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Monday, February 8, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We are Bechara Choucair, Carole Johnson, and Tim Manning, the vaccine, testing, and supply coordinators for the White House COVID-19 Response Team. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Bechara Choucair, Carole Johnson, and Tim Manning, the vaccine, testing, and supply coordinators for the White House COVID-19 Response Team. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We are Bechara Choucair, Carole Johnson, and Tim Manning, the vaccine, testing, and supply coordinators for the White House COVID-19 Response Team. AUA!

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

I'm Dr. Bechara Choucair and I'm the national vaccinations coordinator for the COVID-19 Response Team, focusing on coordinating the timely, safe, and equitable delivery of COVID-19 vaccinations for the U.S. population, in close partnership with relevant federal departments and agencies, as well as state and local authorities. I also leads our effort to administer 100 million vaccinations in the first 100 days. Before this, I was SVP and chief health officer at Kaiser Permanente and commissioner of the Chicago Department of Public Health before that.

I'm Carole Johnson and I'm the national testing coordinator for the COVID-19 Response Team. I previously served as the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Human Services, managing the state's largest agency including Medicaid, child care, food assistance, aging services, and mental health and substance use disorder treatment. For more than five years, I served in the Obama White House as senior health policy advisor and a member of the Domestic Policy Council health team working on Affordable Care Act implementation issues and public health challenges like Ebola and Zika. I also worked on Capitol Hill for members of three key health committees - Senate Finance, House Ways and Means, and Senate Aging - and in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Health Resources and Services Administration, the Alliance of Community Health Plans, the Pew Charitable Trusts, and the American Heart Association.

I'm Tim Manning and I'm the national supply chain coordinator for the COVID-19 Response Team. I'm an emergency manager, doing disaster and emergency response for the past 25 years; I've worked at the local and state level, and served in FEMA for eight years as a Deputy Administrator. I've been a firefighter and EMT, and I know first-hand the importance of having the equipment and supplies you need, when you need it on the front lines of a crisis. Right now, I work with teams across the government - from the Department of Defense to the Department of Health and Human Services - to ensure our country has the supplies we need, not just now but into the future too.

We will be joining you all at 5 PM ET (22 UT), AUA!

Username: /u/thewhitehouse
Proof: twitter (this is a verified AMA)

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Are huge Saharan features caused by erosion?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 06:07 AM PST

When looking at a detailed globe, there are some huge structures that look like the remnants of ancient water or ice erosion, but could also be an illusion of rock formation. A very clear example of this is a 700km by 500km "fan" straddling the Chad-Libya border. Most of Mauritania looks like it is "flowing" west to the Atlantic, and there is a large parenthesis shape ")" covering most of Saudi Arabia.

What are these structures? Do they have a name?

submitted by /u/bohoky
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Other than the Inuit sled dogs and Carolina dogs, are there any pre-Columbian domestic dog lineages left in the Americas? Additionally, is there much in a way of dog landrace formation in current Native American reservations?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 07:53 PM PST

Looking at wikipedia, there's been a number of extint breeds due to European contact, in North American neck of the woods...kind of curious as to whether there's much information available on existing dog populations.

submitted by /u/WaxyWingie
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Can liquid oxygen occur naturally?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 07:15 PM PST

I was just wondering if liquid oxygen could occur naturally, on this or any other planet? We've found asteroids full of metals and minerals and such floating around in space, and it just occurred to me that it may be possible to find other things as well.

submitted by /u/constructofamind
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What is propylene glycol in the Covid vaccines derived from?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 08:20 AM PST

As the vaccines have propylene glycol in them, do both the vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna derive the propylene glycol from vegetable sources or petroleum?

submitted by /u/artgreendog
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Could previous exposure to an Adenovirus virus based Covid vaccine, such as the Oxford-Astrazeneca vaccine result in higher side effects or lower immunogenicity in the event of a re-administration with such a vaccine updated to account for variants of concern?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 03:40 AM PST

AIUI there's an issue with the immune system beginning to recognize the vector (the adenovirus in this case) itself as foreign with repeated dosages & that leading to a more pronounced immune response (& more pronounced side effects) after the second shot. So I'm wondering what the picture looks like if people need a 3rd & 4th shot of a tweaked adenovirus vaccine in say 6 months.

submitted by /u/bnndforfatantagonism
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Moderna indicated it’s booster shot in development is likely to work at a lower dosage than the existing vaccine, allowing for manufacture of a far greater number of doses. Why is that?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 08:10 AM PST

Moderna indicated it could "potentially make as many as eight times as many doses with its existing manufacturing footprint" due to the need for a lower dose. Is this common for all vaccines that booster shots only need a much smaller dose, and if so how come?

For reference, the Moderna comment came from this article: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-04/pfizer-pfe-moderna-mrna-race-to-make-vaccines-for-covid-variants

submitted by /u/dch222
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Why is the Oxford vaccine affected by the SA variant but not the Pfizer vaccine?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 08:04 AM PST

Aren't essentially *all* novel viruses zoonotic in origin?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 10:41 PM PST

It's been widely reported that SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic in origin, and it likely crossed over from bats, etc.

A virus that is zoonotic is one that has jumped from an animal to a human.

So by extension, a virus that is not zoonotic is one that started solely in humans.

I find this a bit odd. Given the sheer magnitude of various other species on Earth, wouldn't essentially all viruses start off as zoonotic in nature? Are there actually novel viruses in which their genesis is solely, 100%, in humans?

My thinking is that pretty much all the human viruses we have today were initially zoonotic in nature - it's just that over time they've adapted to infecting humans very well, and perhaps over time they've evolved to no longer be able to actively infect other animals.

submitted by /u/cartographer00
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Is it possible to get the corona virus after getting two doses of the vaccine? If so why?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 11:17 PM PST

If the coronavirus keeps mutating to evade our vaccines, like the South African mutation, and we keep on updating vaccines to protect against the new variants, would the virus ever “run out” of new mutations to try?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 05:24 AM PST

Just thinking of the worst case scenario where every time we create a new vaccine the coronavirus mutates again to get around it. Is the number of possible mutations that could affect vaccine response limited in any way?

submitted by /u/username-alrdy-takn
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What determines if a celestial body will have an atmosphere?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 02:50 PM PST

I know the sun and all planets except mercury are known to have an atmosphere, alongside Saturn's moon Titan, but I haven't heard of a satellite like Triton or the Galilean moons having an atmosphere? Is there more to it besides size?

submitted by /u/LawMurphy
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Why hasn't the US FDA authorized the use of Sinopharm vaccine yet? And when is it expected to be authorized?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 07:56 AM PST

Why is the CDC Vaccine Daily Count different from the Daily Change?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 07:50 AM PST

I have been watching the counts of Covid-19 vaccinations on the CDC web site, at: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccination-trends . It's generally up, so that's good!

But, there are several different graphs that you can show: Daily Count, Cumulative, and Daily Change. I don't understand what the difference is between Daily Count and Daily Change; I would think that they would be the same, since the change in the number of cumulative shots (the Daily Change) should be the number of shots given (the Daily Count). The graphs are significantly different. Which one is right? How do they reconcile?

submitted by /u/beezlebub33
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How does the influenza antigen maintain an ability to bind to human cell receptors even as it constantly mutates?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 07:52 PM PST

It seems that influenza can keep mutating so that the immune system cannot recognize it, but somehow it still can gain entry to the cell. How do so many different influenza antigens bind to the same receptor?

submitted by /u/ayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
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Is there a metric for adhesive strength?

Posted: 06 Feb 2021 10:36 PM PST

And what is the level of difference between a band aid and duct tape?

submitted by /u/Terran_Dominion
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Why does the speed increase in a divergent nozzle, when the air flow is supersonic ?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 12:13 AM PST

Can bacteria orbit a bowling ball ?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 10:01 PM PST

Can somthing really small but still not in the subatomical scale like say bacteria orbit around somthing big like a bowling ball or a 10 meter diameter steel ball ?

submitted by /u/menzelianoo
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Why does the CFTR (cystic fibrosis conductance regulator) protein allow for passive diffusion of chloride out of the cell?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 11:48 PM PST

i thought chloride's concentration gradient is down into the cell (due to a larger concentration of chloride outside of the cell compared to the inside) but cftr allows for passive diffusion of chloride out of the cell. how is it that chloride flows passively out of the cell?

submitted by /u/AstrologicalFit
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How do babies acquire their gut bacteria?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 03:21 AM PST

I heard that a significant amount of human weight and waste is made up of gut bacteria. But how do we, especially babies, get it when everyone is sterilizing everything all the time? Do breast fed babies have different bacteria to formula fed babies?

submitted by /u/Highteaatmidnight
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How do we know a substance is toxic without poisoning someone with it?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 12:10 PM PST

What do non-human primates do with their dead? How do they mourn them? What do they do with their bodies?

Posted: 06 Feb 2021 12:52 PM PST

The asteroid that killed the dinosaurs is believed to have hit the Earth in the relatively shallow waters of what is now the Gulf of Mexico. If the same asteroid had instead landed in, say, the Mariana Trench of the Pacific Ocean, would the impact have been as devastating for the Earth's climate?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 11:23 AM PST

How does your brain keep rhythm in music? And is it the same part that controls your ability to keep track of longer durations?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 10:19 PM PST

Saturday, February 6, 2021

When will people under 16 be able to get a vaccine?

When will people under 16 be able to get a vaccine?


When will people under 16 be able to get a vaccine?

Posted: 06 Feb 2021 04:57 AM PST

Edit: im talking about Covid-19

submitted by /u/Korgoth420
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COVID vaccine effectiveness and different COVID variants.. why do the variants have different effectiveness?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 03:02 PM PST

I have two questions!

  1. Why do mRNA vaccines provide more or less protection based on SARS-CoV-2 variants? If they all infect with the spike protein, it should be the same, right?

  2. Why do lipid based(Pfizer, Moderna) vaccines appear to be more effective against SARS-CoV-2 than adenovirus vaccines(J&J, etc)?

submitted by /u/FabricatedByMan
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Do we know why children are less susceptible to COVID-19?

Posted: 06 Feb 2021 06:53 AM PST

I did some googling and couldn't find anything. Do we know anything more at this point about why children tend to have much milder cases than adults and/or seem to catch it less frequently in general?

submitted by /u/mmmcheez-its
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Where do statistics from flu infections come from?

Posted: 06 Feb 2021 06:37 AM PST

COVID stats seem easier to understand: in my region, they're promoting testing if you have symptoms. But for my 50 years, I know of nobody who was tested for influenza. I've been sick, suspecting flu, and just stayed home. Often, I haven't told my friends or family, or even my doctor, that I thought I had it, let alone been tested for it. If people aren't routinely bring tested, where can the numbers legitimately come from?

submitted by /u/Zakluor
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Why do some vaccines require a second/booster shot while others are single dose?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 11:35 PM PST

Had a thought while reading about the covid vaccines coming out - why do some shots require a booster while others don't? I know the booster shot helps the immune system commit the antibodies to it's longer term memory (at least I think that's what's happening). So do single dose shots have a time release function to do this? are the single shots just suped up from the beginning? Do the single shots act on a different mechanism that the body creates more meaningful and longer lasting antibodies? Is it comparing apples to oranges?

submitted by /u/carrotmania_101
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How does government agencies know whether a death is vaccine related or not?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 02:59 PM PST

I have read a few articles about deaths shortly after the Covid vaccine, and in all of them there were the reassurance that the death was not related to the vaccination, but there hasn't been any explanation why.

What is the technique used to determine whether a death was related to a vaccine or not and why is it not provided so the public can be put at ease with scientific data?

submitted by /u/machinelearny
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Why are some viral infections (eg. measles) once in a lifetime, with no mutations occurring that could bypass the immune response, while SARS-CoV-2 is developing potential immune system escape mutations left and right?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 09:51 AM PST

ie. Why is it that no one ever gets reinfected with a mutated measles virus despite what would seem like massive pressure on measles to mutate, but scientists worry about the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 escape mutations popping up?

submitted by /u/EnaiSiaion
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Is the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine 'Open-Source'?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 05:52 PM PST

Hello everyone, I recently read this article about reverse engineering the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine. This article links to the BNT162b2 mRNA sequence provided by the WHO. From my understanding this sequence contains the whole 'logic' of the vaccine. So i wonder if this sequence is enough information that (given that you have the required money/machines/base materials etc.) 'everyone' could mix the vaccine? Or is there some secrets information required for producing the vaccine which is kept secret by BioNTech/Pfizer?

submitted by /u/ezyo11
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Since it’s primarily reactivation of a latent virus, can someone with Herpes Zoster transmit the infection to another? And if they do, will the ‘recipient’ develop chickenpox or zoster? (Since the virus transmitted is VZV.)

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 05:20 PM PST

Why can a patient still show symptoms of a viral infection, but no longer be contagious?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 11:58 AM PST

I often see that the "contagious period" for a viral infection is shorter than the period when a person shows symptoms. Why is that? What's going on in the body such that the symptoms are still around but the virus isn't "shedding?"

submitted by /u/TheophrastusBmbastus
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What electrolyte solution do i need for a Aluminum and graphite battery?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 10:03 AM PST

Trying to manufacture my own LARGE batteries (similar to car batteries, just much larger, to power a generator), Using aluminum anodes and graphite cathodes. Read some research papers, but they were not specific about solution, mainly just focused on the anode/cathodes... X.X
It should call for an aluminum chloride saturated ionic fluid...correct?
Couldn't i simply make this out of salt water(potassium) and aluminum chloride?

I know i'm missing information, i just don't what....

submitted by /u/ProfessorGray
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Friday, February 5, 2021

Are the vaccine efficacies for COVID vaccines able to be directly compared?

Are the vaccine efficacies for COVID vaccines able to be directly compared?


Are the vaccine efficacies for COVID vaccines able to be directly compared?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 12:40 AM PST

First, sorry I missed the AMA (UK based so time zone issues) hopefully someone can comment. My question: We have all heard the quoted 95% for e.g Pfizer and 70% effective for Oxford vaccines. But it looked to me like the underlying study outputs and processes make those numbers completely incomparable. For example, Pfizer only tested to confirm (by PCR) symptomatic patients, whilst Oxford tested (at least in the UK cohort) weekly regardless of symptoms, and as a result picked up a huge number of asymptomatic infections (almost half of the UK infections seen in the study) and included those in calculating its 70% figure. Surely this means that on a comparable basis the Pfizer efficacy would be much lower? How can we compare them?

submitted by /u/stickytreefrog
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How does the storing of Qubits work in Quantum Computing and what materials are used for these semi conductors?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 03:17 AM PST

Can you mix the vaccines?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 08:45 PM PST

With Moderna and Pfizer producing two different vaccines, what would happen if someone got a shot of one and a booster of the other? Would they counteract? Or supplement each other?

submitted by /u/TophLV
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Is it possible that viruses in any way spur evolution?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 08:08 PM PST

I have often wondered, whether viruses in any way force an evolutionary response over time. Years ago, in high school, I learned viruses are pieces of RNA or DNA. Ever since then I've had this question, that if they infect the body in a way that causes sickness, Is it possible that they also change whatever may be passed onto children of those that survived it? Further I also wonder whether those changes go beyond just immune respones and actually cause changes that reach farther. Like the expression of certain genes etc.

So really what I'm wondering is, if there is any research into this idea, or if it even makes any sense? I have heard of research using viruses to cure certain ailments like cancer, but I'm talking about changes that, only after generations down the line are apparent.

Disclaimer: I am a complete layman and know very little but the basics about biology, and that goes double for genetics and epidemiology. This is more imagination than anything. I just always wondered whether there is anything to it.

submitted by /u/Quit-itkr
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Is poison immunity actually attainable by poisoning the body repeatedly?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 09:47 AM PST

Do viruses mutate and become resistent to antivirotics just as like bacteria become resistent to antibiotics?

Posted: 05 Feb 2021 04:33 AM PST

If not, Is the main reason behind this that bacteria posess plasmids and other mechanisms of horisontal gene transfer?

If yes, why don't we freak out about this?

It's not a covid-related question, I'm just studying for microbiology right now and this came to mind.

submitted by /u/WendetaWasp
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Once a rocket reaches space and goes in to free fall, how do they get fuel/oxidant to flow downward towards the nozzle without thrust or gravity pulling it downward?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:18 AM PST

There has to be some simple mechanism that pushes the fuel and oxidant out of the fuel tanks once they've cut their initial thrust. What is it?

submitted by /u/MoJoSto
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Is Brain Volume Associated With Differences in Intelligence or Cognitive Abilities?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 03:10 PM PST

Are people with larger brain volumes more likely to have higher intelligence, better cognitive abilities, or a lower risk of dementia? Please tell me what you find. Could it actually be beneficial to have a lower brain volume? Please tell me which brain region volume is associated with higher or lower intelligence if you can. Please explain the correlation if you are able to. Please tell me what you find and please show sources if you can. Thank you.

submitted by /u/GuiltyAnimalLover
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Why is the effective temperature of a black hole inversely proportional to its mass?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 09:55 AM PST

The typical number of flu variants and the numbers with COVID-19. Is it unusually high?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 08:58 AM PST

I just read this story that appeared on Reuters about the British health ministry declaring that there are some 4,000 variants of COVID-19 spreading about the globe right now.

"All manufacturers, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Oxford-AstraZeneca and others, are looking at how they can improve their vaccine to make sure that we are ready for any variant - there are about 4,000 variants around the world of COVID now."

On the surface that seems alarming. My question those is how unusual is it for a flu strain to have that many variants? Is this typical or is COVID an outlier. And if so, why would it morph so often?

You can read the whole story here:

https://news.trust.org/item/20210204102538-eo787

submitted by /u/cheesy80s
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What exactly caused the Pandemrix vaccine to have links to higher rates of narcolepsy?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 08:09 AM PST

During the 2008 Swine Flu pandemic, one of the vaccines approved in Europe (Pandemrix) was shown to have a link to higher rates of narcolepsy, particularly in children.

What was different about the Pandemrix vaccine that caused higher triggers to autoimmunity, and is there something about it that we've learned and avoid today? From what I've read, the vaccine wasn't well tested enough (hence the reason it wasn't approved in the US), but what was fundamentally different about it that caused autoimmunity triggers?

submitted by /u/kolt54321
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Why is glass dust white?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 08:06 AM PST

Can someone explain to me, why is broken glass dust white instead of being invisible?

submitted by /u/Keramtank
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How do results come in for Phase 2b/3 clinical trials?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 07:42 AM PST

How do Phase 2b/3 clinical trials work? Do they get results in on a regular basis or all at the end? If a company is ramping up manufacturing before the results are published - is this a good sign

submitted by /u/LowCarbCheesecake
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When and how did molecular chaperones evolve?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 06:57 AM PST

I can't seem to find articles talking about the origins of chaperones.

All my Google searches are returning articles on diseases, endosymbiosis, and ribozymes...

Any help is appreciated!

submitted by /u/xangreRO
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Is (+)-naltrexone same as D isomer of naltrexone or D-naltrexone?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 06:53 AM PST

What does (+)- and (-)- sign represent?

submitted by /u/Machinexa2
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Do most animals synthetize essential amino acids?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 10:15 AM PST

We (humans) cannot synthetize essential amino acids, at least not as much as we need. One solution is to include in our diet sources of complete proteins and the most popular one is probably meat. This made me wonder, can most animals synthetize all essential amino acids? If so, why are we different in this regard? Is there a significant difference among different species? Does their diet (herbivorous, carnivorous, ...) make a difference?

submitted by /u/not-much
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Why are certain liver, bone marrow, and heart muscle cells polyploid, and how do they get that way?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 03:30 AM PST

I get that endomitosis occurs when chromosomes are replicated but nuclei don't separate (no telophase/cytokinesis?)- and this leads to polyploidy. I've been searching online for an explanation of why certain human cells are polyploid and how this occurs/by what process, but haven't found anything at a level I can understand.

submitted by /u/FluffyStatistician3
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How accurate a human finger is to sense unevenness of surface?

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 11:01 PM PST

As example when working with engine top end rebuild you need to make sure those mating surfaces between block and cylinder head are as clean as possible before fitting cylinder head back on with gasket. Sometimes even after cleaning it spotless you can feel the surface being uneven but can't really see it

submitted by /u/Dub_Monster
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