AskScience AMA Series: I'm Mark Jacobson, Director of the Atmosphere/Energy program and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University, and author of 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything. AMA about climate change and renewable energy!

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• AskScience AMA Series: I'm Mark Jacobson, Director of the Atmosphere/Energy program and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University, and author of 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything. AMA about climate change and renewable energy!
• In a crystal, how do electrons and holes move?
• Why do we measure medication times by "half-life" and not "full-life"?
• In 1816 a huge volcanic eruption caused worldwide average temperatures to drop between 1-3 degrees. This had devastating effects. If a similar eruption happened now, would the effects be so bad, or would the fact we have heated the planet mean some of the effects were neutral, or even positive?
• What happens to meteorites that land on earth? Do they get taken by an organization or does whoever finds it get to keep it? Is there laws about things that fall from space?
• How are we testing COVID-19 Vaccine Longevity?
• Why do we feel pain near our chest region when we are emotionally hurt?
• How much does it cost to do a whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2?
• Why is there no Tornado Alley in China?
• What would it be like to dig a ditch by hand shoveling on Mars? Would it be easier or more difficult than on Earth?
• Why are children less susceptible to serious illness with Covid-19?
• How much was the world actually cooled during the "Year Without a Summer?"
• Do cravings for specific nutrients get stronger when we are deficient in them?
• Why do you have to lick your lips before you whistle?
• Do glaciers and icebergs melting noticably change the pH of the ocean?
• David Attenborough has just told me that bees can see colours which humans can’t (Life in Colour on Netflix). Before my brain explodes, can someone explain how this is possible, how we can know this, and what the colours might look like?
• Does the Coastline Paradox actually apply to reality?
• Do all planets have a "day-axis" that is relatively parallel to their "year-axis", or do some roll around their orbits like rolling balls for example?
• What happens to the mRNA that does not enter a cell?
• It's been a year since covid became "pandemic". What progress have we made in treatments for it, is there something doctors can do?

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Mark Jacobson, Director of the Atmosphere/Energy program and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University, and author of 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything. AMA about climate change and renewable energy! Posted: 18 Mar 2021 04:00 AM PDT Hi Reddit! I'm a Senior Fellow of the Woods Institute for the Environment and of the Precourt Institute for Energy. I have published three textbooks and over 160 peer-reviewed journal articles. I've also served on an advisory committee to the U.S. Secretary of Energy and cofounded The Solutions Project. My research formed the scientific basis of the Green New Deal and has resulted in laws to transition electricity to 100% renewables in numerous cities, states, and countries. Before that, I found that black carbon may be the second-leading cause of global warming after CO2. I am here to discuss these and other topics covered in my new book, "100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything," published by Cambridge University Press. Ask me anything about: The Green New Deal Renewable Energy Environmental Science Earth Science Global Warming I'll be here, from 12-2 PM PDT / 3-5 PM EDT (19-21 UT) on March 18th, Ask Me Anything! Username: /u/Mark_Jacobson submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

In a crystal, how do electrons and holes move? Posted: 18 Mar 2021 07:12 AM PDT In a crystal, electrons are delocalized over many unit cells. I'm not sure how something can move or diffuse, if it is already delocalized and contains probability amplitude at many different locations? ​ Also, what causes movement or diffusion through the lattice? If each unit cell is equivalent, the potential energy should be spatially periodic and not changing in time - why would an electron move? submitted by /u/BeviesGalore [link] [comments]

Why do we measure medication times by "half-life" and not "full-life"? Posted: 18 Mar 2021 06:38 AM PDT It's seems weird to me we talk about medication half-lives but wouldn't it make more sense to talk about the full-life of a medication? Seems to make more sense to talk about when the medication fully leaves your system and then you can just divide that in half to get the half-life. submitted by /u/midgitsuu [link] [comments]

In 1816 a huge volcanic eruption caused worldwide average temperatures to drop between 1-3 degrees. This had devastating effects. If a similar eruption happened now, would the effects be so bad, or would the fact we have heated the planet mean some of the effects were neutral, or even positive? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 05:35 PM PDT submitted by /u/11-shady-cornflakes [link] [comments]

What happens to meteorites that land on earth? Do they get taken by an organization or does whoever finds it get to keep it? Is there laws about things that fall from space? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 04:34 PM PDT submitted by /u/1saltymf [link] [comments]

How are we testing COVID-19 Vaccine Longevity? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 07:28 PM PDT If we don't know how long the vaccine lasts, I think it would be likely that we end up giving it to people every year like the flu vaccine to be safe, even if the immunity is something like five years. However, to truly test the limits of immunity, do trials prevent certain people who volunteer from getting another shot (even though we hypothetically now give it out every year) for a given amount of time? How did we do it with Tetanus? That's a 10 year shot. Did we just not let someone get a tetanus shot for 10 years to figure that out? Hopefully I'm being clear. Thanks! submitted by /u/slowclaw_ [link] [comments]

Why do we feel pain near our chest region when we are emotionally hurt? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 09:00 AM PDT submitted by /u/Dragon_God_Slayer [link] [comments]

How much does it cost to do a whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 04:50 PM PDT In New Zealand we do whole genome sequencing on all the positive cases we get. I was wondering how much does it cost, roughly, to do one of these tests? I found a paper with the detailed information on how the test is done A total of 733 laboratory-confirmed samples of SARS-CoV-2 were received by ESR for whole genome sequencing. Viral extracts were prepared from respiratory tract samples where SARS-CoV-2 was detected by RT-PCR using WHO recommended primers and probes targeting the E and N gene. Extracted RNA from SARS-CoV-2 positive samples were subject to whole genome sequencing following the ARTIC network protocol (V1 and V3) and the New South Wales (NSW) primer set15. Briefly, three different tiling amplicon designs were used to amplify viral cDNA prepared with SuperScript IV. Sequence libraries were then constructed using Illumina Nextera XT for the NSW primer set or the Oxford Nanopore ligation sequencing kit for the ARTIC protocol. Libraries were sequenced using Illumina NextSeq chemistry or R9.4.1 MinION flow cells, respectively. Near complete (>90% recovered) viral genomes were subsequently assembled through reference mapping. Steps included in the pipeline are described in detail online (https://github.com/ESR-NZ/NZ_SARS-CoV-2_genomics). The reads generated with Nanopore sequencing using ARTIC primer sets (V1 and V3) were mapped and assembled using the ARTIC bioinformatics medaka pipeline (v 1.1.0)19. For the NSW primer set, raw reads were quality and adapter trimmed using trimmomatic (v 0.36)20. Trimmed paired reads were mapped to a reference using the Burrows-Wheeler Alignment tool21. Primer sequences were masked using iVar (v 1.2)22. Duplicated reads were marked using Picard (v 2.10.10)23 and not used for SNP calling or depth calculation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called using bcftools mpileup (v 1.9)24. SNPs were quality trimmed using vcflib (v 1.0.0)25 requiring 20x depth and overall quality of 30. Positions that were less than 20x were masked to N in the final consensus genome. Positions with an alternative allele frequency between 20% to 79% were also masked to N. In total, 649 sequences passed our quality control submitted by /u/123felix [link] [comments]

Why is there no Tornado Alley in China? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 09:12 AM PDT I don't know much about Tornados, but as I understand it, Cold Dry air mixing with Warm Wet air is how you get tornados. So in the US, there's warm wet air from the gulf colliding with cold dry air from Canada and we get "Tornado Alley" where most tornadoes happen. I know there are tornados in China, but no "Tornado Alley" phenomenon. It looks like there should be the same happening somewhere- warm, wet air from the South China Sea colliding with cold, dry air from Mongolia/Russia. What is this system missing that it needs to produce more tornados? submitted by /u/atmdk7 [link] [comments]

What would it be like to dig a ditch by hand shoveling on Mars? Would it be easier or more difficult than on Earth? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 04:28 PM PDT submitted by /u/doggiedogdogthrow [link] [comments]

Why are children less susceptible to serious illness with Covid-19? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 02:51 PM PDT I searched the sub but found no similar question, and internet results are all over the map. I read many opinions such as "because of their recent immunizations", "they have greater inherent protection against coronavirus due to being common harbingers for the common cold", and even "their immune systems are stronger. " Do we have any good idea yet why they seem to fare better or is it just too early to know? Particularly when they ARE susceptible to the flu in greater numbers, and flu has a similar angle of attack. submitted by /u/SueSudio [link] [comments]

How much was the world actually cooled during the "Year Without a Summer?" Posted: 17 Mar 2021 06:49 PM PDT So the year without a summer resulted in temperatures plummeting, with the year reportedly going without a summer, hence the name, with the global temperature being lowered by 3 degrees C or 5.4 degrees F. Reportedly, snow fell in summer in New England. Source. Now while the average global temperature fell that much, I find it hard to believe that it was that uniform, considering daily lows in the mountainous parts of new england are still a good 20 degrees F above freezing, so snow would simply not be possible at all all over new england if it was that uniform. So how were temperatures actually affected worldwide, and what could we expect from a Tambora size eruption today? submitted by /u/greencash370 [link] [comments]

Do cravings for specific nutrients get stronger when we are deficient in them? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 06:31 AM PDT For example protein has a taste we can crave - umami. Many vitamin-packed stuff tastes sour or bitter. Sugar can be craved - but is it really a common craving when blood sugar drops? submitted by /u/anonymir [link] [comments]

Why do you have to lick your lips before you whistle? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 10:22 PM PDT submitted by /u/idkyet1984 [link] [comments]

Do glaciers and icebergs melting noticably change the pH of the ocean? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 11:11 AM PDT Hello Due to climate change the polar ice caps are melting. When the icebergs or glaciers melt since they are fresh water they would theoretically dilute the ocean right? Would this have a noticeable affect on the pH of the ocean? And would this cause any noticeable change in the environment around them? Or globally? Thank you submitted by /u/cwx149 [link] [comments]

David Attenborough has just told me that bees can see colours which humans can’t (Life in Colour on Netflix). Before my brain explodes, can someone explain how this is possible, how we can know this, and what the colours might look like? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 03:43 PM PDT submitted by /u/dancingsalmon_ [link] [comments]

Does the Coastline Paradox actually apply to reality? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 09:03 PM PDT The idea that measuring a coastline with finer and finer units of measurement only makes it longer confuses me. I understand the idea when considering the kilometer -> meter - > centimeter conversion, as detail emerges with each new unit, but wouldn't you start getting diminishing returns after using a measurement smaller than a grain of sand? Even if that's not the case, I'm almost certain using a unit smaller than an atom would give an absolute length of a coastline, as there wouldn't be any more detail to uncover. I could just be bringing a thought experiment out of a vacuum and into reality, but I find it weird that it's called the Coastline Paradox rather than the Fractal Paradox if it can't actually be considered an unsolvable paradox when applied to coastlines. I would really appreciate everyone's thoughts on this, thanks! submitted by /u/Grandpa_Talos [link] [comments]

Do all planets have a "day-axis" that is relatively parallel to their "year-axis", or do some roll around their orbits like rolling balls for example? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 07:20 AM PDT submitted by /u/Johnny_5_Is_Dead [link] [comments]

What happens to the mRNA that does not enter a cell? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 07:32 AM PDT I think I understand the basics of how the mRNA coronavirus vaccines work once they enter a cell. But I'm curious what happens to the mRNA (and its surrounding lipid) that's doesn't enter a cell. Is it "garbage collected" somehow? Does it not matter? Sorry, I think I forgot my basic biology, but I find these mRNA vaccines fascinating! Any help or point in the right direction would be much appreciated! submitted by /u/jscoughlin [link] [comments]

It's been a year since covid became "pandemic". What progress have we made in treatments for it, is there something doctors can do? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 09:30 AM PDT submitted by /u/antyyyz [link] [comments]

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What happens if we mix vaccines of two different diseases and inject It in our body? Are we going to develop antibodies of the two diseases?

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• What happens if we mix vaccines of two different diseases and inject It in our body? Are we going to develop antibodies of the two diseases?
• AskScience AMA Series: Colorado State University Unveils The First Human Clinical Study Measuring and Comparing the Absorption Rate of CBD Delivered Through Food & Supplement Product Formats, Ask Us Anything!
• Might be very stupid so sorry in advance. But NASA says that Perseverance did about 7 months to travel to Mars and travelled about 480 million kilometres. But they say it travelled at a speed of about 39600 Km/h. And unless I made a dumb mistake that doesn't add up. Am I missing something?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
• Which fruits and vegetables most closely resemble their original wild form, before humans domesticated them?
• How much do vitamin D levels change in humans in continental climates during winter and summer?
• Why is the lifetime of a Muon (~2 microseconds) so much smaller than the lifetime of a Neutron (~15 minutes), even though they both decay due to the weak interaction?
• What is the impact of parenting on a child's beliefs, personality and academic success in the long run?
• Is it possible to make a vaccine for any virus?
• How does the body know the that the spike protein produced by a mRNA vaccine is foreign?
• Do drugs like SSRI permanently change the brain chemistry if one maintains the same healthy habits after they ween off? Are they just a way to kick start the brain to better quality of life?
• Does the Pfizer vaccine‘s 95% efficacy protect you from mild COVID-19 as well?
• Does playing crossword puzzles games and board puzzles type games make you more intelligent? is it beneficial for the brain?
• Where do enzymes used in replication/transcription/translation come from?
• How do you prevent blood clots in fully mechanical hearts?
• How do computers determine ethernet cable types?
• Is it possible to safely retrieve an egg from the fallopian tubes?

What happens if we mix vaccines of two different diseases and inject It in our body? Are we going to develop antibodies of the two diseases? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 05:08 PM PDT submitted by /u/Time_Investigator782 [link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: Colorado State University Unveils The First Human Clinical Study Measuring and Comparing the Absorption Rate of CBD Delivered Through Food & Supplement Product Formats, Ask Us Anything! Posted: 17 Mar 2021 04:00 AM PDT Hi Reddit! We're Dr. Christopher Bell, Associate Professor and Director of the Integrative Biology Lab at Colorado State University, and Keith Woelfel, Director of R&D at Caliper Foods, and we just published the first peer-reviewed investigation of consumer CBD product pharmacokinetics. The study was published in a special edition of the Medical Journal Pharmaceuticals entitled Cannabidiol: Advances in Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives, and was approved by Colorado State University's Institutional Review Board (IRB) in compliance with the requirements of 45 CFR 46 for human clinical research. Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the science of how bioactives diffuse through the body, and it reveals the difference between what we consume and what we absorb (vs. what we excrete), as well the rate and efficiency of absorption. PK studies are critical to understanding the efficacy of any bioactive compound, including CBD, since a bioactive's effect is a function of its presence. In other words, you can't feel what you don't absorb. PK studies provide the scientific foundation for claims such as "fast acting," "long lasting," and "superior bioavailability." To date, when CBD product manufacturers have claimed fast action or superior absorption, they have generally based those claims - to the extent they've predicated them at all - on mouse studies or analogies to non-cannabinoid bioactives (often curcumin). Caliper's study represents the first human clinical substantiation of such claims, as well as the first to do so using commercially available products and an IRB-approved study design. Moreover, with the CBD industry generally mired in fraud and mistrust enabled by the prominent absence of Food & Drug Administration (FDA) oversight or enforcement over the past four years, this study is unique in its academic integrity. Although Caliper provided funding for the study, Colorado State University exercised complete and independent authority over the collection, analysis, and publication of these results. Conducted by Colorado State University researchers, this study compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of three proprietary soluble CBD formats - Caliper Powder, Caliper Quillaia-based Liquid Concentrate, and Caliper Gum Arabic-based Liquid Concentrate - against two control formats: oil-based CBD tincture and unemulsified CBD isolate, which together power the majority (pdf) of available consumer CBD products in use today. The blinded, randomized, crossover study design involved 15 healthy men and women, ages 21-62, each consuming 30 mg of CBD in each product format. Participants provided venous blood samples prior to ingestion, and then at regular intervals over the ensuing four hours. Blood analysis revealed that all of Caliper's product formats were absorbed significantly faster than either control: Caliper Powder, which is used in Caliper's flagship consumer offerings, Caliper CBD and Caliper Swiftswticks, delivered CBD into the bloodstream 142 times faster than isolate, and 22 times faster than tincture, in the 30 minutes following ingestion, based on a comparison of observed circulating blood levels of CBD. Caliper Gum Arabic-based Liquid Concentrate (SKU: T-L-A-5), which is used by Caliper Ingredients' customers to power a variety of beverage, food, and supplement products, delivered CBD into the bloodstream 424 times faster than isolate, and 64 times faster than tincture, in the 30 minutes following ingestion, based on a comparison of observed circulating blood levels of CBD. Caliper Quillaia-based Liquid Concentrate (SKU: T-L-Q-20), which is used by Caliper Ingredients' customers to power a variety of beverage, food, and supplement products in the natural foods channel, delivered CBD into the bloodstream 218 times faster than isolate, and 33 times faster than tincture, in the 30 minutes following ingestion, based on a comparison of observed circulating blood levels of CBD. We welcome any and all questions related to the study! Keith's handle is /u/TryCaliper and Dr. Bell's handle is /u/DrBellCSU. AUA! We'll be available today (3/15/2021) until 5pm MT (7pm ET, 23 UT), but will be checking in after that to make sure everything is answered! submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Might be very stupid so sorry in advance. But NASA says that Perseverance did about 7 months to travel to Mars and travelled about 480 million kilometres. But they say it travelled at a speed of about 39600 Km/h. And unless I made a dumb mistake that doesn't add up. Am I missing something? Posted: 17 Mar 2021 06:37 AM PDT English is not my first language so sorry about any mistakes I've made. submitted by /u/Tiny_Erik [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Posted: 17 Mar 2021 07:00 AM PDT Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

Which fruits and vegetables most closely resemble their original wild form, before humans domesticated them? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 07:12 AM PDT I've recently learned that many fruits and vegetables looked nothing like what they do today, before we started growing them. But is there something we consume daily, that remained unchanged or almost unchanged? submitted by /u/-Sinora [link] [comments]

How much do vitamin D levels change in humans in continental climates during winter and summer? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 01:13 PM PDT submitted by /u/gehirnnebel [link] [comments]

Why is the lifetime of a Muon (~2 microseconds) so much smaller than the lifetime of a Neutron (~15 minutes), even though they both decay due to the weak interaction? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 08:02 PM PDT submitted by /u/dwiynwych [link] [comments]

What is the impact of parenting on a child's beliefs, personality and academic success in the long run? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 04:24 PM PDT Hello. I have seen posts that for example mentioned the MaTcH meta-analysis showing groups (monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins and normal siblings) sharing the same enviroment or raised in different enviroments seemed to be similar and the impact of the shared environment to be small to non-existent (depending on the trait mentioned). Also Robert Plomin, the author of Blueprint on Psychology Today wrote: "I hope this message also frees parents from the illusion that a child's future success depends on how hard they push them." It is hard for me to wrap my head around the concept that regardless of whether I prevent my children from studying at all or whether I motivate them and help them find out their best way of studying will have no effect on their future success whatsoever. Same goes with beliefs and personality. It makes sense parents won't directly determine a child's personality and beliefs, but again I feel with the most extreme examples of putting a child into a cult and being physically abusive the entire length of a child effect should have some longterm effects on a child. With a normal upbringing also it makes sense that you can influence your child's behaviour in how they react to the experiences that would affect their future personality (Plomin's so-called "random" events). Any help on potential flaws or limitations in the work/disagreement on the matter/perspective I haven't considered would be appreciated. submitted by /u/Happy_Psych [link] [comments]

Is it possible to make a vaccine for any virus? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 06:19 PM PDT Wouldn't it be possible to encounter a virus for which we can't get the vaccine or it is too complex to be achieved in a reasonable time? submitted by /u/PROM99 [link] [comments]

How does the body know the that the spike protein produced by a mRNA vaccine is foreign? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 05:35 PM PDT So from my understanding the mRNA COVID vaccines work as follows. A sequence of mRNA that codes for the spike protein that is found in SARS-COV-2 is synthesized and placed in a lipid layer, which is the vaccine. That vaccine enters your body and the mRNA is able to enter the cell's mitochondria where a spike protein is made and attaches outside your cells. Your immune system recognizes those proteins as foreign bodies and attacks it. Your body makes anti-bodies that recognize the SARS-COV-2 spike proteins and protects you from a future infection. My question is how does your immune system recognize that spike protein as foreign and attack it? After all the protein is made by your own body and is not "foreign." I took one semester of cell-bio so my understanding of all this is very limited. submitted by /u/crimsonflood [link] [comments]

Do drugs like SSRI permanently change the brain chemistry if one maintains the same healthy habits after they ween off? Are they just a way to kick start the brain to better quality of life? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 06:19 AM PDT submitted by /u/Narbarian [link] [comments]

Does the Pfizer vaccine‘s 95% efficacy protect you from mild COVID-19 as well? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 09:51 AM PDT I know that AstraZeneca's vaccine protects you from severe COVID-19 (70-80%). I cannot find an online source which states the same for Pfizer's vaccine. Does that mean that you have a complete 95% protection - severe and mild? submitted by /u/trashcanhanson [link] [comments]

Does playing crossword puzzles games and board puzzles type games make you more intelligent? is it beneficial for the brain? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 12:40 PM PDT submitted by /u/ColdLZ [link] [comments]

Where do enzymes used in replication/transcription/translation come from? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 11:35 AM PDT I understand that there are several enzymes like helicase, RNA polymerase, etc that are used throughout the process of copying DNA and also forming proteins out of our DNA sequences. I imagine that those enzymes also need to be created through the processes it is used for. Then, where do the enzymes needed to facilitate the creation of proteins come from before any of them are produced in the cell? submitted by /u/whalerpenguin [link] [comments]

How do you prevent blood clots in fully mechanical hearts? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 05:50 AM PDT It is well known and widely adopted in practice that patients with mechanical valves need high doses of blood thinners to prevent clots forming on the surfaces of the foreign material (perhaps something to do with the hard material damaging blood products and initiating a coagulation cascade). But how feasible is it to use blood thinners for fully mechanical hearts like the Bivacor or Jarvis models? I assume there is a limit to how much warfarin you can use, so what do the engineers do to minimize blood clotting? submitted by /u/nickoskal024 [link] [comments]

How do computers determine ethernet cable types? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 08:18 PM PDT All types of ethernet cables are just 4 pairs of copper cables but they have extremely different bandwidths. But how does a computer recognizes that one copper cable can only transfer 100 Mbps (Cat 5 with 100MHz) and another can transfer 10000 Mbps (Cat 7a with 1000Mhz). I understand that the different speeds depend one the frequence the cables use but how can a computer determine which frequence to use when both cables are just copper? submitted by /u/Hard_Veur [link] [comments]

Is it possible to safely retrieve an egg from the fallopian tubes? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 09:43 AM PDT Or maybe from the uterus? Instead of the usual retrieval from the ovary. Where can I read about such procedures? submitted by /u/Kryddsalvia [link] [comments]

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Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States

AskScience AMA Series: Hi, I'm Robert Faris, a sociology professor at UC Davis, and my latest research on teen bullying recently received some attention and commentary on r/science so I'm here to answer questions about bullying, frenemies, and why prevention programs have not been successful-AMA!

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• AskScience AMA Series: Hi, I'm Robert Faris, a sociology professor at UC Davis, and my latest research on teen bullying recently received some attention and commentary on r/science so I'm here to answer questions about bullying, frenemies, and why prevention programs have not been successful-AMA!
• In the way that gravity is based on mass, and electromagnetism is based on charge, are there analogous properties for the weak/strong nuclear forces?
• Can leeches contract aids/hiv?
• Are the antibodies and T Cells created by mRNA and Ad26 vaccines the same or different?
• Why can’t humans survive without a pancreas?
• Was the Chernobyl graphite radioactive due to induced radioactivity?
• At sea level, how different is the evaporation rate of water at 99c and 100c? In a graph showing that, would there be a sudden jump?
• In a lithium-ion battery, when electrons flow into the cathode during discharge, do they reduce the cobalt ions (4+ to 3+) or the incoming lithium ions (+ to 0)?
• Do immunosuppressants affect the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy or the quality of immune response after vaccination?
• What is the maximum altitude that meteors start to burn up?
• Why is Thursday 18th march not the solstice but still is the day closest to 12 hours in length?
• Is there any evidence that every person in the world is susceptible to infection by SARS-COV-2?
• Did dinosaurs have gizzards?
• How do asteroids form into dense shapes?

AskScience AMA Series: Hi, I'm Robert Faris, a sociology professor at UC Davis, and my latest research on teen bullying recently received some attention and commentary on r/science so I'm here to answer questions about bullying, frenemies, and why prevention programs have not been successful-AMA! Posted: 16 Mar 2021 04:00 AM PDT Hello r/askscience! Thanks for having me here. I'll be here from 12pm to 3pm PT today (3-6 PM ET, 19-22 UT). My latest research on bullying (with coauthors Diane Felmlee and Cassie McMillan) was based on the idea that teens use aggression to gain social status in their school and tried to identify the most likely targets for their cruelty. To the extent that bullying is used this way, adolescents are likely to target their own friends and friends-of-friends, for these are their rivals for desired social positions and relationships. We indeed found that, compared to schoolmates who are not friends, friends are four times as likely to bully each other, and friends-of-friends are more than twice as likely to do so. Additionally, "structurally equivalent" classmates - those who are not necessarily friends, but who share many friends in common - are more likely to bully or otherwise victimize each other. Our research received some attention and commentary on r/science so I'm here to answer your questions about bullying, frenemies, and why prevention programs have not been successful--AMA! Full paper - With Friends Like These: Aggression from Amity and Equivalence. Username: /u/OfficialUCDavis submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

In the way that gravity is based on mass, and electromagnetism is based on charge, are there analogous properties for the weak/strong nuclear forces? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 10:10 AM PDT Gravity and electromagnetism seem quite similar in that they are forces based on the mass and charge, respectively, of the objects involved. Do the strong and weak nuclear forces have similar properties that the interactions are based around? submitted by /u/marshalpol [link] [comments]

Can leeches contract aids/hiv? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 06:32 AM PDT submitted by /u/subwayguy99 [link] [comments]

Are the antibodies and T Cells created by mRNA and Ad26 vaccines the same or different? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 12:19 PM PDT Whether you get mRNA (Pfizer & Moderna) or Ad26 (J&J), the goal is for the vaccine to make spike proteins that lead to antibodies and T Cells. Are the antibodies and T Cells created by both types...the same? Or are they different? If they're the same, is the "failure" of a vaccine caused by the vaccine not actually making the antibodies and T Cells they're meant to, or, is it that they're made, but the ones they do make (because they're different) aren't as effective? Edit: I believe I meant to refer to the creation of B Cells instead of the creation of T Cells. I'll leave the original post as is, as your explanations have been helpful so far. Thanks everyone! submitted by /u/lifeisgr00d [link] [comments]

Why can’t humans survive without a pancreas? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 06:20 AM PDT I know Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly types, as I've been taught that you can't live without one due to the role it plays in the body by regulating blood glucose levels and producing enzymes for digestion. However with modern medicine, can we not control these things by giving nutrients via IV, or is there another function of the pancreas we cannot recreate? submitted by /u/AlbinoBlobFish [link] [comments]

Was the Chernobyl graphite radioactive due to induced radioactivity? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 05:32 AM PDT Hi Just watched HBO's Chernobyl series for the 2nd time (wow that is some good TV) and I was a bit puzzled about why the graphite blocks were so radioactive. Is it simply because they were coated in fission products, or were did they become radioactive themselves as a result from induced radiation from being present in the core? I'm wondering the same about things like the 'Chernobyl claw'. Is that still radioactive because of induced radioactivity while it was working near the exposed core? Thanks submitted by /u/plummet555 [link] [comments]

At sea level, how different is the evaporation rate of water at 99c and 100c? In a graph showing that, would there be a sudden jump? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 03:40 AM PDT submitted by /u/EatCakeAndHaveIt [link] [comments]

In a lithium-ion battery, when electrons flow into the cathode during discharge, do they reduce the cobalt ions (4+ to 3+) or the incoming lithium ions (+ to 0)? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 06:38 AM PDT Why the question? I want to better understand how lithium-ion batteries work, and have read all the 'ordinary-guy' articles in the web and have looked at all the Youtube videos I could find. Most seem to state that it is the lithium ions that gain an electron, but a few state that it is the cobalt ions that do (e.g. this one). PS. I should have said 'oxidize', not 'reduce'. submitted by /u/apiek1 [link] [comments]

Do immunosuppressants affect the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy or the quality of immune response after vaccination? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 12:34 AM PDT I'm curious about both the scenario where you are taking a mild immunosuppressant (such as sulfasalazine) when you get the shot, and then after you complete the series you begin taking a stronger one, such as imuran. Is there any data on how these types of drugs impact the immune response to the vaccination and the virus itself after vaccination? submitted by /u/tinydonuts [link] [comments]

What is the maximum altitude that meteors start to burn up? Posted: 16 Mar 2021 02:30 AM PDT A lot of holywood movies show meteors starting to burn in outer space . How unrealistic is this? submitted by /u/unstannyvalley [link] [comments]

Why is Thursday 18th march not the solstice but still is the day closest to 12 hours in length? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 10:13 AM PDT Looking at the London weather report recently from Metoffice, I noticed that yes, as normal daylight hours are increasing, but the sun will rise at something like 6:10am and set at about 6:11pm on Thursday this week, and then the days after will be longer than 12 hours. Why is that not 20th/21st/22nd march on the solstice? Edit: After some discussion in the comments, a refinement of this question is: why is the solstice not within 24 hours of the equinox? submitted by /u/Ulfbass [link] [comments]

Is there any evidence that every person in the world is susceptible to infection by SARS-COV-2? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 09:47 PM PDT submitted by /u/jsprogrammer [link] [comments]

Did dinosaurs have gizzards? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 09:52 AM PDT Did dinosaurs have gizzards? submitted by /u/notbad2u [link] [comments]

How do asteroids form into dense shapes? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 09:46 AM PDT On a planetary scale I understand that the accretion of material is compressed due to gravity, but how do small asteroids become so dense. It seems they would be a loose collection of small grains bound only by weak gravity if they formed out of the cosmic cloud. submitted by /u/JGrizz0011 [link] [comments]

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Is there any potential for COVID-19 to lead to cancers down the line?

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• Is there any potential for COVID-19 to lead to cancers down the line?
• AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions / charities. AUA!
• What did the Soviet space program use where the American space program used the Apollo Guidance Computer?
• Can your circulatory system become dependent on compression garments?
• From an evolutionary standpoint, why is the vagus nerve a cranial nerve?
• How do scientists create a virus ? Do they have a stock of « blank » virus that they can modify ?
• What is the COVID-19 death rate among people who have been fully vaccinated?
• If you’re currently sick and take a vaccine, is the efficacy of the vaccine reduced ?
• How do we know COVID-19 is transmissible from an asymptomatic carrier? How do we know that's unusual?
• Do the mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 function similarly to RNA-based viruses?
• How fast do nebulae change shape?
• Do the vaccines protect against serious illness and death with the variants, especially the NY variant?
• Would naturally good drawers have a better time at sports and video games than the average person?
• How much does dry air due to air-conditioning increase the transmission rate of COVID-19?
• Is it possible that there are still hundreds of dinosaur species (or genus') that have never been discovered or will ever be discovered?

Is there any potential for COVID-19 to lead to cancers down the line? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 04:05 PM PDT I know that some viruses can lead to cancer later in life. How does that interaction happen, are any of those viruses similar to the coronavirus, and are there any indications that anything about covid could lead to cancer incidences down the line? Edit: I'm not asking if we have data of higher cancer rates in people who have had covid, I'm asking if this virus has any similarities in its structure/function to the other viruses that have been shown to lead to certain cancers in significantly higher numbers, such as HPV, Hepatitis C, etc. submitted by /u/Bringer_of_Fire [link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions / charities. AUA! Posted: 15 Mar 2021 04:00 AM PDT TL;DR: Last week was British Science Week! We are here to answer any questions any of you have to do with science or technology and how they affect your life. There are no silly questions - ask us anything and we will try to give an easy-to-understand answer and, wherever possible, provide some further sources to enable you to do your own research/reading. Our goal is simply to advance everyone's understanding of science, engineering and technology and to help people be better informed about the issues likely to affect them and their families. More info / Longer read: CSES is a registered charity in the UK, founded in 1920. We're a volunteer group of over 250 members and our key strength is our diversity and interdisciplinary expertise. Our members come from a variety of educational, social and economic backgrounds, from industry and academia and a multitude of age groups, representing groups from the millennials all the way to the Silent Generation (our oldest member being 97)! There has been growing dis-information globally in the last 20 years. Today's global interconnectedness, while being hugely beneficial for making information easily accessible to everyone, has made it ever more difficult to determine 'truth' and who to trust. As an independent charity, not affiliated or biased to any particular group, but with broad knowledge we are here to answer any questions you may have and to hopefully point you to further reading! Our goal is simply to answer as many of your questions as we can - but we aren't able to give advice on things - sorry! We will also be clear where what we are saying is the experience-based opinion of someone in our team. CSES will draw from its large pool of volunteers to answer your questions, however the people standing by to answer comments are: Vic Leverett OBE: 40 years' engineering experience with previous director-level positions Europe's largest defence/engineering companies. Honoured by The Queen with an OBE for services to engineering and defence. Professor David Humber: 30 years' experience as a researcher, lecturer and senior university manager specialising in immuno-biology and the life sciences. David Whyte: Technologist and Chartered Engineer with 10 years' Research and Deployment experience and 15 international patents across a wide range of technologies. Amy Knight: Science teacher and artist experienced in art/science collaborations with organisations like Soapbox Science and The Royal Society; her work has been featured at the Tate Modern's "Tate Exchange". Anthony McQuiggan: 10 years of engineering experience and 30 years as a serial entrepreneur having built a number of very successful start-up SME technology companies in the UK, Japan and the USA. Roger Pittock: 36 years' experience in electronics, software, mechanical, electrical, process engineering, and safety systems. Avid supporter of the Consumers' Association, currently serving on their Council. Adam Wood - President of CSES: Chartered Engineer with over 12 years' experience in electronics, software and systems engineering, working in the medical / healthcare, transport and aerospace industries. So Reddit... Ask us anything! Username: /u/chelmsfordses submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

What did the Soviet space program use where the American space program used the Apollo Guidance Computer? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 11:31 PM PDT submitted by /u/EZ-PEAS [link] [comments]

Can your circulatory system become dependent on compression garments? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 07:58 PM PDT I know that when circulation is altered medicinally, discontinuation of treatment often causes rebound effects that take time to dissipate. I'm curious as to whether this also applies to physical/mechanical methods of altering blood flow. submitted by /u/eddie_the_shit [link] [comments]

From an evolutionary standpoint, why is the vagus nerve a cranial nerve? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 05:26 AM PDT Most of our periphery is innervated by different groups of nerves, why is our vagus nerve a cranial nerve when it could have been innervated by something "closer"? Why did the vagus nerve develop from the cranial nerves? Is there an evolutionary explanation? submitted by /u/_happytobehere_ [link] [comments]

How do scientists create a virus ? Do they have a stock of « blank » virus that they can modify ? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 06:52 AM PDT submitted by /u/decre19 [link] [comments]

What is the COVID-19 death rate among people who have been fully vaccinated? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 08:55 PM PDT I'm not talking about deaths from vaccine complications or allergies, but people who are fully vaccinated (sufficient doses + wait time) and then subsequently die due to COVID-19. I know it's gotta be a tiny number, but I also know nothing is ever really 100% in situations like this. I'm normally pretty good at pulling up random data but I'm finding nothing here. submitted by /u/GrinningPariah [link] [comments]

If you’re currently sick and take a vaccine, is the efficacy of the vaccine reduced ? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 08:36 PM PDT I don't mean horribly sick. Just common things that people deal with every day... touch of the sniffles, cold sore, minor staph infection like a stye on the eyelid, that sort of thing. Is the immune system better able to respond as it's already "primed" or is it at a reduced capacity for response as it's already currently busy ? submitted by /u/PeteUKinUSA [link] [comments]

How do we know COVID-19 is transmissible from an asymptomatic carrier? How do we know that's unusual? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 03:21 PM PDT I was watching Dr. Fauci talk on Stephen Colbert earlier this week, and he said that Covid-19 is unusual in that people with no symptoms can still be carriers and transmit the virus. How do we know this? I'm guessing it has something to do with the large amount of tests performed. Also, how do we know that other diseases, like influenza, don't work this way? submitted by /u/Kethlak [link] [comments]

Do the mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 function similarly to RNA-based viruses? Posted: 15 Mar 2021 01:43 AM PDT My very basic understanding is that mRNA vaccines invoke the production of a protein that is found in COVID-19 and that the immune system considers a threat. The protein itself is harmless, yet is still somehow considered a threat, thus leading to some form of immunization through some memory mechanism. In simple terms, what is the difference between this and a virus? Is it that a virus consistently reproduces itself and is selected to produce symptoms which further spreads itself? Please tell me if my understanding is incorrect. submitted by /u/kanben [link] [comments]

How fast do nebulae change shape? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 07:13 PM PDT So as regions of gas and dust, and of star formation they must be dynamically changing faster than galaxies, right? What evolution of the observed nebulae has happened over the history of telescopes for example (and how does that correlate w our scientific models)? submitted by /u/nickoskal024 [link] [comments]

Do the vaccines protect against serious illness and death with the variants, especially the NY variant? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 06:22 PM PDT I've been reading that the vaccines pretty much completely prevent serious illness and death. Is this true with the new NYC variant? If unknown, how soon do you estimate we will know? submitted by /u/hakuna_matitties [link] [comments]

Would naturally good drawers have a better time at sports and video games than the average person? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 10:19 PM PDT I'm honestly been really curious if naturally good drawers are going to better than sports and video games than most people. Sports and video games both require good hand eye coordination to be good at and most naturally good artists share that trait. By naturally I mean, by birth. Being really good at drawing things by hand with little to no effort. Often better than most people around their age. So if they were to try and play sports/video games. Would that mean that they would preform better than the average person if both were to have similar IQ and fitness? submitted by /u/Idontknow22344 [link] [comments]

How much does dry air due to air-conditioning increase the transmission rate of COVID-19? Posted: 14 Mar 2021 09:23 AM PDT submitted by /u/pastafarian24 [link] [comments]

Is it possible that there are still hundreds of dinosaur species (or genus') that have never been discovered or will ever be discovered? Posted: 13 Mar 2021 03:51 PM PST We only know of the dinosaurs from the fossils we have found of them. Is it possible that there were some absolutely amazing really cool looking dinos out there who, for whatever reason, we have never found the fossils of because they died in areas not conducive to fossilisation? How many dinosaur genus' is it possible we haven't discovered yet, and probably never even will discover due to them not having fossils? submitted by /u/Dabrigstar [link] [comments]

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