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Sunday, January 3, 2021

What happens when a person contracts COVID between doses of the vaccine?

What happens when a person contracts COVID between doses of the vaccine?


What happens when a person contracts COVID between doses of the vaccine?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 05:49 AM PST

This was removed by the mods for being hypothetical but I imagine this has happened during trials or we wouldn't have the statistics we have. So I'm reposting it with less "hypothetical" language.

It's my understanding that the first dose (of the Pfizer vaccine) is 52% effective at preventing COVID and the second is 95% effective. So what happens if you are exposed to COVID and contract it in the 21/28 days between doses? In the trials, did those participants get the second dose? Did they get it while infectious or after recovering? Or were they removed from the study?

Asking because I just received the Moderna vaccine a few days ago and I want to know what would happen if I were to get it from one of my patients during the limbo period between doses. Thanks!

submitted by /u/kissthemoons
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How do we know how long vaccines are effective for?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 04:43 AM PST

What I mean is, is it something that we just need to wait and observe or is there some sort of curve fitting that can be done to estimate how long the vaccine will protect you for? And how much variety is there among different people/age groups, or is it consistent for everybody?

submitted by /u/anonymous-S
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Why is the speed of light different when it travels through different media?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 05:16 AM PST

Why is The new coronavirus strain being called a ' variant ' and is this different than a strain?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 01:47 PM PST

Just curious about the wording I am seeing in the media, considering there were close to 30 strains early during the pandemic but never heard 'variant'. Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/GravyWagon
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How viable is the UK's decision to leave 3 months between vaccine doses to attempt to vaccinate more people rather than committing to the original plan of 21 days between doses?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 08:21 AM PST

Unsure if the wording is right in my title. I'm wondering if this firstly, will in fact mean more people are vaccinated sooner. Secondly, will the second dose of the vaccine be as effective when given 3 months after the first dose than it would be 21 days after.

submitted by /u/MariaOSullivan
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What is the difference between static pressure,dynamic pressure and stagnation pressure?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 03:57 AM PST

I've been researching bernoullis principle and have had trouble wrapping my head around it , help would be much appreciated.

submitted by /u/IMFAILINGENGLISH
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What does it mean that earthquake happend on 0 km depth?

Posted: 03 Jan 2021 01:24 AM PST

Only thing I found out it could be an error due to badly positioned seismic mechanism, is that true?

submitted by /u/ClimbOnYou
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Why are vaccines usually administered on your arm near the shoulder?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 09:59 AM PST

Is there a reason why we chose that muscle area? Could we get a vaccine in any other part of the body?

submitted by /u/alohapinay
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If our bodies are most comfortable at 98.6° F (or some approximation of that), why is air of the same temperature during the summer so uncomfortable for us?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 09:24 AM PST

What does isolating a virus and culturing it mean?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 09:31 PM PST

How does an mRNA vaccine "bypass" self-vs-nonself identification in the immune system?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 03:09 PM PST

My (limited) understanding is that normal, healthy cells pickup the mRNA and process it through the normal protein synthesis pathway, just as though the mRNA had been transcribed from DNA. It is then presented on the surface (?) of this normal, healthy cell. I don't understand where in the process it then realizes that this created protein is nonself.

If you'll excuse the infosec analogy, the vaccine has hacked core manufacturing and slipped instructions into the queue. Trusted processes execute those instructions. How does the immune system remember or find out that these outputs from those trusted processes aren't to be trusted?

These are a few options that are circulating in my head and amplifying the internal confusion:

Does the hijacked cell suffer damage that triggers the immune response?

Is there some form of adjuvant in the mRNA message to make the cell believe it has been infected? Maybe encode a second protein that triggers a suicide path?

Is there a tag added to the synthesized protein to identify it as bad? Maybe encode it as a fusion protein with something we already recognize as bad e.g. a chicken pox surface protein?

Is the encoded protein modified so that instead of sticking to the cell it is simply exported and floats free? This would move it away from the "I'm a happy and healthy cell" tags on the surface of the hijacked cell, and ostensibly would look like the partial remains of a destroyed virus... but it would also look like any other extracellular protein.

Is there a 'passcode' appended in the normal DNA->mRNA process that the vaccine mRNA misses? A passcode system seems exploitable by viruses.

Thank you!

submitted by /u/EricJVW
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Do we know the speed of sound on different planets?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 10:27 AM PST

counting both inside and outside the solar system, for obvious reasons planets with no atmosphere don't count

submitted by /u/MLPorsche
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Would all mRNA vaccines need two doses?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 10:17 AM PST

Knowing that the covid vaccine needs two doses, and other vaccines don't, is the need for two doses because of the disease or because of something specific to mRNA vaccines

Also, how important is the time between the two doses? how far apart could they be and be effective

submitted by /u/CallumPenguin
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How do we know the UK COVID Variant is definitely from the UK, or could it just be the first country to have detected it?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 07:55 AM PST

Is there some chance that it may have originated elsewhere (ie USA?) and just took a strong foothold in the UK by random chance?

submitted by /u/DowningJP
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Theoretical strength limit of nanomaterials?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 10:45 AM PST

I was just thinking about nanomaterials, and I thought it shouldnt be to hard to calculate its upper (tensile) strength limit. For conventional materials it would be hard due to all the van der waals stuff, but for something like a singular nanotube with a defined geometry it shouldnt be to hard to calculate temsile strength/mm2. Basically just look for the weakest point, count how many bonds have to broken, multiply that with binding energy and divide that by cross section area.

Am i totally wrong or would this work?

submitted by /u/RepresentativeAd3742
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How can the artificial suns like in Korea and China be contained when the temperatures are so high? Wouldn't they melt anything that is meant to hold them?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 02:13 PM PST

Does the repulsive part of the strong/nuclear force affect nucleons or only quarks?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 01:59 PM PST

TIL that at distances smaller than 0.8 fm the strong force repels particles. Is this distance too small to affect protons and neutrons? Is this akin to quark degeneracy pressure?

submitted by /u/jsbachus
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Is genomic evolution (or dN/dS rate) over time higher in "more evolved" organisms (eg humans, songbirds) than in more "basal" organisms (eg reptiles, ostriches, platypuses, lungfishes)?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 01:33 PM PST

How massive can nuclear pasta found in neutron stars be per cube cm?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 09:58 AM PST

Saturday, January 2, 2021

What happens in the ~10d it takes for the first dose of a mRNA vaccine to have any efficacy?

What happens in the ~10d it takes for the first dose of a mRNA vaccine to have any efficacy?


What happens in the ~10d it takes for the first dose of a mRNA vaccine to have any efficacy?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 05:55 AM PST

I'm familiar with the mechanism of action for the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. What I'm wondering is what happens after the injection and before one is said to likely have some protection from symptomatic Covid-19 (~10d, according to trial data). In other words, why does it take that many days to have some effective immune response? Doesn't the immune response to actual Covid-19 infection mount sooner?

submitted by /u/purrthem
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If you are infected with multiple similar viruses at the same time, do they compete for resources (your cells or whatever)?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 07:32 AM PST

Why do potassium and sodium explode when put into water?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 11:21 PM PST

Can the mRNA technology(?) be used in other ways that is beneficial for medical science?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 06:51 AM PST

I roughly know how mRNA works, which sounds amazing. But can it be used to re-programme other medical conditions like autoimmune diseases, cancer etc?

submitted by /u/ChickenChopRice
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Why does electron delocalization lower the energy of the electrons?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 03:40 AM PST

In valence bond theory, compounds which undergo resonance can also undergo resonance stabilization. Presumably, this works by allowing pi electrons to delocalize, lowering their energy. But why exactly is their energy lowered in resonance stabilization?

I found these answers:

  • they are able to occupy a larger area over the molecule, reducing the repulsive forces between one another

  • they can partially fill several orbitals localized on different atoms

  • some quantum physical phenomena are going on

Now, I do realize the valence bond theory is a major oversimplification as it views electrons as either localized on atoms or in a bond, and that this issue is non existent in the molecular orbital theory, as it already operates on delocalized electrons and "resonance hybrids".

But how does this work in the valence bond framework?

submitted by /u/Mikolmisol
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Why is carbon relatively low abundance in the Earth's crust relative to other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and iron, while it is very abundant in the solar system and Milky way?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 01:38 PM PST

Is there a theoretical limit to the size of natural gemstones?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 10:24 AM PST

The largest precious gemstones are pretty big but you could still hold them in your hands. There seem to be some very large rough jades around and absolutely massive quartz crystal formations.

Could gemstones the size of cars and larger exist in the earth somewhere?

submitted by /u/Pyrothei
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How does tidal locking occur?

Posted: 02 Jan 2021 12:30 AM PST

In the absence of an external torque, the body should be conserving its angular momentum. But what makes it tidally locked in the first place? And why should everything end up being tidally locked to the barycenter of the orbiting system?

submitted by /u/interstellarlad
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In nuclear fusion, how are neutrons made?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 10:02 AM PST

A hydrogen atom is made up of a proton and an electron. It's said that when two hydrogen atoms collide during nuclear fusion, a helium atom is made. But how is this possible if a helium atom requires two neutrons and two protons in it's nucleus?

submitted by /u/AleksDaboss
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In lab testing with animals, how do you know when they are experiencing an invisible symptom?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 09:45 AM PST

I was researching tinnitus as I have Meniere's and saw that there was testing on lab rats with medication to see if they have more or less tinnitus. How do they know a rat is experiencing that at all? How can you tell if it's better or worse for them?

Adding link per request: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364172/

submitted by /u/parciesca
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Do Adenovirus based vaccines (such as the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine) for SARS-CoV-2 result in immunity to the specific adenovirus variant used in addition to SARS-CoV-2?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 12:02 PM PST

Is the weak hypercharge related to the imbalance of matter and antimatter in the universe?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 05:45 PM PST

So a right-handed electron possesses the weak hypercharge and a left-handed electron doesn't. Since this is a symmetry breaking property, is it at all related to the abundance of matter compared to antimatter in our universe (another symmetry breaking phenomenon)?

submitted by /u/HGazoo
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If global warming puts us in danger through temperature rise, and super-volcanos put us into danger of global cooling, shouldn’t those two dangers balance each other out?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 10:57 PM PST

Why aren’t perihelion and the winter solstice on the same day?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 09:15 AM PST

Trying to visualize it in my head, I always thought that due to the earths tilt, the closest point in the orbit would also be when the northern hemisphere experiences the least daylight. Why aren't they on the same day?

submitted by /u/BigGibbo
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How do antivenoms work?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 04:35 PM PST

Friday, January 1, 2021

why does chicken pox and shingles cause different symptoms when they’re the same virus?

why does chicken pox and shingles cause different symptoms when they’re the same virus?


why does chicken pox and shingles cause different symptoms when they’re the same virus?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 04:42 PM PST

How does Google search through its entire database in a fraction of a second when you search for something?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 02:32 AM PST

Shouldn't it take much longer to search for keywords in 2 billion websites?

submitted by /u/J-Roc67
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Why - despite having millions of people which have already been vaccinated - we don't really know if vaccinated people do transmit covid or not?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 05:43 AM PST

Are there any major differences in structure and functioning of brains in large organisms?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 06:22 AM PST

For example CPUs, GPUs made by humans have vastly different architectures, efficiency and functionality. Did evolution cause similar in brains? Do some organisms have brains that have a completely different way of functioning?

submitted by /u/DatBoiEk
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How to test transmission of COVID-19 after vaccination?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 02:00 PM PST

What tests are being done to determine if vaccination prevents COVID-19 from being transmitted from a vaccinated individual and when are we likely to see the results from this research?

submitted by /u/jouster85
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How exactly do we absorb Vitamin D from the sun?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 06:51 AM PST

I know it's something to do with the VDR (vitamin D receptor) and a chain of reactions that take place when exposed to sunlight, but what exactly happens?

I can't find any papers that explain it clearly.

Many thanks!

submitted by /u/NT202
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Do animals recognize people by their movement patterns like us humans do?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 06:42 AM PST

I was observing a cat who was looking at its owner through a window. The owner was wearing full ski gear so the cat probably had a hard time seeing or smelling who it was. A human would see the movement pattern and recognize the owner that way so I wondered if animals in general lack this skill or if there are any that can do this?

submitted by /u/WashingmachineOtter
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Are there still Neanderthal X or Y chromosomes in any human populations today?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 06:11 AM PST

All non-African humans have some small percentage of Neanderthal DNA, but are there any surviving X or Y chromosomes that are a result of direct descendancy from a Neanderthal ancestor?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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Are there virus outbreaks in oceans?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 02:29 PM PST

I'm just wondering if there ever has been a pandemic in the ocean that infected and killed a lot of fish and sea creatures? One would think that it being one massive body of water that that would happen very quickly.

submitted by /u/BlueKat25
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At what rate are people who have previously caught Coronavirus being reinfected versus the rest of the population?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 02:14 AM PST

Do brain regions of other animals match that of ours?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 08:11 AM PST

We have a fiarly clear understanding of various parts of our brain to the point we can tell which part of brain is 'responsible' for which body function - emotions, memories, senses, etc.

Do we know analogous regions for animals? Do they match in general area? Can we see correlation between more evolved features e.g. superior sense of smell of dogs, and larger area in the brain responsible for it?

submitted by /u/Naturage
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Do ants, bees, wasps, or other insect colonies ever have civil war, or killing within one colony?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 07:41 AM PST

I am excluding the colony's rejection of queens or queens having to kill each other to be the only one. I am thinking of regular worker insects killing each other or even more human-like, workers showing loyalty to different queens and these factions killing each other for control of the hive.

submitted by /u/akbmartizzz
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Why do humans when we get horrible infections to the point of amputation, not spread to other parts of the body earlier?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 03:07 AM PST

How are genes expressed in different body parts?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 03:07 AM PST

for example, do the eyes have a certain set of genes or for do all cells have the same set or genes but only certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body?

submitted by /u/SnooDoodles3278
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How is groundwater oxygenated?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 02:41 AM PST

If water needs to percolate many meters down into soil, how does it retain or gain oxygen if the area becomes saturated for ground water? Doesn't the soil material become anoxic or anaerobic?

submitted by /u/Glassfern
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Are there animals that resist electricity?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 08:05 PM PST

Or other types of lifeform that have a better defense mechanism than humans? Any answer on either the biologic explanation or biochemical way it works would do wonders, thanks!

submitted by /u/Kevrsplayer
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Cancer stage 1 to mestastisised stages - how does it happen?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 02:07 PM PST

Ok so this question stems from both my limited understanding of how cancer forms and how it spreads. Note: I am also in the education sector (not biology), fairly new to reddit ( I know my students are here somewhere too) so I am eager to see how to source knowledge and understanding from online platforms.

My current understanding of cancer cells forming is that mitosis can go wrong and abnormal cells may form as a result. (Primarily in their DNA sturcture). Our body usually triggers an immune response but in some case the mutation is aggressive/ rapid/ undetected which led to masses forming. I also understand that each tissue has specialist cells therefore I do not fully understand how cancers may spread from one organ system to another.

What I am asking is as follow (and this could in the r/explainlikeIamfive subreddit): - How do cancer cells first form - in a little more detail because a google search kind of confirms my limited understanding. - how can a stage one cancer mass spread to a completely different type of specialised cell.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Boudutunnel
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In Vitro, can 2 entirely different species egg and sperm Fertilize ? If so, do they develop into zygotes?

Posted: 01 Jan 2021 12:15 AM PST

One definition of species I've heard is inability to mate and produce offspring. Does the process even begin or does the sperm look up at the egg and say " Well boys no point in breaching that."

submitted by /u/FatherDuffy
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Would it be possible to distribute a COVID-19 vaccine virally using a genetically-modified carrier virus?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 01:54 PM PST

Would it be possible to genetically modify a common cold so that spreading it inoculates against COVID-19? The safest and simplest approach might be to modify the payload of a common cold so that it produces COVID spike proteins in addition to itself.

Downsides I can think of:

  • It would be very dangerous, and testing would require completely isolating a large population. If the modified virus turns out to be deadly, you've started a new pandemic.
  • The modified virus might provoke a worse immune response than the original due to having two "signatures". Not sure if it would be possible to limit how often the COVID spike sequence activates.
  • People immune to the original virus might also be immune to the modified carrier.
  • Inoculation would vary from person to person; vaccine dose depends on how quickly the immune system fights the carrier virus.
  • The modified virus could continuously mutate like its natural counterpart, causing it to linger indefinitely.
submitted by /u/joeyadams
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What keeps birds' legs from freezing in sub-zero winters?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 07:23 PM PST

It often drops below -15C where I live. I see those thin little legs and wonder how they don't freeze and snap off.

submitted by /u/rousellm
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[Ionizing radiation] Why are alpha particles more dangerous than beta particles or gamma rays for us?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 11:11 AM PST

Why are alpha particles easily more absorbed by our body? Is it because the particle is "big enough and have enough mass"?

Is there probability at play here? Meaning since the alpha particle is "bigger and slower" the probability of alpha particles ionizing atoms in our cell is higher than the energy richer and smaller beta particle and than the rays of gamma? Is that right?

Could someone please clarify this for me?

Thanks y'all.

submitted by /u/HaNu3
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Can the frequency of hair/skin washing change the rate at which oil (sebum) is produced?

Posted: 31 Dec 2020 02:49 PM PST

It's often said that washing your hair/skin too often will lead to increased sebum production. It's also claimed that when you reduce the frequency with which you wash, your skin/hair will be extra oily, but that after a while your body will return to normal production rates and your skin/hair will no longer be oily.

Is there any scientific basis to these claims? If hair and the outer layer of skin are not living tissue, how does your body sense how oily they are and signal for increased sebum production?

submitted by /u/mosesdefinitely
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