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Wednesday, December 16, 2020

How stable is the human oral microbiome against disruptions like mouthwash? If I use alcohol mouthwash will my mouth microbiome be back to the same amount and species ratio by my next meal? Several meals? Or never quite the same again?

How stable is the human oral microbiome against disruptions like mouthwash? If I use alcohol mouthwash will my mouth microbiome be back to the same amount and species ratio by my next meal? Several meals? Or never quite the same again?


How stable is the human oral microbiome against disruptions like mouthwash? If I use alcohol mouthwash will my mouth microbiome be back to the same amount and species ratio by my next meal? Several meals? Or never quite the same again?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 04:08 PM PST

AskScience AMA Series: Hunting aliens is a serious business. My name is Simon Steel, and I'm an astrophysicist and Director of Education and Outreach at the SETI Institute, where alien hunting, whether microscopic bugs or macroscopic megastructures, is our bread and butter. Hungry for answers? AMA!

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 04:00 AM PST

As an observational astronomer, my research focused on star formation and galaxy evolution. As an educator with over 25 years' experience, I am a qualified high school teacher, have held lectureships at Harvard University, University College London and University College Dublin, and am an eight-time recipient of Harvard's Certificate of Distinction in Teaching award for undergraduate education. My experience spans formal and informal education, teacher training, exhibit design and multimedia product development. I have an interest in special needs audiences, and co-wrote, for NASA and the Chandra X-Ray Center, the first Braille book on multiwavelength astrophysics: Touch the Invisible Sky.

I'll be answering questions at 10 am PST (1 PM ET, 18 UT), AMA!

Links:

Username: /u/setiinstitute

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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Does COVID 19 disproportionately cause long term symptoms, or is it the global shift in the scientific community’s attention towards a virus’s effects that we are acutely aware of these long term symptoms in COVID and long term consequences of viral infection are more common than originally thought?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 09:01 PM PST

Theoretically, when a rocket nozzle exhausts to a vacuum, the exhaust gases are expanded to Mach infinity. In reality, what velocity do they reach? Do the particles continue at this velocity infinitely? Does the velocity change once they leave the exhaust and Mach number is no longer defined?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 04:51 AM PST

How does docking something to ISS doesn't change its trajectory? Shouldn't the momentum from docking space craft "move" to ISS?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 01:37 AM PST

I'm not a flat earther, just curious.

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Why do metals interfere with lower frequency (VHF) radio transmissions moreso than higher frequency (UHF) transmissions?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 05:55 AM PST

To visualize photons riding transverse waves (the transmission) through a dense field of particles (the metal), and given a common amplitude and rate of propagation, makes it seem VHF transmissions would have fewer chances of intersecting a scattering particle (proton/neutron/electron) than UHF. So, why do UHF transmissions penetrate metals better than VHF? Does it have something to do with their higher energy imparting something analogous to inertia that makes them fundamentally harder to deflect?

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Will getting a COVID vaccine result in having positive antibody tests? If so, how will we be able to know whether we were infected with COVID or not?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 05:11 PM PST

If the Covid-19 vaccine has to be stored at -80F, when they administer it is it also at -80F?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 04:03 PM PST

I can't find the answer online. Getting a shot of anything that cold is a chilling thought.

submitted by /u/Thunor_SixHammers
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If E=MC^2 and we've converted mass into energy, have scientists turned energy into mass yet?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 10:05 AM PST

What was Pfizer's actual role in developing the Covid vaccine?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 11:18 AM PST

Despite the fact everyone is calling it the "Pfizer" vaccine, it seems to me this vaccine was developed in Germany by a company called BioNTech. And Pfizer has licensed it and has a contract to distribute it in the US through its logistics channel.

I think most laymen imagine scientists in Pfizer lab coats working on a Covid vaccine. Did this ever really happen?

I ask because someone I trust told me "One thing I agree with Donald Trump on is the Pfizer vaccine should go to Americans first" but I see on the news planeloads of it arriving from Germany. We're not producing it here, it wasn't invented here, how the hell could we enforce that even if we wanted to?

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Does light affect our organs?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 11:28 AM PST

Since our organs are always in the dark, presumably one of the only circumstances they get exposed to light is during some sort of surgery. Does this sudden exposure to light have any effect on our insides?

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How do microwaves deal with emptiness?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 12:21 PM PST

What happens to the microwaves produced inside an empty microwave that's run by accident? Do they just bounce around in the oven and exit when it is open or do they get reabsorbed by the microwave itself? I ran a microwave for one minute with an empty cup in it by accident. Did I get blasted by microwaves when I opened the door?

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How long do SARS-CoV-2 RNA based vaccines express the spike protein?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 01:12 PM PST

So if i understood correctly, the Pfizer vaccine inserts the mRNA into the muscle cells of the host. They then translate it into the spike protein, and the mRNA degrades. How exactly does the degradation occur and have biopsy studies been performed to assess how long the protein expression lasts?

thanks

submitted by /u/Altkonto1066
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Why is the equation E=MC^2 so revolutionary when we knew E=mv^2?

Posted: 16 Dec 2020 12:36 AM PST

In classic mechanics we knew that E ∝ mv2

Replace v with c and you have Einstein's equation

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Is there a predictor for who will not benefit from the COVID vaccine?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 11:51 PM PST

Is there any way to test to find out the common traits of people who didn't respond to the COVID (or another) vaccine? Is it possible to predict who would not be among the 95% for whom the vaccine will be effective?

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Does Curcumin in Turmeric have health benefits or not?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 04:37 PM PST

From Wikipedia: "Turmeric and curcumin have been studied in numerous clinical trials for various human diseases and conditions, with no high-quality evidence of any anti-disease effect or health benefit.[8][9][40][41] There is no scientific evidence that curcumin reduces inflammation, as of 2020.[8][9]"

From this article: "Turmeric's clearest benefit is that "it is profoundly anti-inflammatory," says [Shawn Talbott, a biochemist, fellow at the American College of Sports Medicine], thanks to curcumin, a natural polyphenol that also gives the powder its bright yellow hue. The body of research on turmeric is fairly deep, with several large-scale studies, and turmeric may have more benefits than researchers yet realize—early results from one small study in the UK showed a potential for turmeric to change gene expression in a way that might help fight cancer."

The wikipedia article seems to be better sourced (one of the links in the latter article is dead, the other leads to a single small experiment).

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Where do the COVID-19 tests swabs go?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 09:57 PM PST

After being tested for COVID-19 where/who do the testing swabs go to? how do determine if you're positive or negative?

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What exactly is crossing over?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 03:59 PM PST

I am trying to understand homologous recombination. At the end of this short video it shows two possible products of homologous recombination, one with cross over and one without. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wT5JwMaLv90) I'm still trying to get a grasp on what's happening. In both examples, it looks like the strands have swapped some part of them. What is the difference?

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Does Galaxy Collision usually also mean there will be a Merger of Black Holes?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 12:13 PM PST

When in a few billion years the Milky Way merges with the Andromeda Galaxy, how likely do you think is it that there will also be a merger of supermassive black holes around that time? And if it happened, what would that mean for life around (given, there is any at that time)?

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Does lower thermostat temperature really save?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 09:20 AM PST

So I and everyone else has been told that keeping your house at lower temps during the winter and higher temps during the summer saves you money. But I wonder if that is even true. If it is 20F outside wouldn't my house use the same amount of energy trying to maintain a cool 65F or a warm 72F. Do hotter objects get colder faster is basically what I am asking.

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Aerodynamic Lift - Isn't it more about angle of attack than the shape of the airfoil?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 12:28 PM PST

For instance, symmetrical wings fly just fine, and our hands aren't really airfoil-ish when sticking them out the window of a moving car, but you tilt it up, it goes up, down it goes down.

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How will we test whether COVID-19 vaccines are effective against transmission?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 08:44 AM PST

I keep hearing about how the vaccines are 95% or so effective against subjects developing symptoms, but that it is yet unknown how effective they are in preventing transmission.

Is there a way to measure whether someone is a carrier after they've gotten the vaccine? I figure an antibody test would not work since from my limited understanding, the point of the vaccine is to produce antibodies.

Or are we just waiting on some aggregate statistics from people who were not vaccinated?

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Why does a hydrogen bomb cause a massive explosion but a meltdown at a hypothetical nuclear fusion plant wouldn’t?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 09:25 AM PST

A hydrogen bomb used nuclear fusion to create a massive explosion.

I am very interested in the possibility of using nuclear fusion in the future as a sustainable energy source, and I have heard that it is not possible for an explosion or meltdown to happen at a fusion plant. Is that true? And if it is, what makes it different from what happens inside a hydrogen bomb?

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Tuesday, December 15, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: Got questions about vaccines for COVID-19? We are experts here with your answers. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: Got questions about vaccines for COVID-19? We are experts here with your answers. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: Got questions about vaccines for COVID-19? We are experts here with your answers. AUA!

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 06:00 AM PST

In the past week, multiple vaccine candidates for COVID-19 have been approved for use in countries around the world. In addition, preliminary clinical trial data about the successful performance of other candidates has also been released. While these announcements have caused great excitement, a certain amount of caution and perspective are needed to discern what this news actually means for potentially ending the worst global health pandemic in a century in sight.

Join us today at 2 PM ET (19 UT) for a discussion with vaccine and immunology experts, organized by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). We'll answer questions about the approved vaccines, what the clinical trial results mean (and don't mean), and how the approval processes have worked. We'll also discuss what other vaccine candidates are in the pipeline, and whether the first to complete the clinical trials will actually be the most effective against this disease. Finally, we'll talk about what sort of timeline we should expect to return to normalcy, and what the process will be like for distributing and vaccinating the world's population. Ask us anything!

With us today are:

Links:

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How does hormonal birth control impact the onset of menopause?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 04:33 PM PST

The main action of my hormonal birth control (nexplanon implant) is to prevent ovulation. I know that women are born with a set number of oocytes arrested in the first meiotic division and then those oocytes complete their first round of meiosis just prior to ovulation. From my understanding, this keeps happening until you reach menopause.

What I am wondering is if, by preventing ovulation, I will not deplete my store of oocytes and therefore have oocytes until later in life... Asked another way, does taking hormonal birth control delay the onset of menopause? If so, by how long?? I don't know any 60+ year old women that still menstruate so I'm guessing there is some other process going on but I'm curious.

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Since there is no gravity at the center of the earth, does it experience gravitational time dilation?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 07:10 AM PST

Who first discovered in the ancient world that stars produce their own light like the sun ?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 05:04 PM PST

Did the Ancient Greeks know about it?

submitted by /u/SnooLobsters7431
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We know that cats can get coronavirus and quickly recover after about 3 days. But can they also transmit coronavirus to humans?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 10:57 PM PST

For clarification, I mean house cats. Our pets.

submitted by /u/BowelMan
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How does the cell synthesize all of the proteins of a protein complex at stoichiometric ratios/numbers? (eg synthesize all proteasome proteins at the appropriate ratios to which they are used)

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 04:09 PM PST

Does the moon have the proper nutrients in its surface "soil" to grow plants?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 05:16 PM PST

If we dragged in a bunch of lunar dirt to a pressurized area and planted something like wheat grain into it, then added a bunch of earth soil bacteria into it, would the plant be able to healthily grow in the soil?

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Why does the El Nino Southern Oscillation occur?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 11:19 PM PST

I understand the basic mechanisms of sea surface and air temperature changes affecting rainfall on either side of the Pacific, but I want to know why the Pacific has an oscillation to begin with. Why does is oscillate rather than remain fairly even on both sides. My quick internet searches turn up very little, and while I'm able to read scientific papers on the matter, I don't exactly enjoy it. Is it just one of those things were we go "not sure, probably a wide range of factors so small and complex that we can't really pin it down" or? Thanks :)

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Why does the pitch of a sound lower when a video is slowed down?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 02:25 PM PST

When slowing down a video, why do noises sound lower than they do at normal speed, and vice versa? Shouldn't the noise stay at the same pitch but just be slowed?

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Why did the 2009 Vaccine in sweden against the swine flu cause those bigger problems?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 12:28 PM PST

I've asked this question before in r/explainlikeimfive but they don't want ongoing topics like this on there so here it is again:

In Sweden, in 2009, about 5 million people got vaccinated against the swine flu and to my knowledge about 400 of them suffered from that point onwards with narcolepsy. Explain me how that exactly worked out and where the problem was.

Disclaimer: If you are just a reader and not an answerer you should be aware that they used the old school version of a vaccine, unlike most current covid vaccines in the later stages. Also there was some kind of immune booster in it (which seems currently not be a thing in covid vaccines), which was apperently very strong that might had to do with it, but i am hoping for more info here too, on how and why. And lastly it might have had partly to do with genetics, too. More infos or explanations here a welcome, too.

Edit. Spelling

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Is there a significant risk to being vaccinated with BNT162b2 while having an active COVID infection?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 03:45 PM PST

Hi, I have a few questions. I know this is an unlikely scenario, but am just curious.

  1. Is there any significant risk to being vaccinated while COVID positive?
  2. Is there any risk to be vaccinated while having asymptomatic COVID?
  3. Will people be tested before receiving the vaccine?

Question #1 and #2 may be the same question, but I included #2 because there may be some people who are unaware that they have COVID and am assuming that the immune response in asymptomatic cases might be slightly different? (Not sure about this)

I realize that the mRNA vaccine is beneficial to those who have already had COVID in the past since it is a modRNA encoding viral spike glycoprotein and generates S-protein specific antibodies, but am specifically wondering if it could cause cytokine storms or something similar in individuals who currently have an active infection. Feel free to go into detail with an answer. I am not a medical professional but have been studying microbiology a little bit recently and would like to learn from your answers.

Edit: Speculation is okay here. I'm sure there isn't much existing data on this yet.

Please feel free to correct anything I might be incorrect about. I love to learn but probably have some misconceptions since microbiology is new to me.

Btw, I'm not talking about attenuated or inert vaccines. I'm specifically referring to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. I'm wondering what the potential immunological response is while simultaneously taking a vaccine and having an active infection.

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Is there such a thing as "evolutionary momentum" in biology?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 03:06 PM PST

As an example, if a quadruped experiences a random mutation that slightly lengthens its legs leading to a fitness advantage, is it possible that its descendants be more likely to experience additional mutations affecting the length of their legs, or do such mutations remain stochastic?

submitted by /u/eine_zauberflote
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Is it possible for the SARS-CoV2 virus to enter the body, but NOT be able to replicate itself?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 03:06 PM PST

Can the virus enter the body but somehow fail at binding to cell-surface receptors and be unable to replicate itself?

submitted by /u/Bolton_McThunderpecs
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If viruses have to crossover with another virus to mutate, how is COVID19 mutating so often if there aren't any viruses that are similar to it?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 02:24 PM PST

Edit: Sorry, I made a mistake in adding that the virus mutates often which is not true, so let's just say that it mutates.

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Will the vaccine work on new strains of the virus?

Posted: 15 Dec 2020 02:40 AM PST

With the new strain identified in South East England that has been linked to the surge in cases in London, I'm seeing a lot of discussion around the vaccine. Looking through the media I'm not really seeing a clear answer, so I thought I'd ask the straight to the point people on here.

What do you think, will the vaccine work on new strains such as the one identified in England? If someone could please explain the science in dumbed down terms that'd be even better.

I've just felt my mood plummet since hearing about this, so I'm silently praying there is some hope.


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mRNA 'vaccine' to treat other genetic conditions?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 01:00 PM PST

So given that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are both mRNA which proves viability of mass manufacturing of things like this. The way I understand it these sequences are absorbed then the protein is built which then generates an immune response as it's released from the cell.

Given that same principle would it be possible to use this to treat conditions with misfolded proteins like cystic fibrosis? Especially given that CF costs on average 10-33k a year to treat, these mRNA vaccines are comparatively cheap.

Or it could be used as a cancer treatment to induce apoptosis by giving the mRNA strand with apoptosis inducing factor?

submitted by /u/Maverick__24
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Does carbon monoxide affect hemocyanin the same way it affects hemoglobin?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 07:32 PM PST

Did the slow rotation of Venus contribute to how hot it is there?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 02:28 PM PST

I'm just imagining that the extremely long days on Venus probably get really hot, right?

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Why are there no saltwater rivers?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 07:17 PM PST

Where was the Pfizer vaccine created?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 11:54 AM PST

I've been seeing different things from different people about where the Pfizer vaccine was created, with some saying that America made it first, or that germany was the first to make it. I know that Pfizer is an american company, but also that BioNTech, who is a german company, was working with Pfizer to develop the vaccine.

submitted by /u/Jokerrules4ever
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Do people who received a placebo vaccine ever find out they got the placebo?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 08:47 AM PST

I ask because with this covid 19 vaccine that's rolling out there's going to be people who were part of the testing who literally have no idea if they got a placebo or a vaccine. Wouldn't it be safe for everyone to make sure the one's who got the placebo eventually get the vaccine. While at the same time not wasting resources on someone who already had the vaccine.

submitted by /u/jimmy__jazz
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How did we got rid of smallpox but haven't been able to do the same for chickenpox or measles?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 12:52 PM PST

Monday, December 14, 2020

Why can we develop a vaccine for COVID in 8 months, but still don't have a vaccine for other viruses that are decades old?

Why can we develop a vaccine for COVID in 8 months, but still don't have a vaccine for other viruses that are decades old?


Why can we develop a vaccine for COVID in 8 months, but still don't have a vaccine for other viruses that are decades old?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 05:23 AM PST

Not anti vaccine or anything and I plan on getting the covid one, but just wondering how a vaccine for COVID was made so quickly, and we still don't have a vaccine for HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, Epstein-Barr, etc.

submitted by /u/Coppatop
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mRNA Vaccines: What happens to the antigen presenting cells?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 05:07 AM PST

Looking at this: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html

COVID-19 mRNA vaccines give instructions for our cells to make a harmless piece of what is called the "spike protein." The spike protein is found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19.

COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are given in the upper arm muscle. Once the instructions (mRNA) are inside the muscle cells, the cells use them to make the protein piece. After the protein piece is made, the cell breaks down the instructions and gets rid of them.

Next, the cell displays the protein piece on its surface. Our immune systems recognize that the protein doesn't belong there and begin building an immune response and making antibodies, like what happens in natural infection against COVID-19.

So, if I am understanding this correctly, the mRNA vaccine tells the cells to produce the protein that identifies the virus - the mRNA is then disposed of. So what happens to the antigen presenting cells? Since the immune system recognizes that the protein is not supposed to be there, does that mean the immune system will destroy these cells? If all the antigen presenting cells die off, do we lose the immunity and have to take the mRNA vaccine to provide "instructions" to the cells again?

submitted by /u/SmallAl
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How do antibodies passed on through breast feeding not immediately get destroyed by the baby’s stomach acid?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 12:02 AM PST

How does a baby absorb all of that premade goodness?

Also obligatory no shame: Fed is best.

submitted by /u/MathsDynamics
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What cell types are likely to be transfected by the mRNA SARS-cov2 vaccine?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 05:39 AM PST

Hello all,

Soon to be biochemistry PhD here so I can handle some level of specialized terminology. This is a question just borne out of scientific curiosity, may not have been studied, so some speculation is fine.

The lipofection based SARS-cov2 vaccine is, I assume, administered intramuscularly like most vaccines. Is it expected/known that muscle cells will be the primary producers of the spike antigen? Or another cell type in the local area? This is an interesting thing for me to think about because I know from lab experience that primary cells are quite difficult to transfect - although this may be due to the difficulty of turning on DNA expression in a senescent cell so perhaps the transfection with mRNA bypasses this issue? Just something I'm curious about.

Bonus points for my secondary question, which is more immunology related (not my field of expertise). I assume that cells expressing the spike protein will be identified as non self by the immune system and destroyed. This is, again to my limited understanding, different from other vaccines which don't require the involvement of non immune host cells. Do we anticipate any issues with the local destruction of cells (muscle cells?) caused by that recognition, especially given it may be in a cell type that typically is not infected by SARS-cov2?

Thanks!

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If we had a telescope 100 light years away from earth would we be seeing into the past? (And follow on questions)

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 04:21 AM PST

And say the telescope was really powerful and we could zoom all the way into that light from the earth, could we see people walking around?

And finally, if light can reflect off from other objects, could it be that light sent from our plant 100 years ago, could be bouncing off some celestial bodyback towards earth, and allow us on earth to view it and see into our own past? (Providing we had the telescope technology to do so).

submitted by /u/occasionalwisdom
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Will Saturn's rings eventually coalesce into a moon or set of moons?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 09:19 PM PST

Is it just a matter of time before, through natural random collisions, the pieces of rock/ice constituting the rings form large enough clumps which gravitationally attract other local pieces in a snowballing accumulation effect that can form some moons? If so, do we have any estimations of the timeframe in which it might happen?

submitted by /u/usernamematesout
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How long does it take for comets to completely lose all their mass? I assume that, at the rate they expel gas and dust they would only last maybe a few hundred orbits.

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 02:09 PM PST

Which animal poops the largest in proportion to its size?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 03:41 PM PST

My miniature Australian shepherd takes some big poops sometimes, but she's about 35lbs. My poops don't seem proportionally larger than hers.

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How does a car battery "know" whether to supply power versus recharge from the same terminal connection?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 09:11 PM PST

Seems like a stupid question, but I'm drawing a blank. I just recently had to recharge a dead battery using a charging device plugged into a wall outlet, obviously using the same terminal connection that the battery would supply power to the car. So how does the battery "know" whether to draw or output power?

submitted by /u/WuluChief13
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Why does a paper towel that was used to wipe up water and allowed to dry not absorb as much water the second time?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 04:32 PM PST

Specifically, I live in a part of the country where an iced drink causes a lot of condensation (cue Family Guy) so I keep a roll of paper towels near my desk to wipe it up. As it's just water and a glass doesn't always use up a full sheet, sometimes I keep the paper towel sheets long enough to completely use that the formerly wet part has dried again. However, when re-used, I've noticed that this part won't ever wipe up as much water again as it did originally. Why?

submitted by /u/nobrainxorz
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Why are they recommending a COVID-19 vaccine for people that have already been infected?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 10:42 AM PST

Shouldn't a previously infected person have the antibodies to protect them from re-infection?

submitted by /u/mattsffrd
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Why does HIV replication spike when CD4+ cell numbers drop?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 10:28 PM PST

My understanding is that HIV mainly infects CD4+ cells, which include T cells, Dendritic cells, and macrophages. I also understand that HIV replication typically leads to the death of these cell types. From what I have gathered, the progressive loss of CD4 counts allows HIV to turn into AIDS, and by this time, HIV replicates uncontrollably. (Basically, low CD4 counts leads to a higher and higher viral load).

So my question is this- why does HIV/AIDS progress so much faster when CD4 counts are low? In my head, it seems like HIV is limiting it's own pool of cells it could effect. Every time it kills a CD4 cell, it is losing the opportunity to infect a new cell, so why does low CD4 numbers actually lead to a huge spike in viral replication?

My guess is that there is some cytokine released by healthy immune cells which keeps HIV replication in a more latent phase, and losing these immune cells removes this cytokine, which allows HIV to replicate faster, even with less possible "host" cells.

submitted by /u/benderGOAT
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Why are tidally locked orbits so common?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 03:16 AM PST

At first glance it seems like these would be very rare as the rotation and orbit would have to almost perfectly match up, yet they are quite common. What's with that?

submitted by /u/SgtChris11
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If Coronavirus particles can be detected in "solid biowaste", why don't we use stool test to check for active Covid-19 infection?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 06:30 PM PST

How much of the pyramids are hollow?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 03:16 PM PST

That is literally all I wanna know

submitted by /u/C_BearHill
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If Covid-19 mutates to the point that the vaccine will be ineffective, will it be easier to make a new one or it’ll take the same amount of time?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 07:25 PM PST

Is the sun's energy output to earth considered a constant when measuring global temperature changes?

Posted: 14 Dec 2020 02:40 AM PST

Apologies if planetary science wasn't the correct tag.

submitted by /u/burudoragon
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How did the "petrified sand dunes" in Utah form?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 07:54 PM PST

I recently visited Snow Canyon State Park in Utah, and among its many grand rock formations are these stone hills with natural steps in them. From the videos and articles I've looked into it sounds like erosion from rivers and wind are typical culprits for shaping these rocks, but I'd like to understand more specifically, how were these rocks carved into steps??

Some pictures of these formations:
1) https://images.app.goo.gl/3nexKA5hk5Wrq4Qq5

2) https://images.app.goo.gl/wBbkZdANUUNbfMhs7

submitted by /u/imgurundercover
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Is it biologically possible for a virus to exist that is both extremely easy to spread and extremely deadly?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 08:44 PM PST

For this hypothetical virus, let's say the R0 is something ridiculous like 150 and the mortality rate is also insanely high.

Is there anything in biology that prevents this killer combination, or is it completely possible (and perhaps just a matter of time before a Patient 0 contracts something like this)?

submitted by /u/TuloCantHitski
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Are some people more prone to getting cavities than others?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 03:08 PM PST

I (28F) have had at least 8 cavities filled on my adult teeth (maybe some on my baby teeth when I was younger) but I feel like I have relatively good oral hygiene. I brush daily and try to floss on a regular basis. I do have a sweet tooth, but doesn't seem like more than the average human.

submitted by /u/signingwildcat
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Why did the Shaanxi China Earthquake have such a big impact, when earthquakes with the same magnitude happend all the time?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 10:15 AM PST

This is a question to any geologists out there, I just learned about the China Shaanxi Earthquake and how 830 000 people died as a result of the earthquake. Apparently it was only a magnitude 8, which occur once per year, so why did 830 000 people die then? I mean it leveled mountains, so if it's so common, why aren't we more effected now?

submitted by /u/hestenesten
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Do our senses really enhance when we lose one?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 05:18 PM PST

Basically if someone loses their sight will other senses become better/stronger, such as improved hearing? OR do we just pick up on things better through our other senses since we aren't able to rely on all 5?

submitted by /u/SwishSketcher
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