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Wednesday, December 9, 2020

If 2/3 of the American adult population gets the covid vaccine will that: 1: lead to heard immunity 2: make it so children don’t necessarily need the vaccine to return to normal life?

If 2/3 of the American adult population gets the covid vaccine will that: 1: lead to heard immunity 2: make it so children don’t necessarily need the vaccine to return to normal life?


If 2/3 of the American adult population gets the covid vaccine will that: 1: lead to heard immunity 2: make it so children don’t necessarily need the vaccine to return to normal life?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 07:01 AM PST

I'm not trying to avoid giving my child the vaccine. I am pro vaccine. I just know there haven't been studies yet and it's a while out. Looking for a little hope.

Edit: clarity. I was in a covid vax trial. Check my history and stop messaging me to say I'm a bad parent. I LOVE VACCINES.

submitted by /u/literallyfromjupiter
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Will the Covid vaccine go to people that have caught Covid already?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 12:33 AM PST

Since the vaccine just gives your body a little piece (mRNA) of the virus would catching the actual virus do the same thing for your body? Making people that have caught Covid and survived immune to the virus since their body has already dealt with the virus and knows what to look for.

I remember around June - July that nobody was sure if you became immune once you caught Covid. but with this vaccine and how it works, it would make sense that you would be immune after catching covid. So with that, has anyone heard of "Covid survivors" getting the vaccine? Or am I wrong in thinking you'd be immune after catching Covid?

submitted by /u/kylepenn10
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why does sunrise keep happening later in the morning for several days after the winter equinox (ie even though the length of the day is increasing)?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 04:23 AM PST

If 2 neutral atoms are in a covalent bond, and both of them share one single pair of electrons, each atom will have more electrons than protons and should have a negative charge. Is that true? If not, how do they remain neutral even though the electrons would be more than protons in the atom?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 01:05 AM PST

How do scientists genetically modify enzymes?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 03:47 AM PST

If the space station was stationary and held up by thrusters or something, how much gravity would you experience on board?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 11:11 PM PST

I've heard that the zero-g feeling is because it's in free fall, it's just going so fast that it basically just misses the earth. I also know that the further you are from earth the less gravity you experience. I'm just wondering how much gravity you would feel 400km/~250 miles up

submitted by /u/idrunkenlysignedup
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What vectors exists for contracting sicknesses like common colds, flu, coronavirus besides human transmission?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:48 PM PST

How do a sender and receiver synchronize when communicatiing via a rolling code?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 03:35 AM PST

If my car key uses a rolling code, how does it make sure the car keeps the current code in sync and actually expects the code I'm sending? Shouldn't it be the case that after I press my key several times while it is out of signal range of the car the key is ahead by several codes in the sequence and the car would no longer acknowledge the code?

submitted by /u/PattuX
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How do scientists make synthetic mRNA?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 05:46 PM PST

I've seen several articles stating that the new COVID-19 vaccines are using synthetic mRNA. I was able to look up where mRNA normally comes from, but I can't find how scientists recreate it. (My science education in biology is limited to a high school class, so please keep that in mind as you answer.)

submitted by /u/Pegacorn21
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Is Deepmind's AlphaFold trained with a dataset of proteins and the 'correct' folding? If so, how do they get a big enough dataset?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 04:01 PM PST

I don't know if anybody knows exactly how AlphaFold works on the inside but as I understand it (and I don't very well) it tries to predict the correct way a certain protein is folded. The deep learning I'm familiar with would suggest they have trained AlphaFold on a dataset with many of the problems and their solutions to check how close it is, which means they would need many proteins and their correct foldings. But isn't the problem they're trying to solve that right now it's very difficult to predict them? So how would they get a dataset like that if that's how it's trained?

submitted by /u/Snapsick
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Can one sample be used for both a CoVid-19 PCR test and a Antigen test?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:10 PM PST

I just got a COVID 19 PCR test 2 hours ago, and I just got an email from the lab that my Antigen test was positive. I did not take an antigen test, I know it was a PCR as it looked just like the other PCR tests I have taken, and the tester told me they were out of antigen tests. Is it possible the lab ran an antigen test on the sample in the PCR test vial? Or was this an error on the tester's side.

submitted by /u/LostCausality
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With the rollout of the vaccine, how will kids/babies be protected if they're not eligible?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 08:36 PM PST

If we send one photon againsta 50% transparent glass, what determines if it will pass through or if it will get reflected?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 05:12 AM PST

How effective is Stage 1 of the Covid vaccine?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 11:45 AM PST

This is not a question about the overall effectiveness of vaccines. I plan on getting the vaccine as soon as I'm allowed to. But how much protection will the first stage give me? Will I have to wait three months for the booster before I can hang out with friends again?

submitted by /u/questionthrowaway48
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With a DNA based vaccine, would blood donors also pass on the immunity to COVID to recipients?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 07:31 PM PST

Passive immunity in the case where antibodies being shared with another person through blood transfusion are temporary as the recipient doesn't produce their own antibodies. But with the COVID vaccine being DNA based, would people who receive blood from another with acquired immunity ALSO become immune, or would it be another case of passive immunity?

submitted by /u/Online-Vagabond
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How do (coronavirus) mRNA vaccines function?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 08:05 PM PST

The mRNA vaccine in the Pfizer vaccine codes for the spiky portion of the coronavirus particle. Your body recognizes it as mRNA and translates it to protein. At which point does your body know when to stop producing the pointy bits?

Do you just become one pointy boi at the end?

submitted by /u/Pina_Ka_Lada
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It appears that the death rate of the pandemic has decreased over time. Has the coronavirus pandemic become less deadly due to possible mutation, or has the medical response to it improved?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 11:39 AM PST

Why do the M-RNA COVID-19 vaccines need to be kept cold if RNA exists just fine in our bodies?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:25 PM PST

How do our planets stay in their orbits?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 11:55 AM PST

So my very limited knowledge when it comes from science mostly comes from YouTube videos or shows I watch out of interest so please excuse me if I don't use any scientific technical terms. In addition English is not my first language so all I write might sound like utter nonsense.

So the planets and therefore also earth circle around the sun in orbits and the reason for that is how I very, very loosely and very possibly wrongly understood it:
That the universe is like some form of matter than can be influenced (bended) by great masses, like a stretched piece of cloth that would bend downwards if you put a heavy object in the middle making it like a funnel.
So the sun is that massive object that sits in the middle of the cloth that is our solar system bending it down making like a well or a funnel and the planets basically run around the wall of that "well".
(And I'm just realizing while writing how hard it is with my low knowledge trying to describe what I want to say.)
So if the sun is the most massive object and therefore being the center that pulls the matter of our solar system down, how does it work that our planets can stay in orbit and are not just slowly or quickly being pulled down towards the sun until they eventually collide with the sun?

I am very sorry if this is a stupid question?

submitted by /u/dontsaltmyfries
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Does the speed of sound change based on the force of what created the sound?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 04:40 PM PST

I know the speed of sound changes depending on the density of the fluid it is moving through, but does it also change based on what creates the sound? i.e the sound of a gun going off vs. a pin dropping on a cement floor; would the soundwave of the round detonation be moving faster, slower, or the same speed as the soundwave of the pin given they happen in the same density of air?

submitted by /u/toomanyglobules
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Why don’t nuclear fuel bundles spontaneously undergo nuclear fission?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 07:40 PM PST

As I understand it, a nuclear reactor starts when the control rods are raised. Neutrons are sometimes emitted from the radioactive isotopes in the fuel and if one strikes a fissile atom then a chain reaction is able to continue since the control rods aren't absorbing most of the neutrons.

So let's say you just have a fuel bundle sitting on the ground outside of a nuclear reactor with nothing absorbing any neutrons. Why wouldn't the fission process spontaneous start up and release a massive amount of energy to the surroundings?

submitted by /u/Trainbus6000
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Tuesday, December 8, 2020

Why is there an explicit line between Phase 3 and roll out of a vaccine?

Why is there an explicit line between Phase 3 and roll out of a vaccine?


Why is there an explicit line between Phase 3 and roll out of a vaccine?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:31 AM PST

With the technology of today (ease of internet access, video medicine, and smart watches, etc), Why is there an explicit "end of Phase 3 Trials"? Shouldn't it just be "begin Phase 3a" at whatever rate the vaccine can be produced, and include placebos, continue to add new phase 3a patients at the dose production rate. When the number of cases in the placebo group have become sufficient to determine efficacy and the efficacy is good move to phase 3b, just continue administering doses of the real vaccine and no more placebo, could we have been at about 10 million people vaccinated by now? When your confidence reaches a certain level, discontinue asymptomatic monitoring that requires one-to-one medical staff, and discontinue smart watch requirements, but encourage patients to continue log data if they wish. Also reduce the patient acceptance requirements. For this particular incident, the explicit dividing line between Phase 3 and rollout is costing 1000-2000 lives a day.

submitted by /u/CodedElectrons
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To what degree can the safety of previous vaccines be generalized to the Covid-19 Vaccines? How generalizable is previous safety data to a given new vaccine?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 05:41 PM PST

Why doesn't pinocytosis lead to hyperhydration?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 07:01 AM PST

Since cells take up fluid from outside during pinocytosis, this would eventually lead to the cell having too much fluid. But this does not happen. Why could this be? Is the explanation as simple as just saying that the cell counteracts this with exocytosis? Or maybe aquaporins play a role?

submitted by /u/vedhora
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Can diseases mutate and infect vaccinated people?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 02:35 PM PST

So I've been thinking about this for a while, and I can't seem to find any good/fulfilling answer to this question.

I believe it would be easier for me to explain with a scenario, so here goes nothing:

Person 1 - vaccinated for X Person 2 - not vaccinated for X

Can X mutate in 2's body, so 2 can infect 1 even though 1 got the vaccine for the "original" x?

Hope it makes sense. Thanks!

submitted by /u/doublesarah
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Why is it that when you are out of water looking into it you can see through it fine, but when you are inside water looking out it’s just as reflection?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 09:24 PM PST

How can lasers get hotter by going through a magnifying glass?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 03:54 PM PST

Doesnt this violate conservation of etendue? Can anyone help me understand what's going on here.

submitted by /u/Figfogey
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Why where the vaccines for Covid created quicker than the cures?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:10 AM PST

In the beginning of the pandemic the logic was that it takes way longer to develop vaccines compared to developing a cure.

submitted by /u/intjeejee
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How do you induce leukemia in rats?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 02:10 AM PST

What do monocistronic and polycistronic genes actually mean?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 04:08 AM PST

I keep seeing that a single gene can produce many different kinds of proteins but I've also learned that eukaryotes have monocistronic genes which means a gene encodes the information for one protein only?

submitted by /u/looneytoes
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What specific risks are mRNA vaccine clinical trials evaluating?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 09:43 AM PST

It's clear that COVID vaccine science is very well understood. For example, Pfizer's mRNA vaccine provides the body with the precursor to a spike protein found on the COVID-19 virus surface. The body manufactures the protein and the protein triggers an immune response. This chain of events is completely engineered: these scientists are not shooting in the dark. There is no risk of COVID infection: the virus cannot possibly be produced from mRNA alone.

Clinical trials show 95% efficacy of the mRNA vaccine with a very strong statistical significance, so Pfizer must have tested the vaccine on tens of thousands of people. Now, it's finally ready for distribution. In the mean time, hundreds of thousands have died from COVID.

Why is such an extensive clinical trial actually necessary? What danger could a new mRNA vaccine present aside from just *not working*? How could this danger be greater than COVID itself?

submitted by /u/herbertwillyworth
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Does sneezing help get the virus out of your body?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:58 AM PST

I know I sound so stupid but my sister's manager tested reactive, so I'm kinda panicking right now as she went home several days ago. I told my friends about this and they told me to sneeze "because the virus is in your nose", I thought it was dumb since I thought the virus is in our blood? I did a quick search but couldn't find any answer. Kindly explain to me asap?

edit: i saw two notification but i don't see the comments when i check my post, this might have something to do with the fact that reddit is banned here in Indonesia and im using free vpn, please kindly message me instead? or do you have any solution?

if you see this please just message me for real im so frustrated

submitted by /u/OktovriaVe
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Does the relative success of the neonatal origins hypothesis undermine the validity of inferences re: genetic causality in twin studies?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 01:11 PM PST

What affects the duration of acquired immunity?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 05:12 PM PST

Textbooks go through the process of how acquired immunity works and it always ends in the body having long-lived memory T and B cells that can initiate a rapid secondary immune response the next time the same antigen is encountered.

But sometimes acquired immunity fades or is even lost after some years, right? What things affect the duration of acquired immunity? Do memory cells to some specific pathogens eventually all die out, and what factors contribute to this?

submitted by /u/rabidsoggymoose
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I've always wondered why doesn't oil and water mix?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 03:37 PM PST

How is it possible plasma can be hot or cold?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 07:12 PM PST

I know that there has to be a lot of electrical energy, but I thought when substances get cold their atoms slow down? I would think the plasma would always have to be hot.

submitted by /u/kezebel
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Common cold and Coronavirus

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 01:57 PM PST

If someone in my household catches the common cold, does that mean: - they have not been practising social distancing? Or - they have not been washing their hands regularly? Or - someone else in the household has not been following the rules?

If someone catches the common cold, could they just do easily have caught Coronavirus?

submitted by /u/IAmPurpleMikey
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Does changing the mass of an ‘in flight’ projectile affect its speed?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 02:31 PM PST

Ignoring friction and gravity, if you throw a 100g snowball at 100kph, and it melts 10% every 10 meters, would it start to go faster? Slower? No difference? Thanks!

submitted by /u/infinitum3d
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How much time does it take to design a vaccine? (just the first prototype, without trials)

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 08:02 PM PST

Monday, December 7, 2020

Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?

Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?


Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:02 AM PST

Take the BCG vaccine, as far as I'm concerned they inject you with M. bovis and it gives you something like 80% protection for life. That is my understanding at least. Or say Hepatitis B, 3 doses and then you're done.

But tetanus? Needs a boost every 5-10 years... why? Influenza I can dig because it mutates, but I don't get tetanus. Is it to do with the type of vaccine? Is it the immune response/antibodies that somehow have an expiry date? And some don't? Why are some antibodies short-lived like milk, and others are infinite like Twinkies?

submitted by /u/mrFabz
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What’s the deal with the Sputnik V vaccine? How effective is it and why is it so controversial?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 12:39 AM PST

Different countries are planning to use the vaccine, isn't it dangerous if it wasn't properly tested? How does it stack up with BionTech or Moderna for example?

Edit: was->wasn't

submitted by /u/Manuclaros
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What is the most genetically diverse species? Or I should would word it, “what species has the most phenotypic variability yet can still interbreed to be considered a ‘species’? “

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 09:23 PM PST

This is roughly phrased and rather generic parameters but you get what I mean...

submitted by /u/ALjaguarLink
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How do protons and electrons ACTUALLY merge into neutrons?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 12:14 PM PST

I assume there have to be intermediate steps, but it's not clear what those would be, and what byproducts there would be.

Does it amount to the proton being fully disassociated into its quarks, one electron and one up quark combine to form a down quark, and then the quarks reassociate into a neutron? This fits with charge conservation, e + u --> d, -1 + 2/3 = -1/3

What role do bosons play in this, are there any intermediate steps involving antiparticles, and are neutrinos and/or photons released? Are these byproducts part of the output of a neutron star?

submitted by /u/malenkylizards
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Why is light able to escape a huge star but not able to escape when the same star collapses on itself and becomes a black hole?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:31 AM PST

Hello reddit,

I would love to get a bit more understanding of why the size/density of mass is so crucial for formation of blackhole.

As I understand , If a single huge star has a Gravitational field of "A" . Then , even it becomes a black hole by collapsing on itself , the gravitational field would not be able to increase more than "A" . But the radius of star does decrease , having the more or less the same field.

Could someone explain this relation to me?

Appreciation in advance .

submitted by /u/hari2897
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What does it mean for a coordinate to be timelike?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 02:38 PM PST

In the wikipedia article about Schwarzschild black holes, it says : For r < rs the Schwarzschild radial coordinate r becomes timelike and the time coordinate t becomes spacelike.

What does it mean for a coordinate to be "timelike" ? Does it just mean that an object must move forwards in that coordinate?

submitted by /u/MilitaryModelSpotPi
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If somone gets the COVID-19 vaccine, would the PCR test come back positive in the weeks to follow?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 08:12 AM PST

Can a single mRNA molecule make more than one protein?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:47 AM PST

I don't mean more than one kind of protein, but I want to know the number of proteins (of the same kind) that can be made from one mrna molecule. I saw somewhere that many proteins can be made from a single mrna molecule so I'm a bit confused as to what it means.

submitted by /u/looneytoes
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What does "True" signify in taxonomy? ir "True Bugs; True Parrots; True Lizards, etc"

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 08:02 AM PST

Is the family of bugs "true bugs" more buggy than other bugs, are the True Lizards more lizardy? What do scientists/taxonomists mean when certain familys are called "true"

submitted by /u/seeasea
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Does sweating empty the bladder?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:08 PM PST

Let's say you have a full bladder, but you hold it. If you sweat a lot, will your bladder eventually empty? Can some or all of your urine go back into your body to hydrate you?

submitted by /u/ec6412
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Will an object sink faster in less dense/viscous fluids?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:20 PM PST

If you drop a substance with, let's say, a density of 10 g/ml in different fluids, will it sink at different speeds depending on the density or viscosity of the fluid? Like, will it sink fastest in air, then alcohol, then water, and lastly syrup? If so, does it have anything to do with the density or viscosity of the fluid?

submitted by /u/xspicypotatox
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How can the FDA effectively review annual influenza vaccines so quickly when an expedited process still took almost a year for this new vaccine?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:44 PM PST

I read recently that the CDC decides which influenza strains to vaccinate for by February of any given year, and by June these annual vaccines are approved. What makes this process so quick and effective?

submitted by /u/TheHumanRavioli
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How fast are stars traveling around the Milky Way?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 01:17 AM PST

I know we are traveling very quickly.But, I am wondering how quickly and if it is a constant speed for all stars?

submitted by /u/truckballs69
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Do microRNA's in food effect gene expression in humans?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:44 PM PST

Can a rapid temperature change cause an explosion?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 11:46 PM PST

I was writing a story and I thought of a character with the power to rapidly change his body temperature to a greater extent than normal humans can. I thought that this would give him the ability to create explosions of air. Is this assumption correct?

submitted by /u/RazAlKil
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What caused the planets to have elliptical orbits?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:51 PM PST

I don't mean why are they circling the sun on elliptical orbits right now.

I mean what mechanisms are at work during the formation of planets to not let the orbits be circular (or almost).

submitted by /u/CheesyLama
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What is the combined effect of jupiter and saturn being in a close orbital position on the orbit of earth and can this effect be measured in current weather or climate patterns?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 06:48 PM PST

and by extension are there climate models that are currently used that actually have as an input variable the position of these neighbour planets in the solar system?

submitted by /u/Enjoy____
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is there any scientific basis for genetics making you fat?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 05:06 PM PST

if you eat below your maintenance calories and somehow gain weight, you'd be producing mass from nothing. or you simply miscalculated your consumption, or maintenance calorie amount.

humans were mostly thin 100 years ago and humans live about 60-70ish years on average. so there is no way we evolved to be that efficient in 5-6 generations.

submitted by /u/Skeletore-full-power
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How would a scientist be able to tell if a sample of sand had microplastics in it?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 12:04 PM PST

Imagine a scientist who wants to take a sand sample because they suspect a beach is being filled with microplastic particulate. (manufactured sand.)

How can the scientist tell if something is a plastic particle made to look like sand? Is this something that's obvious under a microscope because of the structure of the particulate? Or would testing for something like this require gas chromatogarphy or something? How could a scientist tell if beach sand was actually fake plastic sand?

submitted by /u/Sexycornwitch
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If you smell something enough, is it possible for the smelly thing (let’s say a candle) to lose it’s smell?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 11:52 AM PST