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Wednesday, November 10, 2021

If there was abundant water on Mars in the past, could there be gemstones like opals, jade or turquoise under the surface?

If there was abundant water on Mars in the past, could there be gemstones like opals, jade or turquoise under the surface?


If there was abundant water on Mars in the past, could there be gemstones like opals, jade or turquoise under the surface?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 06:02 PM PST

Why do healthy habits usually require a lot of will power? Why are unhealthy habits so addicting?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 03:43 AM PST

What evolutionary reasons made humans so prone to make bad long term decisions?

submitted by /u/fangfried
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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How to break strong ethanol & oil emulsions?

Posted: 10 Nov 2021 05:34 AM PST

Hello,

I have been struggling to break essential oil-alcohol emulsions. I tried many experiments but nothing came out of them

Fraction distillations, adding water or salt or both, supersaturated solutions, non polar solvents, heating, cooling but all I'd get would be a turbidity or emulsion or louche that doesn't break.

Some concrete examples are the following: Pastis, raki, ouzo effect, absinthe. If you dilute the following liquors with water they form an emulsion in the form a white turbid solution (ouzo effect)

Any idea?

Thank you for your time!

P. S: I had some ideas in mind like centrifuging, but I am not planning to pay a few 100 bucks to make a couple of experiments..

submitted by /u/Unlikely_Lake_8433
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Why are there atmospheric tides at 12 hours?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 10:37 AM PST

I've read around this a little and got answered such as 'it forms a square wave rich in harmonics...' to ' resonance theory and free oscillation in the atmosphere', but as far as I can understand, it's due to the rate of heating and cooling being uneven. Can someone help with a simple ish answer? Thanks in advance!

Edit: the title should say with a frequency of 12 hours.

submitted by /u/Semi_dad
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[Semiconductors] How does the diffusion of dopants create features?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 04:22 PM PST

Say I have an integrated circuit with 100 NPN transistors on it. How are such features actually created? Like, I'm imagining an NPN transistor as an area of the chip where you've got a bit of phosphorus at the collector/emitter and some boron at the base. But, how do you get these dopants where they're supposed to go?

submitted by /u/MeleeMeistro
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If canned air gets cold because the energy needed to change the liquid to gas is pulled from the metal can, would it work in a refrigerator?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 12:46 PM PST

Or if the can was already cold? Because then there wouldn't be any heat to draw from the can to convert the liquid to gas.

submitted by /u/SinJinQLB
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Are twins/triplets/etc more likely to reproduce more twins/triplets/etc?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 02:19 PM PST

I'm a failed triplet(one of my siblings was absorbed and the other was miscarried) my dad is a twin and his mother is too. Is it more likely for twins to reproduce more twins than non twins?

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Tuesday, November 9, 2021

Why can't the immune system create antibodies that target the rabies virus?

Why can't the immune system create antibodies that target the rabies virus?


Why can't the immune system create antibodies that target the rabies virus?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 12:08 AM PST

Rabies lyssavirus is practically 100% fatal. What is it about the virus that causes it to have such a drastic effect on the body, yet not be targeted by the immune system? Is it possible for other viruses to have this feature?

submitted by /u/jla-
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How is it possible that each star in the sky puts out enough photons that I can see it from any slight deviation in my position on earth?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 01:28 AM PST

If I'm looking at a star in the sky, billions of miles away, and I take one step to the left, I am stepping into a new stream of photons from that star. What is the resolution of this line of sight? Is there theoretically a small enough distance that I could move to fit in between the stream of photons?

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AskScience AMA Series: Greetings, Science fans. I'm a paleontologist, science editor and author, Henry Gee. AMA about evolution, extinction, apocalyptic disaster and my latest book 'A (Very) Short History of Life on Earth'

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 04:00 AM PST

I'm an author and editor on the science journal Nature, the place where scientists like to publish their coolest finds. As Nature's resident fossil hound for more than 33 and a third revolutions (which must be a long playing record) I've had the honor and privilege of steering the first feathered dinosaurs, the fishapod Tiktaalik and the hobbit Homo floresiensis into the light. I know more secrets than the average spy. In my new book I've poured it all on to the page and discovered a lot about evolution, extinction and climate change, both now and in the past. You can find out everything you need to know about my book here: http://www.averyshorthistoryoflifeonearth.com.

I'll be here at 1pm ET (18 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/Henry_Gee

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Between Eusthenopteron and Panderichthys what happened to the anal fin?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 05:53 PM PST

Looking at the charts of evolution of land animals the anal fin disappears between Eusthenopteron and Panderichthys. Do they become part of the pelvis? Do the bones of the anal fin simply stop being being created? Some combination or do they change in some other way all together?

submitted by /u/MaesterOlorin
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Given a planet with higher gravity than earth, lets say 3g, do humans become more or less bouyant in regular water and why?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 08:25 AM PST

Considering we can easily float on water in our current planet, if the gravity would increase we would be heavier but so would the water, would this extra weight make the water easier to swim in?

submitted by /u/GrandTusam
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What would it take to land a telescope on the moon, and how well would it work?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 04:59 AM PST

Would it be possible and practical to land a telescope on the moon, and how well would it work?

submitted by /u/turkeyburst
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How does a scintillating scotoma create perfectly straight zigzags that retain their exact same geometry throughout the growing event?

Posted: 09 Nov 2021 05:38 AM PST

As I understand it, the event is the result of a cascade in the visual cortex, but what I don't understand is how the form of the visual representation can remain completely fixed throughout the approximately half hour of growing from a pinpoint to expanding beyond periphery. I experience them relatively infrequently, but fairly regularly, and I always want to know more about them.

As a secondary question, how would I go about finding if there is a study on this to volunteer for?

submitted by /u/Paracortex
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Do we or can we ever know how our immune system evolved?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 06:24 PM PST

I've been reading Immune by Philipp Dettmer and I'm simply blown away by the complexity and ingenuity of our immune system. So, my question for you is do we know or will we ever come to understand how our immune system evolved to get to this point?

It's simply perplexing how complex the system is.

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Can the energy output of a fusion reactor be throttled?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 09:23 PM PST

Scroll to the bottom for the more direct question. For context - I'm writing a science fiction book where I'm mostly trying to keep to physics, with a few "hand wave" or "inventions" to make the setting I pictured.

One of these things is small fusion reactors that power spaceships. Specifically Boron-11 fueled reactors (loosely based on these two: HB11 and Tokamak ST40).

As I understand, getting electricity from the heat generated by the reactor requires a steam turbine engine, or inefficient thermocouples, or some combination of both.

My question is, is it possible to "throttle" the reactor once the actual fusion reaction has started? Can you somehow change the rate at which it would 'burn' through the Boron-11 fuel to modulate the energy output? Or is it more of a "once it's on, it's on and this is exactly how much energy it will produce until it's off" type of thing?

Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/MoviesColin
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Why does the JWST need to be in a "halo orbit" at the L2 Lagrange point?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 09:53 AM PST

I thought the point of putting satellites at the Lagrange points was that the unique gravitational properties of these spots in 3-body systems allowed them to basically sit still with little to no fuel needed to keep them there in a stable manner. Reading about the JWST I saw that the telescope will be in a constantly moving Halo Orbit, which requires fuel to maintain stability. Why would that be necessary?

submitted by /u/Ephemeris
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How do scientists decide whether create a new phylum or class or others depending on a classification variables?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 06:33 PM PST

So I am a biology major and I am fascinated by phylogenetic studies and systematics. Yet I don't understand how they decide to make phyla, class (some even make sub phyla, division, etc.) it is as if they cannot agree on a particular criteria. How do they do this?

submitted by /u/Deus_Sema
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When your lungs are affected by COVID-19, do you automatically have pneumonia? If not, what is the difference between COVID-induced lung problems and pneumonia?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 12:33 PM PST

What is the total number of subclades of flu virus?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 06:45 AM PST

The CDC classifies flu by type, subtype, clade (group), and subclade (subgroup). For example, A (H1N1)68.1A.

Can someone tell me the total number of subclades or provide a link to a list of subclades?

submitted by /u/ikarosswings0
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Monday, November 8, 2021

In the Seinfeld episode "The Junior Mint", Jerry and Kramer are watching an operation of a man who gets his spleen removed. Kramer is eating Junior Mints, and fumbles one that drops into the cavity of the patient, unbeknownst to the doctors. What outcome would a patient have IRL if this happened?

In the Seinfeld episode "The Junior Mint", Jerry and Kramer are watching an operation of a man who gets his spleen removed. Kramer is eating Junior Mints, and fumbles one that drops into the cavity of the patient, unbeknownst to the doctors. What outcome would a patient have IRL if this happened?


In the Seinfeld episode "The Junior Mint", Jerry and Kramer are watching an operation of a man who gets his spleen removed. Kramer is eating Junior Mints, and fumbles one that drops into the cavity of the patient, unbeknownst to the doctors. What outcome would a patient have IRL if this happened?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 07:58 PM PST

I presume an infection, but wasn't sure if possibly the body would somehow breakdown/consume the food?

submitted by /u/peternorthstar
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AskScience AMA Series: I'm Mike Parker Pearson, Archaeologist and Professor of British Later Prehistory at University College London, here to talk about my research around the world and on Stonehenge, AMA!

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 04:01 AM PST

Hi, Reddit! I've worked on archaeological sites around the world in Denmark, Germany, Greece, Syria, the United States, Madagascar, Easter Island (Rapanui) and the Outer Hebrides. I have been UK Archaeologist of the Year and am a Fellow of the British Academy. My research on Stonehenge over nearly 20 years has helped to transform our understanding of this enigmatic stone circle, including the discovery of a new henge, a settlement where Stonehenge's builders may have lived, and the quarries for Stonehenge's bluestones in the Preseli hills of west Wales. I've published 24 books on a wide variety of archaeological topics, but I really love being out doing fieldwork.

You can follow more of my recent work on PBS' Secrets of the Dead episode, where my team and I painstakingly searched for the evidence that would fill in a 400-year gap in our knowledge of the site's bluestones. The episode reveals the original stones of Europe's most iconic Neolithic monument had a previous life before they were moved almost 155 miles from Wales to Salisbury Plain.

I'll be ready to go at 3:00pm EST (20:00/8:00pm GMT), AMA!

Username: /u/ArchaeologyUK2021

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What are the gases in bloated Lithium-Ion batteries?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 04:09 AM PST

Does the immune system recognize and attack prions?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 11:25 PM PST

Do your pupils really dilate when looking at someone you find attractive?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 12:18 AM PST

Is there higher background radiation directly under the Aurora?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 11:03 PM PST

If i'm not mistaken, earth's magnetic field deflect charged particles, and pushes them to the poles, creating the Auroras. Also if i'm not wrong, the background radiation can vary really highly from place to place, because it's affected by many variants. But is there any increase in the background radiation, if you stand right under the northern lights or the cosmic radiation level stay consistent?

submitted by /u/Rider_Raccoon
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Paper Manufacturing Question: Can somebody explain how is wastepaper recycled into bond paper?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 06:59 AM PST

Do mental health conditions make a person more susceptible to other illnesses?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 05:35 AM PST

I've had a rough couple of years struggling with anxiety and depression. I've also been getting every cold going around, and I've had a cough for the past 5 months. So I was wondering if there is any correlation between poor mental health and physical health

submitted by /u/languishing_pencil
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Can you get severe covid after recovering from mild/asymptotic covid?

Posted: 08 Nov 2021 01:47 AM PST

If you react mildly to one covid infection could you expect further infections to be mild too? Do anyone have statistics of repeated infections? Let's assume that nothing major have happened in your life like getting depressed and fat in a year.

submitted by /u/Puzzled-Bite-8467
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Why is there "degree" in temp scales?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 07:15 AM PST

It's °C, °K, °F

I know ° only from geometry.

why not simply 20 C?

submitted by /u/need4cognitionde
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In a phased array, what are the factors limiting coherent and non coherent integration?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 06:59 PM PST

I've read that when integrating radar pulses, the SNR gain when performing coherent integration is equal to the number of pulses integrated. In non-coherent integration (regardless of technique used), the snr gain is equal to only the square root of the number of pulses. I am curious why you'd ever use non coherent integration when coherent integration's gain is so much better.

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How does phone volume work?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 11:32 PM PST

Let's say you have headphones that can plan 100dB at maximum volume. If you set volume to 50% on your phone, does that mean, that headphones are playing now with 50dB or some other value, like 75dB. How does volume scale and how does it work?

submitted by /u/Eryk245
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Is the "packed sphere" graphic used to represent an atomic nucleus accurate?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 09:08 PM PST

I know of course that the electron visualization of a "moon orbiting a planet" is totally incorrect, electrons are best visualized as clouds of probability. There are a ton of beautiful visualizations for these on various websites, including Falstad.

There doesn't seem to be any information about atomic nuclei though. Are they best visualized as the classic "packed sphere"? Or should they be represented as a probability cloud also, and if so, what does that look like? Or do we simply not know?

submitted by /u/makhno
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what happens to ergocalciferol in the liver and kidneys??

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 09:04 PM PST

cholecalciferol is converted to 25 hydroxyvitmain d and to calcitriol in liver and kidney respectively, but what happens to vitmain d2.

according to https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Calcitriol , "Calcitriol is a synthetic physiologically-active analog of vitamin D, specifically the vitamin D3 form."

so what is the active form of vitamin d2 ??

submitted by /u/Winchester_Granger13
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Many WWII artillery shells were not statically stable, with a center of pressure in front of the center of mass. What caused the shells to land point down after following a high trajectory? Wouldn't the spin from the rifling make it even more difficult for the shell to turn nose down?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 07:12 PM PST

How does changing ionic strength affect pH?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 05:42 PM PST

How did Coulomb Charge the Balls?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 04:16 PM PST

I know Coulomb didn't know the exact charge of the pith balls he was using when determining Coulombs law with a torsion balance, only their relative charge. What I want to know is what method did he use to charge the balls? Was he just rubbing the balls an insulating material to get the balls to give up electrons?

submitted by /u/pcuk_lcuk
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How does a computer know it needs to use a float/how does it derive the mantissa?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 02:29 AM PST

So, I've been educating myself about floating point numbers and I understand how a float is represented in binary. I understand that it uses a sign, a mantissa as the body of the number, and an exponent as the offset for the floating point.

What I'm not putting together in my brain is: How can it perform mathematical operations on, say, two integers, and then come out with a float? Let's say we're dividing 1/3. I know how 1/3 as the decimal value .3333... would be represented as a floating point number, and I know how to make that conversion, but a computer doesn't know what .3333... is. Somewhere, it has to realize both "I can't perform this operation" and "the sign, mantissa and exponent to represent this floating point number are...". The resources I've found explaining how those things are derived is only ever deriving them FROM DECIMAL NUMBERS, which obviously, the computer can't actually understand or do anything with.

How does this calculation, (1/3), happen programmatically? What are the "in between points" between telling a computer "divide 0b0001 by 0b0011" and ending up at the correct floating point number?

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Sunday, November 7, 2021

Why hasn’t bacteriophage therapy become commonplace yet?

Why hasn’t bacteriophage therapy become commonplace yet?


Why hasn’t bacteriophage therapy become commonplace yet?

Posted: 06 Nov 2021 08:26 AM PDT

I feel like it's a discovery on par with something as revolutionary as solar power, but I rarely hear about it ever on the news. With its ability to potentially end the antibiotic resistance crisis, why hasn't this potentially game changing treatment taken off?

submitted by /u/Snappylobster
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Do contact with the virus work as booster shots for vaccinated/recovered people?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 03:39 AM PST

Does the human body secrete more, less or equal amounts of sweat in dry versus humid environments?

Posted: 07 Nov 2021 04:03 AM PST

hot, humid environments hinder evaporation, causing a person to be visibly more sweaty than they would if they were in a dry climate.

However, my question is this this. If you were to place the same person in both environments with equal temperature, one with zero humidity and one with 100% humidity would the total volume of secreted sweat be more, less or equal in one environment over the other?

What if we conducted the same test again, but this time rather than equal temperatures, we used the "feels like" temperature index. In the dry environment it would measure 107 degrees, and the humid environment 95 degrees with a relative humidity of 50%, resulting in a feels like temperature of 107 degrees. Which environment would a person produce more sweat in if there is a difference.

This question originated from a discussion with friends about that new movie "dune". We are debating if a hot humid environment is more or less dangerous over a hot dry environment 🤔.

submitted by /u/MTA427
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How small and detailed could we make a Fresnel lens?

Posted: 06 Nov 2021 08:38 PM PDT

Seeing them in the wild, you either look at it from a distance or they're quite grainy, I know they're cheap.

So, probably the image might look slightly like the way insect-vision is portrayed in movies, segmented like, but if we can make the tiny tiny little mirrors and sensors in DLP projectors and smartphone camera sensors, (I don't know if the features are smaller on phone cams or pro 16k cams or what) is there any way, expensive and convoluted it may be, to manufacture a super small scale fresnel lens that would provide a clear picture.

I understand this would likely never be profitable in a smartphone or anything but I just love the idea of a telescope that's much wider than it is long, or a pair of binoculars that's scarcely thicker than some thick glasses.

In case you can't tell I don't know how optics work.. I flaired it for Engineers because I suppose that's closest? Rather than physics?

I also just imagined a microtelescope could be made using a DLP mirror module as the collecting mirror with a little sensor in front of it, the uses however, escape me, aside from proof of concept or just messing about.

submitted by /u/StrangerThanDicktion
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How does radioactive iodine work?

Posted: 06 Nov 2021 05:10 PM PDT

For treatment of hyperthyroidism, how does the orally ingested radioactive iodine only have an effect on the thyroid? How does it not cross to other tissue/the rest of the body?

submitted by /u/awins1
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A fetus can move around freely for most of its existence. As it grows larger, what compels it to settle with the head faced downwards?

Posted: 06 Nov 2021 04:12 PM PDT

What colour other than black absorbs the most light?

Posted: 06 Nov 2021 03:59 AM PDT

I would like a ranking of the top 5 colours that absorbs the most light after black.

Thanks

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How do they conduct an experiment on a pill for a virus to determine the probability of surviving viral infection attributed to the pill?

Posted: 06 Nov 2021 09:51 AM PDT

Keep in mind:

I am wondering how they isolate other variables attributable to death/survival.

But also the physical process of creating this experiment, how do they find enough people who they know are going to die from covid without any kind of treatment?

submitted by /u/MrIndira
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If we divide numbers in A004090 with A060384 (sequences in OEIS related to Fibonacci numbers), will we get a constant value?

Posted: 06 Nov 2021 06:23 AM PDT

This is related to the Fibonacci sequence. In OEIS, there are many sequences related to the Fibonacci sequence, like the sum of digits of Fibonacci numbers A004090 and the numbers of decimal digits in n-th Fibonacci number A060384

I made graphs that showed the results of dividing A004090 with A060384, and when I drew the formula, it seemed like the graph tended to get close to certain value.

The graphs

For n = 500, the graph got close to 4.182, and for n = 10000, close to 4.48.

If the sequence of the Fibonacci number continues, what number will become a constant value of dividing A004090 and 060384?

submitted by /u/RegulusWhiteDwarf
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Is it possible that new life has spawned on earth but we just didn't notice?

Posted: 05 Nov 2021 01:05 PM PDT

From my understanding life had to have just spontaneously happened at a single cell level and that life also happened to replicate/reproduce thus causing evolution. Is it possible other life has spontaneously been created but it didn't reproduce so it just died off before we noticed it?

submitted by /u/icey561
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How are granules made from powders to make those instant drink packets?

Posted: 05 Nov 2021 01:03 PM PDT

Crystal Light, Kool Aid, hot cocoa, whatever. Consumer product drink powders are granulized, don't clump in mild humidity, and dissolve quickly/easily as compared to fine powders.

How do I take my DIY drink powder mixes and "granulize" them?

submitted by /u/ostreatus
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