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Thursday, February 18, 2021

Where is dark matter theoretically?

Where is dark matter theoretically?

Where is dark matter theoretically?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 05:53 PM PST

I know that most of our universe is mostly made up of dark matter and dark energy. But where is this energy/matter (literally speaking) is it all around us and we just can't sense it without tools because it's not useful to our immediate survival? Or is it floating around the universe and it's just pure chance that there isn't enough anywhere near us to produce a measurable sample?

submitted by /u/shadowsog95
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How does heat dissipation work in space (feel free to be technical)?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 05:52 PM PST

I never really gave much thought into how systems cool themselves in space, but they obviously can't use cooling through air convection. However, I know that the ISS uses radiators. So the only thing that they can dissipate heat is through radiation, right? How efficient is that? For example, parts of the ISS use Ammonia to circulate heat. If I had X liters of Ammonia flowing evenly through a radiator system of area Y at Z degrees Celsius, how long would it take for the Ammonia to reach temperature T? Feel free to be as technical as you want, I come from a science and math background. In fact, I would even appreciate if someone could provide me with information or equations that I could use to calculate or estimate heat dissipation in space systems.

submitted by /u/AnthroDragon
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AskScience AMA Series: We are geoscientists, emergency managers and communication specialists working on the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system in CA, OR and WA. Ask us anything!

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

We are geoscientists, emergency managers and communication specialists working on the Pacific Northwest ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system in CA, OR and WA.

  • Robert de Groot (USGS), ShakeAlert Coordinator for Communication, Education, Outreach, and Technical Engagement, responsible for the effort to develop and execute training and education programs and materials that are integrated with broader earthquake risk programs in order to promote the public and institutional acceptance and implementation of the ShakeAlert system.
  • Althea Rizzo, Oregon Office of Emergency Management, Geological Hazards Coordinator
  • Doug Given (USGS), Earthquake Early Warning National Coordinator, responsible of overall development and operation of the ShakeAlert system.
  • Mouse Reusch, ShakeAlert Regional Buildout Coordinator, Pacific Northwest Seismic Network, responsible for coordinating the buildout of stations in Oregon and Washington as well as sharing and integrating best practices for ShakeAlert across the West Coast.
  • Lucy Walsh, Oregon Hazards Lab at the University of Oregon, Oregon ShakeAlert Coordinator. The primary resource in Oregon for onboarding users of the ShakeAlert System.
  • Maximilian Dixon, Washington State Emergency Management Division, Hazards and Outreach Program Supervisor, manages geological hazards, preparedness, and related outreach efforts for Washington state.
  • Danté DiSabatino, Washington State Emergency Management Division, Earthquake Early Warning Outreach Coordinator, responsible for coordinating the rollout of ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning in Washington state.
  • Bill Steele, UW-PNSN Communicator and External Affairs, Washington ShakeAlert Technical Implementation Coordinator.
  • Sara McBride, USGS Research Social Scientist, responsible for coordination of the social science research regarding ShakeAlert. As a communication researcher, she studies media, social media, and diverse populations.
  • Harold Tobin, Director of Pacific Northwest Seismic Network, UW Professor of Geophysics, Washington State Seismologist. Responsible for oversight of earthquake information and research at PNSN and at UW; lead the UW team in the ShakeAlert partnership.
  • Matt Auflick, Community relations Manager, Seattle Office of Emergency Management. Responsible for community outreach, public information and alert and warning for the City of Seattle's emergency management program.

We're here to raise awareness and answer questions about the new early earthquake warning system, earthquakes and Pacific Northwest hazards in general. We'll be on at 11-2 PST (2-5 ET, 19-22 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/IRIS_Earthquakes

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why haven't more traditional methods of making vaccines been successful in the case of Covid-19?

Posted: 18 Feb 2021 01:11 AM PST

I know the mRNA and adenovirus methods have yielded positive results, but why have protein/subunit and attenuated virus vaccines shown less promise?

submitted by /u/Wgeorgian69
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If you put ice in a vacuum sealed container and the ice melts, does the vacuum get stronger since the volume decreased?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 01:12 PM PST

Antibody titers after COVID 19 vaccine?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 08:34 PM PST

What do we know about antibody titers and timing in relation to first and second shots of Pfizer (+/-Moderna)? Any good sources out there? Haven't run across a good summary anywhere, thought someone here may have. Specifically, when would one expect to test positive for antibodies after receiving both doses of an mRNA vaccine?

submitted by /u/thiopental101
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How long does it take your cells to read the mRNA (from the Pfizer/Moderna vaccine) and then create the spike protein? Does it happen relatively instantly or take some time? Does your immune response also react immediately to the presence of the spike protein?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 06:49 PM PST

Will individualized cancer vaccines be possible using technology that created the RNA coronavirus vaccine?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 09:15 PM PST

I know in biology class I learned that all cells have surface proteins. And these surface proteins can sometimes be different depending on the type of cell. I also know that the coronavirus vaccine uses RNA to make our immune system react to the coronavirus. Would we be able to use that same technology to create a unique vaccine for everyone to fight against their cancer cells?

submitted by /u/Bloodshot_Wolf
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When writing the wave function for the shrodinger equation for a two particle system, why can you assume that the wave function can be written as a product of the two states of the particles?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 11:31 PM PST

Under what assumption does this hold? What about for entanglement? How would you set up an entangled system in the lab?

submitted by /u/CheekyCheetah1
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What did Oceania and the South Pacific look like during the Paleolithic period? Was there significantly more land above sea level?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 11:15 AM PST

I've read about how glacier melt opened up tons of continental land mass, but now I'm wondering the opposite. With ocean level rises the past several thousand years, how many island networks were submerged? Continents even?

submitted by /u/Mytiesinmymaitai
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How did scientists figure out that coal came from plants?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 06:20 AM PST

How do we know it's Hg2I2 and not HgI?

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 07:08 AM PST

It's not a large question, but how can you know it's Hg2I2 and not HgI? Cause nothing seems wrong with HgI?

submitted by /u/mitoma333
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What is the difference between corrosion (e.g. steel rusting in a marine environment) and hydrogen embrittlement? Can both occur at the same time?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 11:03 AM PST

I'm in a class and the instructor seems to think that steel corroding in salt water would also cause hydrogen embrittlement. I was under the impression that you need a significant source of hydrogen atoms to diffuse into the steel, which is why electroplating, for example, causes it. Do the oxidation reactions in steel corrosion also free up a lot of hydrogen atoms?

submitted by /u/pinky_blues
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Wednesday, February 17, 2021

Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines?

Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines?

Why cannot countries mass produce their own vaccines by “copying the formulae” of the already approved Moderna and Pfizer vaccines?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 08:38 PM PST

I'm a Canadian and we are dependent on the EU to ship out the remaining vials of the vaccine as contractually obligated to do so however I'm wondering what's stopping us from creating the vaccines on our home soil when we already have the moderna and Pfizer vaccines that we are currently slowly vaccinating the people with.

Wouldn't it be beneficial for all countries around the world to do the same to expedite the vaccination process?

Is there a patent that prevents anyone from copying moderna/Pfizer vaccines?

submitted by /u/lionheart2893
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AskScience AMA Series: I am Tom Talbot MD MPH, an infectious diseases physician and infection prevention expert/vaccine advocate who's been working on the frontlines during the COVID pandemic. AMA!

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

I am an infectious diseases physician (for almost 2 decades) working at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC - views expressed are my own and don't represent formal VUMC guidance). Much of my professional career has focused on infection prevention as the VUMC Chief Hospital Epidemiologist (a fancy word for medical director of the institution's infection prevention program). I work to reduce the risks of patients and healthcare workers catching an infection related to healthcare. This could be infections after surgery, infections due to medical devices, and infections related to emerging pathogens, like COVID.

I'm also a recognized expert in and advocate of vaccinations as a way to protect individuals, other patients, and healthcare workers from harm (such as spread of viruses like influenza and now COVID). Now that several effective COVID vaccines are available, these will be the tools that help get us to the other side of this pandemic. However, vaccination efforts have been hampered by supply/logistic issues, confusion over eligibility, and hesitancy. Happy to chat with everyone today at noon (ET, 17 UT) about COVID and the vaccines!

Twitter: @trtalbotmd

Username: /u/trtalbotmd

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 17 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How much does alcohol affect vaccine efficacy?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 08:34 AM PST

So lately, there's been a lot of contradictory information about how alcohol might affect the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (e.g., with Russia, India, and the UK advising people to not drink before and after vaccination for various periods of time vs. various American doctors saying that moderate drinking shouldn't affect the vaccines at all).

I realize that we don't yet have data on the COVID vaccines in particular. But in general, how much does alcohol consumption actually affect immunity in response to vaccinations (e.g., development of antibodies and memory t-cells)?

A lot of people are drinking a lot more than usual recently, due to the pandemic. So, three separate questions would be:

  1. How does moderate drinking affect vaccine efficacy (e.g., 1-2 drinks per day)? From online sources, it seems like the impact would be minimal.

  2. How would a binge or two a few days after the vaccine affect its efficacy? Would this completely undermine antibody and t-cell development?

  3. How would regular heavy drinking affect the vaccine's efficacy? I realize that regular heavy drinking can suppress the immune system. But would it in particular prevent the formation of antibodies and memory t-cells?

submitted by /u/dky828
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Do Star Systems have areas of “Interstellar Space”?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

My basic understanding of interstellar space is that it's the areas outside of star systems. However, I was reading about the "Oort Cloud", which is towards the end of our solar system - and this graphic here shows that between Neptune and the Oort Cloud, there is interstellar space.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud#/media/File%3APIA17046_-_Voyager_1_Goes_Interstellar.jpg

So my question really is, what is interstellar space and is it possible for star systems to have it?

submitted by /u/s1yh1r
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How does "green" energy producers maintain the frequency of the electricity generated?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 02:55 PM PST

From what I have read, the frequency of electricity is maintained by the spinning of generators. With wind, and especially solar, the frequency is not easily maintained. Since a lot of consumer motors need to have the frequency of electricity maintained in a very tight range or the motor will quickly fail.

submitted by /u/ShotnTheDark_TN
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Tuesday, February 16, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're an international team of astronomers and engineers working to directly image planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

We're a group of scientists from around the globe that came together to work toward the common cause of imaging nearby planets that could potentially support life. You might have seen our work (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21176-6#Sec3) in the headlines recently, in which we reported the first sensitivity to sub-Saturn sized planets in the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri along with a possible candidate planet. We'll be on around 2 PM ET (19 UT) and we're looking forward to your questions!

Usernames: /u/k-wagner, /u/erdmann72, /u/ulli_kaeufl

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What impact do those long and low cold temperatures have on insect populations like ticks, mosquitos, chiggers, butterflies, bees, in temperate regions?

Posted: 16 Feb 2021 06:03 AM PST

I'm a hiking, camping and trail running enthusiasts who often deals with ticks, chiggers, mosquitos, etc. I was wondering what will those low temperatures for the past 2 weeks will have on those populations.

submitted by /u/sage5979
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Do superfluids have surface tension?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:15 PM PST

I know about surface tension in regular water, but can a superfluid have surface tension?

submitted by /u/SiegfriedScott
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Why was the Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) outbreak of 2002-2004 not worse?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 10:34 AM PST

I'm curious why that Coronavirus outbreak didn't become worse/affect greater numbers. From reading about it, it doesn't seem as though the early reaction to it was much different than the early reaction to SARS-Cov-2 (Covid 19). Was it less contagious? Was it just luck?

submitted by /u/Dozhet
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Does moving water freeze at slower rate than stagnant water?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 02:08 PM PST

What's special about spin that allows two electrons to be in the lowest energy level without canceling each other?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 01:35 PM PST

Is there two electron fields one for each spin for example?

submitted by /u/anonymous0x9
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Can vaccines force a pathogen like COVID-19 to mutate 'undesirably'? Have we seen this with influenza or other vaccines?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 03:34 PM PST

If everyone is vaccinated, and the vaccines cover all mutations up till that point, can that trigger the virus to mutate in a new direction, effectively responding to our response?

Have we ever seen a 'wild' virus change because we did something to it?

submitted by /u/vIpshnu
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Did the rate of physical disability decrease throughout in the 20th century?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 12:03 PM PST

Hello, I was looking for stats on this topic, but struggled to find anything that really fit the bill. My question mostly pertains to the developed world, although I imagine the trends involved are global to varying degrees. I'm also excluding physical disability due to aging, because that seems like it obscures the overall picture (unless, I suppose, 80-year-olds today are more or less likely to be disabled than 80-year-olds a hundred years ago)

It occurred to me the other day that many of the factors that caused lifelong physical disability in the past are now largely controlled. Most infectious diseases that caused disability in children, like polio, meningitis, and mumps, are now either gone from the developed world or relatively rare. Additionally, a number of other causes of disability, like growth hormone disorders, are now routinely identified and treated in childhood.

We've also improved health and safety and environmental regulations, which means you'd think fewer people are disabled due to workplace injuries or preventable exposure to contaminants (lead, for example). Another example of a cause of disability that is decreasing in incidence are neural tube defects, due in part to the US and a few other countries introducing folate fortification.

My guess from all of this is that the number of people per 100,000 with physical disabilities is probably decreasing, as fewer people acquire disabilities and those that did decades ago pass away. Is this true? Are there countervailing trends I'm missing out here?

I'm only asking for curiosity because this seems like a demographic trend nobody mentions if it's true.

submitted by /u/MerryMach
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How many neurons do earthworms have?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 09:35 AM PST

I have tried to Google this many times to win an argument over which has more neurons, a fruitfly or an earthworms. The fruitfly number came up easy, although I got two figures(135000 and 250000). I gathered a fruitfly would have more since it has much more complex behaviours. The counter argument was that earthworms have neurons throughout their bodies since they have repeating sections. But are those actual neurons? Do spines have neurons or just a lot of nerve cells?

submitted by /u/Bora_Horza_Kobuschul
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Endocrinology: How can hypo and hyperthyroidism create similar neurological effects/symptoms, yet be opposing conditions?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 11:37 AM PST

Preface: I have hypothyroidism and was reading medical literature that hypothyroidism often is associated with decreased memory/impairment. However, hyperthyroidism is also associated with memory impairment as well.

My hunch was that an increased concentration of TSH/TH would lead to increased mental function, but it seems this is not the case with hyperthyroid patients. Can someone in the field better explain this?

Papers I glanced through: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10747-7
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285549/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453099000505?via%3Dihub

submitted by /u/Wahtnowson
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How do economist calculate price elasticity using income and price of an item?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 08:38 AM PST

Hi r/askscience

Let's say I survey people who consumed chocolate regularly in a longitudinal fashion and I recorded the price of their fav chocolate (can change) every 2 months along with their income. Is there a way to calculate the aggregated price elasticity of chocolate for chocolate lover within the sample?

Like for example, when luxury goods are deemed to have a huge price elasticity. That is determined by supply and demand, but can supply be substituted with income?

submitted by /u/findinginformations
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Whats going tonhapoen to the gulf current?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST

This hard freeze over most of the North American continent is something else. My question is, what will the current weather system do to the gulf of Mexico and the gulf stream? Currently, the water temp off of Galveston is at 58. Will Europe have a much cooler spring this year?

submitted by /u/Kickstand8604
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Monday, February 15, 2021

How are blood vessels connected in a partial liver transplant?

How are blood vessels connected in a partial liver transplant?

How are blood vessels connected in a partial liver transplant?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 08:25 PM PST

The liver has several crucial blood vessel connections. How are transplants 'hooked up' to them? They can't be just sewn on can they? Isn't there a rather large size difference between the primary vessels and the vessels present in the donated organ?

submitted by /u/jwizardc
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AskScience AMA Series: We are evolutionary biologists from the University of Tennessee celebrating Darwin Day. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:14 AM PST

Hello! We are evolutionary biologists from the University of Tennessee with a wide variety of research backgrounds. We are here celebrating a belated Darwin Day, which commemorates the birthday of Charles Darwin each year on February 12. Joining us today are:

  • Krista De Cooke, PhD student (u/kdec940) studies the spread of invasive plants and native plant alternatives. Her work aims to develop practical tools to help people select appropriate plants for their needs that also serve a positive ecological purpose.

  • Stephanie Drumheller, PhD (/u/uglyfossils) studies paleontology, especially taphonomy. Her research focuses on the processes of fossilization, evolution, and biology, of crocodiles and their relatives, including identifying bite marks on fossils. Find her on Twitter @UglyFossils.

  • Amy Luo, PhD student studies the evolution of bird song dialects.

  • Brian O'Meara, PhD (/u/omearabrian) is an evolutionary biologist at the University of Tennessee and President-Elect of the Society of Systematic Biologists. His research focuses on methods to study how traits have changed over time and their potential impact on other traits as well as speciation and extinction. Find him on Twitter @omearabrian and the web at http://brianomeara.info.

  • Dan Simberloff, PhD (u/kdec940) is a leader in the field of invasion biology and the Nancy Gore Hunger Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Tennessee. He studies the patterns displayed by species introduced outside their geographic ranges, the impacts such species have on the communities they invade, and the means by which such invasions can be managed.

Ask us anything!

We will be answering questions starting around 5pm Eastern Time, 10 UTC.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How significant is fever in suppressing virus outbreaks?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 07:21 AM PST

I was recently sick in Covid 19, during the sickness i developed a slight fever.
I was recommended to not use Ibuprofen to reduce the fever since that might reduce the body own ability to fight the virus and therefor prolong the sickness

How much, if any, effect does fever have on how long you are sick?

submitted by /u/Theremere
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Is coughing an evolutionary advantage? If so, why do we try to suppress it with cough syrup ?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 05:19 PM PST

Coughing is the way our body tries to get rid of foreign bodies out of our lungs. I wonder why we should prevent our body to cough, even if it allows us to get rid of some virus. I understand that it slows down the spreading of the disease, however I don't understand, from an evolutionary point of view, why this feature was kept. If it is so disadvantageous, why would this trait survive ? If it's advantageous, why do we suppress it ?

submitted by /u/Ulzaf
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Why is it that the AstraZeneca vaccine has a reduced efficacy on the B1351 Corona strand?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 04:54 AM PST

As far as I know both types of vaccines, mRNA and vector, accomplish the exact same response from the human body, producing the spike protein present on the SARS-cov-2 virus. Therefore I find it strange, that the mRNA vaccines show higher efficacy than the Vector vaccine by AstraZeneca.

submitted by /u/MOOOthePRO
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Is lithium that common in the earth's crust? and nickel?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 04:58 AM PST

Hi I heard Elton Musk say in a podcast that lithium is one of the most common elements on earth, and that we could find it anywhere. Nickel was a little more difficult. After a brief survey he obtained the information that lithium is number 32 and nickel 23, in terms of abundance in the earth's crust. Can anyone clarify me about this? Could Elon Musk be wrong? Thanks

submitted by /u/taparuere
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Is peripheral vascular resistance different from systemic vascular resistance?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:56 AM PST

In StatPearls at NCBI website, they have 2 different but connected chapters explaining each. Is there a difference between the usage of these terms?

submitted by /u/10thingsIhateAbout
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Post translational removing of methionine?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:53 AM PST

The methionine codon AUG is also the most common start codon. A "Start" codon is message for a ribosome that signals the initiation of protein translation from mRNA when the AUG codon is in a Kozak consensus sequence. As a consequence, methionine is often incorporated into the N-terminal position of proteins in eukaryotes and archaea during translation, although it can be removed by post-translational modification.

I wonder is there statistics about how many percent of the proteins have their N-terminal methionine removed in all organisms and for example in human? I can infer it's like almost all?

submitted by /u/mehelek
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Presence of SRP in LUCA?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 06:51 AM PST

Signal recognition particle (SRP) is ribonucleoprotein. Does presence of RNA and fact, that no organism evolved protein-only SRP, say that LUCA could have this ribonucleoprotein?

submitted by /u/mehelek
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In theory, could heavier metals that are either magnetic or paramagnetic (e.g. chromium, copper, iron, manganese, etc.), accumulated in the bone or tissue of a person, be affected by an MRI scan, either causing heating or movement of tissue?

Posted: 15 Feb 2021 04:38 AM PST

There seem to have been some reports of metals in tatoos possibly being affected, but what about those metals in tissues or bone, accumulated either through a lifetime of diet or by toxic exposure.

submitted by /u/etherified
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How did early human discovered the uses of fire, and How do they make a fire at the first place? People said that early human made a fire from striking flint with a minerals called "Pyrite", but how did they know that striking those things would make a fire?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 10:13 AM PST

How are public/private cryptographic key pairs actually generated?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 12:45 PM PST

Everything I read seems to always be really heavy on simple example theory and totally empty on real world implementation. Like how does my computer know what massive primes to use? How does it even know they are prime? If there is a list of primes to use then aren't there tables that would easily break public keys?

submitted by /u/ItsDijital
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Why are the target northern and southern latitudes for a Mars sample return mission not equal?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 10:30 AM PST

Proposed landing sites for MSR missions appear to target a latitude range of -5 degrees to 25 degrees. Why wouldn't these two values be equal and opposite?

Sources for clarification-

https://www.lpi.usra.edu/planetary_news/2014/04/04/scientists-favor-four-exomars-landing-sites/

https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2011-06/P3_GRANT_Landing_Sitesv3.pdf

Page 9: -14.9 degrees stresses southern latitude limit

submitted by /u/a_bar_named_puzzles
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How do aerospace engineers protect the solar shield and fragile components on the JWST from tiny meteoroids?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 03:13 PM PST

Moderna vs Pfizer/Biontech BNT162b1 vs BNT162b2?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 02:39 PM PST

There are people that says that the Moderna vaccine should work as well as Pfizer/Biontech because they uses the same spike. Do anyone know how much difference there are between Moderna and BNT162b2 compared to between BNT162b1 and BNT162b2? What was the problem with BNT162b1 that made it fail before phase 3?

submitted by /u/johnnydues
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mRNA vaccines work by introducing an mRNA sequence which is coded for a disease specific antigen. Is it possible to introduce an mRNA sequence that directly codes for the antibody?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 10:54 AM PST

How did theropods support their weight on two legs?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 03:50 AM PST

There are a lot of incredibly large theropods like T-Rex, giganotosaurus, spinosaurus, etc. which seem to exceed large animals like elephants in weight, even though elephants are quadrupedal. I'd like to know how the leg bones of theropods were able to support the weight of these animals on two legs. I have read that hollow bones, as seen in birds and theropods, are supposed to be very strong, but I've also read that large animals like elephants and sauropods have almost entirely solid leg bones to support their weight.

submitted by /u/HorrendousHexapod
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Why is Flash photography not allowed in museums?

Posted: 14 Feb 2021 04:49 AM PST

Tagging physics but it might be chemistry.

What's the story about the flash that damaged the old things? Or is it more a social thing so that everyone gets the same experience?

submitted by /u/PepSakdoek
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