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Tuesday, April 20, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We're Experts Here to Discuss the Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We're Experts Here to Discuss the Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We're Experts Here to Discuss the Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis. AUA!

Posted: 20 Apr 2021 05:00 AM PDT

The growing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) crisis, brought about by decades of misuse and overuse of antibiotics and responsible for 35,000 deaths annually in the United States alone (according to the Centers for Disease Control), has forced scientists to adopt new tactics and develop new strategies to stay ahead of the evolutionary race with microbes.

Join us today at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion with experts on the science of AMR, organized by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). We'll discuss how the problem of AMR has evolved, strategies for combating AMR now and in the future, and approaches for identifying and producing new antibiotics that can attack drug-resistant microbes. Ask us anything!

With us today are: + Dr. Azeem Ahmad, Ph.D. (u/aahmad_Marian_46222) - Assistant Professor of Biology, Marian University + Zoe Hansen (u/GutFeelings_zh) - Graduate Student, Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University + Dr. Ayesha Khan, Ph.D. () - Postdoctoral Fellow, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston + Dr. Maria Fernanda Mojica, Ph.D. (u/Micro_Bio_Science) - Postdoctoral Scholar, Case Western Reserve University + Dr. Sanjana Mukherjee, Ph.D., M.Sc. (u/DiseaseDetective_SM) - ORISE Public Health Policy and Regulatory Research Fellow, U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Links:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can babies get vaccine antibodies from mom through her breast milk?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 12:48 PM PDT

There's a great body of research on transfer of immunity through the placenta wall, but I'm having difficulty in finding good information on how well antibodies are adopted when absorbed through the gut, whether it be through colostrum or breast milk. Also, considering the change in gut behavior from a closed gut to an open gut.

Can anyone shed some light on the subject?

submitted by /u/AgentG91
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How does the helicopter on Mars work?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 10:11 AM PDT

My understanding of the Martian atmosphere is that it is extremely thin. How did nasa overcome this to fly there?

submitted by /u/Elsecaller_17-5
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Does a selective IgA deficiency have an effect on the effectiveness of vaccines? If so, why?

Posted: 20 Apr 2021 03:48 AM PDT

Why a spinal injury doesn't heal by itself like wrist, leg and other types of injury do?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 11:51 PM PDT

Was the Sahara Desert still expanding naturally prior to human-induced climate change?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 11:33 PM PDT

The African Humid Period lasted until around 6,000 years ago. When it ended, the Sahara grew into the desert we know today.

Current projects like the Great Green Wall attempt to plant ongoing desertification along the edge of the Sahara. These projects are often linked to manmade climate change, but I'm wondering - is Africa's drying and the Sahara's increasing size partially a product of ongoing natural processes (which presumably have been accelerated by climate change), or is all of the Sahara's modern growth due to manmade factors?

submitted by /u/Bem-ti-vi
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Do we have evidence of language developing independently as humans spread out from Africa across the other continents, or did language develop before then? And what are the consequences in the field of linguistics due to one or the other?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 09:59 PM PDT

These questions honestly came to me while I was watching an episode of SpongeBob, specifically SpongeBob BC, where they're supposed to be cave people and using cave people speak. If it wasn't clear from the title, what I am curious about is the timeline of the development of language in humans compared to the timeline of our spread across the planet, and what evidence we have if each. I know there's pretty ample evidence of how, when, and where we spread out, but what's the earliest evidence we have of language, written or otherwise? And if language developed first, is there any hope of ever reconstructing the first human language? Or if language developed later, did it develop near simultaneously and independently? Or did it develop in one population first and then spread across all populations? Or is it none of these and am I making an assumption that's causing me to ignore another possibility?

I know this is a lot of questions, but I'm seriously curious to know the answer to as many of them as possible. Also, I didn't know whether to flair this under Anthropology or Linguistics, because I'm more curious about the Linguistics side of my questions, but I suppose my questions more broadly fall under Anthropology.

submitted by /u/shortyman93
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Why are alcohols poor nucleophiles?

Posted: 20 Apr 2021 02:13 AM PDT

Given the large EN difference between the O and H atoms as well as the two lone pairs for O, I'm unsure why it is a weak nucleophile?

submitted by /u/user280102
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How vertical is space?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 10:08 PM PDT

So this is a question that has crossed my mind a few times before and I've never really come across a clear answer.

To explain the question further: space in models is often depicted as flat, as in, it has x and z dimensions, and the only y value commonly depicted is from the size of various objects.

I suppose that in some depictions there is some when looking at like asteroid fields and smaller celestial objects. But I digress.

My understanding is that there is no real up or down in space, but there would be some sort y value in 3D space, no? Do we have a reference as to where things are located on the y value compared to us?

Like can we tell easily if a galaxy or solar system is "perpendicular" to us based on the North Pole and how that relates to the various orbits of planets in our solar system to the sun.

Is that vertical positioning important or relevant to our study of space, or space travel?

Do certain planets or objects have orbits that are on different y values compared to other objects that orbit the same thing?

Do various objects orbit things obliquely compared to other objects orbiting the same thing?

submitted by /u/JVentus
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Do eletric vehicles have a "cruise speed"?

Posted: 20 Apr 2021 01:31 AM PDT

Combustion-powered vehicles are often said to have a cruise speed, i.e. a speed at which the range is at max. I understand that it is due to the fact that combustion engines have different efficiency at different RPMs, and so the RPM range with max efficiency * the highest gear ratio of the gearbox = cruise speed.

I think I heard somewhere that electric engines are more or less equally efficient at any RPM. If that is true (is it?), then is there a cruise speed for electric vehicles? Or do they always travel the same (give or take) distance before the battery runs out, regardless of how fast they're going?

submitted by /u/avolodin
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Does our solar system move through space at a constant rate relative to others or is it more chaotic?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 05:07 PM PDT

I hear quite often about how planets orbit a sun and move quickly through space. I was curious if on a larger scale entire solar systems are defined as moving through space in a certain way. If so, would solar systems be on different "orbits" or "trajectories" in space and move away from each other over time?

submitted by /u/StockItToMeh
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How does evolution change the number of chromosomes of a species?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 11:15 AM PDT

I'm far from a biologist but one question that's always confused me slightly about evolution: how does the number of chromosomes a species have change?

So in school I was taught a horse and a donkey can have offspring called a mule, these cannot reproduce as horses and donkeys have a different number of chromosomes so the offspring cannot produce children as the chromosomes they have can't line up. But presumably horses and donkeys somewhere share a common ancestor so how did this branching happen as if a random mutation gave one of this species a different number of chromosomes, even in an isolated group, surely it wouldn't be able to produce fertile offspring to carry on this mutation so that branch should have died; you can't gradually change the number of chromosomes you either have more or less than normal and that's an integer value?

I'm sure I'm missing a lot of stuff as this is based off what I learnt for my GCSEs so nowhere near any real level of understanding

submitted by /u/wednesday-potter
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How do airplanes generate lift when traveling above Mach 1 if Bernoulli’s principle is ‘inverted’ at these speeds?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 01:19 PM PDT

Biologist here with an interest in planes and rockets. I recently was reading about how rocket engines have to maintain a high pressure in their combustion chambers so that the gas exiting the nozzle is above the speed of sound and therefore accelerates as it expands. This was the opposite of what I learned in my entry-level physics class and a bit of quick research made me realize Bernoulli's equations are far more complicated at higher velocities of gas. Thinking about airplanes and how they normally generate lift by forcing air to accelerate over the top of a wing/create a low pressure area that 'pulls' the wing up, it doesn't make sense to me that they would still be able to generate lift if the air over the wing is forced to accelerate (faster molecules = higher pressure right?). Thanks for any explanation or help wrapping my head around this.

submitted by /u/tongue2tied
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Why does Moderna require two 100 microgram doses while Pfizer only requires two 30 microgram dose to produce a slightly better effectiveness?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 06:49 AM PDT

How do the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines get the mRNA inside?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 11:33 AM PDT

I'm going to make a big assumption that the lipid nanoparticles that contain the mRNA of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines form more or less spontaneously when the concentrations and conditions are correct. How then do they get the mRNA inside? Is it just random, and some particles will have no mRNA strands and others will have multiple strands?

submitted by /u/z00ropa
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What is Hubble using?

Posted: 20 Apr 2021 01:08 AM PDT

I know this may be a stupid question but hey idc.

Hubble has been in space for more then a decade. I've been trying to find out what's keeping hubble in space since it's not thrusters. Can someone tell me what it is? Or was it our on high orbit and it's slowly decaying

submitted by /u/Crazygamerlv
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If entropy always increases then why/how did the universe produce complex life?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 07:44 AM PDT

Can Ingenuity recharge?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 03:27 PM PDT

Can Ingenuity (mars helicopter drone) connect to the rover and recharge it's batteries or is it limited to the charge that it already has and once the battery is dead it's over?

submitted by /u/paphnutius
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How does female to male transmission of HIV work?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 08:00 PM PDT

What are the mechanics that allow for such a transmission to occur from female to male?

submitted by /u/KaptainKuestions
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Why are vaccines for respiratory viruses usually injected not inhaled?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 07:39 PM PDT

Presumably the immune system is active in your respiratory tract since that's where a lot of pathogens enter, so the immune system should be able to pick up the vaccine and develop immunity to it. What's the advantage of injecting them instead?

submitted by /u/IJustWantToLurkHere
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vào lúc No comments:

Monday, April 19, 2021

Why can the birth control “Nuvaring” be removed for up to 48 hours/month without decreasing efficacy, but “Annovera” can only be removed for 2 hours/month, even though they are both vaginal rings releasing the same hormones?

Why can the birth control “Nuvaring” be removed for up to 48 hours/month without decreasing efficacy, but “Annovera” can only be removed for 2 hours/month, even though they are both vaginal rings releasing the same hormones?

Why can the birth control “Nuvaring” be removed for up to 48 hours/month without decreasing efficacy, but “Annovera” can only be removed for 2 hours/month, even though they are both vaginal rings releasing the same hormones?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 09:59 PM PDT

I understand that since Annovera lasts for a full year (compared to Nuvaring that only lasts a month) it would have more restrictions, but 2 hours vs 48 hours is a very drastic difference.

Annovera does release slightly less estrogen than Nuvaring (13mcg vs 15mcg), but it also releases more progestin (150mcg vs 120mcg), so I don't feel like those slight variances would make that much of a difference.

Is Annovera just being overly conservative with the adherence guidelines since it's new? Or is there really that much of a difference between the two of them, and if so, why?

EDIT:

First, when I say "can be removed for x hours/month," I meant during the 21 day period you are supposed to have it in. I am aware you are supposed to remove it during the break week, but I am not talking about that.

Second, Many of you pointed out that on the Nuvaring website it states it cannot be removed for >3 hours, however, both Planned Parenthood and UC Berkeley state that it is still effective for up to 48 hours. So a follow-up question would be why do both Berkeley and Planned Parenthood (both reputable sources) state 48 hours as the limit?

EDIT 2: Okay I'm tired of people saying "are you sure you interpreted Planned Parenthood/Berkeley correctly?" So here is a direct quote from the Berkeley source listed above:

[for] delayed insertion of a new ring or delayed reinsertion of a current ring for <48 hours since a ring should have been inserted • Insert ring as soon as possible. • Keep the ring in until the scheduled ring removal day • No additional contraceptive protection is needed

And a quote from Planned Parenthood:

...sometimes the NuvaRing might slip out of your vagina. If the ring has been out of your vagina for less than 2 days, rinse it in cool water and put it back in right away. If you put it back in within 48 hours, you'll still be protected from pregnancy.

submitted by /u/PennilessPirate
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AskScience AMA Series: We're animal intelligence experts who created a rubric to determine the smarts of different species. Ask us anything!

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 04:00 AM PDT

Do elephants really never forget? Are foxes actually that sly? Just how clever is your dog? In a new series from PBS Digital Studios and PBS Nature, Animal IQ helps finally answer the question: how smart are Earth's animals? In each episode of Animal IQ, the hosts ask the experts, do the research and measure the smarts of species on a new Intelligence Rubric to determine if other animals can truly think. And if so, just how intelligent are they? Do all animals map their environment and defend their territory? Can they recognize themselves? Do they cooperate? Socialize? Have self-control? Understand death? Feel empathy?

The latest episode, about elephant intelligence, just launched this morning: https://youtu.be/Nc3mUNkJZZk

Answering questions today are the hosts of Animal IQ, Natalia Borrego and Trace Dominguez:

Natalia Borrego, Ph.D, (/u/ecologistuntamed) is a wildlife biologist, researcher and educator. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Miami and has spent more than a decade studying the behavior of large carnivores in the African wilderness and at zoological institutions. She is most well known for her studies on big cat cognition and was the first scientist to experimentally investigate cognition in African lions, tigers and leopards. Borrego values making science accessible to non-scientists: she appears in several wildlife documentaries and her work has been covered in publications such as Science Magazine and Scientific American. Borrego is a postdoctoral researcher with the University of Minnesota's Lion Center and a teaching fellow at American University in Cairo. She was recently awarded the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior's Collaborative Research Grant and will join the Institute's Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies as a postdoc.

Trace Dominguez (/u/trace501) is a curiosity explorer, science communicator, Emmy-nominated on-camera host, producer and podcaster. He is the producer and host of PBS Star Gazers, the world's only weekly television series on naked eye astronomy. He also creates Uno Dos of Trace, a video series exploring diverse topics across the sciences on YouTube, and founded, wrote, hosted and produced one of the first daily science shows online: Seeker. He has appeared in programming across the Discovery and Science channels, NowThis, and Animal Planet. Dominguez has a B.S. in Psychology from Western Michigan University and an M.A. in Strategic Communication from American University. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife Flavia and their cats, Carmela and Barley.

We'll be answering your questions at 1 pm ET (17 UT). Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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In The Roman Warm period the climate was 2 degrees Celsius warmer than today and is partly credited with Rome success and abundance. Why is returning to a warmer climate considered so dangerous now?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 08:34 AM PDT

I am not asking this question in bad faith or in an attempt to start a political debate. I was just listening to a Blinkist on the Roman Warm Period and got curious.

submitted by /u/Clacimus
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Why do Covid-19 viral particles have greater longevity on smooth surfaces than on porous surfaces?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 04:22 AM PDT

I find this counter-intuitive, as I would imagine a porous surface would provide better protection from extreme temperatures and UV light. Do we know why viral particles have greater longevity on smooth surfaces?

submitted by /u/ewdontdothat
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Does an allergic reaction to s vaccine affect the vaccine's efficacy?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 04:00 AM PDT

If the immune system mounts a response as if the vaccine is an allergen, does that interfere with the body's ability to recognize and properly fight the virus if exposed later? And/or would treatment for the reaction (i.e. epipen, benadryl) affect it?

submitted by /u/aeboco
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Is snake venom used to make any kind of coagulation medication?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 07:39 AM PDT

I see these posts on Reddit of snake venom and its affect on blood. I was wondering if there has ever been any kind of medical use for this type of coagulant?

submitted by /u/csinklier
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Cooking: I've often heard that salt "brings out the flavor" of a dish. What does this mean in chemical terms?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 07:15 AM PDT

(I'm assuming it means something more than that the food is getting saltier, since if that's all it meant, people would just say that, right? ... Right?!)

submitted by /u/envatted_love
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How do parasitic wasp identify their prey?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 09:11 AM PDT

Thinking about, for example, the cicada hawk, how does the female identify cicada adults as her prey? Is it based on odor or some other chemical signature from the prey animal? Is it based on visual cues like body shape? Is it based on sound?

And building on this....could a parasitic wasp be trained to identify a different prey animal? For example, could they be taught to lay their eggs in different insect species? Or, if an egg is transplanted to a different species, would that egg hatch into a wasp with a taste for that new species?

submitted by /u/shapu
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Okay so the last supercontinent was Pangea and then they all went..backwards?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 03:52 AM PDT

Okay so there have been what, 4 supercontinents? And they all come together by the process we all learn about and they smash into each other and stay together for hundreds of millions of years and then they what? Go backwards all of a sudden?

submitted by /u/Alaskan_Lost
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"The fact that the wavelength of visible light is so small helps to explain why the wave nature of light took so long to discover." Why?

Posted: 19 Apr 2021 05:51 AM PDT

Quote from this video about the CMB.

Why would the wave character of light be easier to recognize if the wavelength of visible light was longer (in the range of microwaves)? Would we "see" the waves? What would the world look like if visible light wavelengths were in the range of mm instead of nm?

submitted by /u/SyrusDrake
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HeLa cells vs normal cancer cells?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 03:02 PM PDT

I recently finished reading The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, and in it they talked about the development of the first immortal cell line. In it, it said that Gey had tried hundreds of cell samples before HeLa and all died after a few days. From this, I'm assume that not just any regular cancer cell can survive forever in culture. Is there something about HeLa cells that made them more prolific than regular cancer cells / cells with telomerase? Did it have something to do with HPV? Google just gives me info about why cancer cells in general are prolific, not why HeLa is different. Thanks

submitted by /u/BenCub3d
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What is the difference between r and R naught in population ecology?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 02:35 PM PDT

Are they the same thing?

submitted by /u/SpilltheGreenTea
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How are macrophages activated in the innate immune response?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 03:54 AM PDT

Macrophages require IFN-gamma to activate, correct? But that comes from TH1 cells, which have to go through that whole TF0/Dendritic cell MHC2 thing, which doesn't happen until much later in the antigen-specific response. Yet Macrophages are part of the innate immunity response?

Bonus question: antigen-presenting macrophages are just Langerhans cells, right?

submitted by /u/edginggoonslutTF
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How helpful is it to have captive breeding and conservation programs for threatened or endangered animals?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 12:14 AM PDT

I see a lot of zoos and wildlife sanctuaries have breeding programs trying to increase the population of threatened and endangered species. They always say how important these programs are because of how low the animals' numbers are in the wild. However, it seems like the vast majority of the animals bred in captivity stay in captivity their entire lives, which doesn't do anything to increase their numbers in the wild. Won't we eventually get to the point where we only have captive specimens of some animals? Not that I want any animals to go entirely extinct, but I feel like there should be a purpose to conservation beyond pure survival, since many animals in the wild contribute to their ecosystem.

submitted by /u/-BigGirlPants-
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in DNA, since base pairs can only bond with eachother, how do errors happen? wouldn't the erring nucleotide just not bond with its pair on the other side and just leave a gap instead of a "wrong" nucleotide?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 08:01 PM PDT

Why do the electrons in metal get shared between the atoms in a sea? Why doesn't non-metallic matter?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 06:27 AM PDT

Have any animals driven themselves to extinction?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 08:02 PM PDT

It's something I can see for people in the foreseeable future. I was wondering if any other species has done this.

submitted by /u/garachuuu
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How are CFTR mutations detected using restriction enzyme analysis?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 01:33 AM PDT

How are CFTR mutations detected using restriction enzyme analysis?

submitted by /u/Bao_4
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vào lúc No comments:

Sunday, April 18, 2021

Do honeybees, wasps and hornets have a different cocktail of venom in their stings or is their chemistry pretty much all the same?

Do honeybees, wasps and hornets have a different cocktail of venom in their stings or is their chemistry pretty much all the same?

Do honeybees, wasps and hornets have a different cocktail of venom in their stings or is their chemistry pretty much all the same?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 10:02 PM PDT

Why do nuclear bombs form this typical mushroom cloud and not just a ball shaped cloud?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 11:44 AM PDT

Has the universe existed long enough for entire galaxies to have been born and died?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 05:29 PM PDT

Certainly it has happened with stars, but could an entire galaxy have formed and died out in the time since the big bang? I vaguely feel like the universe isn't old enough for that yet, but I'm not an astronomer.

(this question inspired by a meme I saw that said "Cthulhu saw galaxies flare into life and fade from view before he put madness in the minds of men")

submitted by /u/quantumofmolluscs
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How does diesel not combust in the high pressures of the high pressure fuel pumps of modern diesel engines?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 06:36 AM PDT

I know the pressures in most modern diesel engines for fuel rail pressure seem insane to a normal person, I know the one in my VW is something like 18,500 psi. That strikes me as higher than most of the pressures achieved in the cylinder. So that seems like it should be an issue but it isn't seeming to be.

submitted by /u/Mr_TheMagpie
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Why do our fingers wrinkle in water?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 08:07 PM PDT

Why do IC engines produce low torque at low RPM?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 04:53 PM PDT

A typical NA IC engine generally has a symmetrical torque curve peaking in the middle of the rev range. The reasons for reduced torque at high RPM are clear to me - air flow restrictions, increased friction - but at low RPM I'm less certain. I know heat loss and exhaust resonance play a role, but this does not seem sufficient to account for the full difference.

submitted by /u/madattak
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Has the global response to COVID-19 (lock downs, work from home etc) resulted in lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 10:27 AM PDT

Lower than what was projected/expected anyhow.

submitted by /u/wh33t
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How does hepatitis C evade the immune system?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 08:02 AM PDT

Unlike hep B, most adults infected with Hep C develop a chronic form of the disease with it getting cirrhosis or cancer. How does it achieve that evasion? When an infected cell 'bursts' are there no immune cells around to detect the antigen? My simplistic understanding of HIV is that it hides in T-cells.. where does Hep C hide? How much of a role does genetic variability play wwhen it comes to immune evasion?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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What is the pathophysiology of withdrawal tremors?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 06:08 PM PDT

I understand that when you are addicted to a substance, your body adjusts and compensates for certain hormones/chemicals. But why exactly do the tremors happen? I'm curious about in depth answers on other withdrawal symptoms as well. Thank you!

submitted by /u/chickenlady89
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Do reptile eyes have a sclera?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 09:10 AM PDT

Do reptiles have a ring around their iris? What color is it? On average, how large is the area compared to the diameter of the iris? (I'm wanting to draw a reptile eyeball and I want it to be as accurate as possible)

submitted by /u/oraclequery
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How did Astrazeneca get past phase one trials despite causing fatal blood clots?

Posted: 18 Apr 2021 04:33 AM PDT

How similar are the fingerprints of relatives? Could a relative be traced via fingerprint similarity to other relatives?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 05:14 AM PDT

I read somewhere there is a heritable feature to fingerprints, if this is so, are there any family patterns that can be identified, and therefore, can a missing person for example be found if their fingerprints were taken somewhere?

submitted by /u/Onomaticus
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Why don't some species breed in captivity? What's keeping them?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 11:27 AM PDT

Why does the tympanic membrane not get damaged when an ear irrigation is done ?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 05:34 AM PDT

Why does water spin in a different direction in the southern hemisphere?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 07:08 AM PDT

I have seen those videos filmed on the equator, where people go from one hemisphere to the other and the water spinning direction changes. What is the cause of this?

submitted by /u/abdcnzkah
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vào lúc No comments:

Saturday, April 17, 2021

What research has there been into blood clots developed from birth control, or why hasn't the problem been solved in the decades since the pill's introduction?

What research has there been into blood clots developed from birth control, or why hasn't the problem been solved in the decades since the pill's introduction?

What research has there been into blood clots developed from birth control, or why hasn't the problem been solved in the decades since the pill's introduction?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 03:32 PM PDT

What could we do to help that? I was just made aware of this and it sounds alarming that no attention is being paid.

submitted by /u/PaxNova
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Why are some batteries cilindrical and others rectangular?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 11:12 PM PDT

Why does transistor miniaturization no longer yield proportional power savings?

Posted: 17 Apr 2021 02:03 AM PDT

For decades the shrinking of the transistor resulted in a proportional reduction in power requirements in a process called Dennard scaling. Since 2006 each successive shrinking has yielded less than proportional power savings. Why is this and can anything be done?

submitted by /u/Morzo_Voidmaster
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What makes some plants survive frost and snow?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 11:25 AM PDT

Some plants, despite look flimsy can survive low temperatures and being covered in ice and snow. Others, even if they look "hard" and tough will just die if there's a bit of frost. Same with trees. It's also not all or nothing and there's a spectrum of low temperatures that some plants can tolerate.

So what do these plants that resist low temperatures have that others don't?

submitted by /u/doubtful_correlation
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What determines the unique ways that different types of viruses are able to infect humans?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 08:56 PM PDT

My question isn't so much about how different viruses are able to infect humans, but why those viruses are able to infect people the way that they do. For example, why is that hantavirus is primarily transmitted by inhalation of particles of rodent saliva, droppings, or urine that are stirred into the air, but not spread from one infected person to another? Is it just pure chance that HIV, for example, formed the way it did to spread through blood, and not through respiratory droplets such as SARS-CoV-2, or skin to skin contact like measles?

submitted by /u/smeggydcheese
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I recently got a Covid mRNA vaccine. How long does it take to translate the injected mRNA to Spike Proteins?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 12:24 PM PDT

When the mRNA successfully enters body cells, how long does it take to translate a piece of mRNA to an actual spike protein? How many Spike Proteins can be generated from one piece of mRNA?

submitted by /u/Jazzlike_Ad7669
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Can take-out food be contaminated by COVID-19? If so, what’s the best way to mitigate that risk? Should we be reheating food then?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 11:15 PM PDT

Is there any known method, given ¬CH, to construct a set whose cardinality is between the integers and the reals?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 02:57 PM PDT

My understanding of the Continuum Hypothesis is that, because it's independent of ZFC, you can essentially choose to do mathematics given that it's true or given that it's false, like the axiom of choice. Unless a more powerful set of axioms is found which can prove CH.

So, if you take it as false, can a method be found to construct a set that's larger than the integers and smaller than the reals? More generally, do mathematicians have any intuition of what sets between N and R would look like under ¬CH?

submitted by /u/wm_cra_dev
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Do single-eyed people behave (slightly/in certain tasks) differently depending on which eye is the healty one? (because of the fact that there are two brain hemispheres).

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 08:18 AM PDT

If the sides of our brain specialize in different tasks, then I assume that there should be a difference in behaviour depending on the side that is processing the visual information.

This question came to me after watching CGP Grey's video about the two brain sides https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfYbgdo8e-8

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Of course the two sides are connected (well except when they are not), but this fact shouldt change too much how informations is processed because of the locality of the processing.

submitted by /u/lusvd
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Do plants suffer negative genetic effects from inbreeding the way animals do?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 08:59 AM PDT

Was reading this article

linked from posting by u/MistWeaver80. It said

Hummingbirds can travel further between flowers than can bees, which might reduce plant inbreeding.

(bold mine)

submitted by /u/GMOsYMMV
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How does the body handle lack of Oxygen before new blood cells are made due to Erythropoietin?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 12:36 PM PDT

I read that when the body lacks Oxygen, and after Erythropoietin production, it takes up to 5 days before new red blood cells are made How does the body handle the lack of Oxygen in the meantime?

submitted by /u/Davidj1213
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Do SSRIs (Selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) cause an increase in serotonin receptors in the brain?

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 07:20 AM PDT

So I remember that I've read somewhere that when coffee is consumed regularly your body will develop a tolerance to it by increasing the number of adenosine receptors in your brain which will cause it to lose its effect.

However, when initially taking SSRIs, they do not have any effect on you whatsoever, they only start working after 1 to 3 weeks of taking them and they will reach their full effect after even more weeks have passed.

So my question is: Do SSRIs increase the number of serotonin receptors in your brain just like how coffee does for adenosine, causing them to lose their effect in the long run? If not, why is that the case for SSRIs and not for coffee?

submitted by /u/nervousfiend
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How do paleontologists discover new sites for a specific time period? Specifically, I’m curious how rare sites of Ediacaran fossils are, and if more of these sites be discovered.

Posted: 16 Apr 2021 01:19 AM PDT

When whales and other aquatic animals come out of the water, does their eyesight become blurry like ours do going into the water? How do amphibious animals handle seeing in and out of water?

Posted: 15 Apr 2021 07:29 PM PDT

I saw a video the other day of a whale poking it's eye out of the water to get a better look at a boat and it got me to wondering would it make their sight blurry.

submitted by /u/Ghotihook13
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