out of the cytoplasm and are expressed on the surface of the host cell (why?). The immune system then creates antibodies for these proteins that are normally internal to the virus. Antibodies identify infected host cells based on their exterior expression of these normally-internal viral proteins, and agglutinate/mark these host cells for destruction. submitted by /u/rabidsoggymoose [link] [comments]

Is it possible for a pathogen to gain a mutation that alters its mutation rate? Posted: 23 Apr 2021 08:13 AM PDT If so, what's the mechanism? submitted by /u/Tollenglass [link] [comments]

Is there data on the clearance of lipid nanoparticles found in mRNA vaccines from the human body? Posted: 23 Apr 2021 12:26 PM PDT Hello, I was wondering if there's any data regarding the clearance of LNPs from the body for the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines? My understanding is that LNPs would undergo biodegradation either in serum and/or while being processed by the liver, before the constituents are excreted via the kidneys. submitted by /u/kintsukuroi3147 [link] [comments]

How does human brain learn to distinguish the living from the non-living? Which parts of the brain contribute to this perception? Posted: 23 Apr 2021 10:13 AM PDT submitted by /u/Morpheus1992 [link] [comments]

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