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Tuesday, December 8, 2020

Why is there an explicit line between Phase 3 and roll out of a vaccine?

Why is there an explicit line between Phase 3 and roll out of a vaccine?

Why is there an explicit line between Phase 3 and roll out of a vaccine?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:31 AM PST

With the technology of today (ease of internet access, video medicine, and smart watches, etc), Why is there an explicit "end of Phase 3 Trials"? Shouldn't it just be "begin Phase 3a" at whatever rate the vaccine can be produced, and include placebos, continue to add new phase 3a patients at the dose production rate. When the number of cases in the placebo group have become sufficient to determine efficacy and the efficacy is good move to phase 3b, just continue administering doses of the real vaccine and no more placebo, could we have been at about 10 million people vaccinated by now? When your confidence reaches a certain level, discontinue asymptomatic monitoring that requires one-to-one medical staff, and discontinue smart watch requirements, but encourage patients to continue log data if they wish. Also reduce the patient acceptance requirements. For this particular incident, the explicit dividing line between Phase 3 and rollout is costing 1000-2000 lives a day.

submitted by /u/CodedElectrons
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To what degree can the safety of previous vaccines be generalized to the Covid-19 Vaccines? How generalizable is previous safety data to a given new vaccine?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 05:41 PM PST

Why doesn't pinocytosis lead to hyperhydration?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 07:01 AM PST

Since cells take up fluid from outside during pinocytosis, this would eventually lead to the cell having too much fluid. But this does not happen. Why could this be? Is the explanation as simple as just saying that the cell counteracts this with exocytosis? Or maybe aquaporins play a role?

submitted by /u/vedhora
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Can diseases mutate and infect vaccinated people?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 02:35 PM PST

So I've been thinking about this for a while, and I can't seem to find any good/fulfilling answer to this question.

I believe it would be easier for me to explain with a scenario, so here goes nothing:

Person 1 - vaccinated for X Person 2 - not vaccinated for X

Can X mutate in 2's body, so 2 can infect 1 even though 1 got the vaccine for the "original" x?

Hope it makes sense. Thanks!

submitted by /u/doublesarah
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Why is it that when you are out of water looking into it you can see through it fine, but when you are inside water looking out it’s just as reflection?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 09:24 PM PST

How can lasers get hotter by going through a magnifying glass?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 03:54 PM PST

Doesnt this violate conservation of etendue? Can anyone help me understand what's going on here.

submitted by /u/Figfogey
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Why where the vaccines for Covid created quicker than the cures?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:10 AM PST

In the beginning of the pandemic the logic was that it takes way longer to develop vaccines compared to developing a cure.

submitted by /u/intjeejee
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How do you induce leukemia in rats?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 02:10 AM PST

What do monocistronic and polycistronic genes actually mean?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 04:08 AM PST

I keep seeing that a single gene can produce many different kinds of proteins but I've also learned that eukaryotes have monocistronic genes which means a gene encodes the information for one protein only?

submitted by /u/looneytoes
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What specific risks are mRNA vaccine clinical trials evaluating?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 09:43 AM PST

It's clear that COVID vaccine science is very well understood. For example, Pfizer's mRNA vaccine provides the body with the precursor to a spike protein found on the COVID-19 virus surface. The body manufactures the protein and the protein triggers an immune response. This chain of events is completely engineered: these scientists are not shooting in the dark. There is no risk of COVID infection: the virus cannot possibly be produced from mRNA alone.

Clinical trials show 95% efficacy of the mRNA vaccine with a very strong statistical significance, so Pfizer must have tested the vaccine on tens of thousands of people. Now, it's finally ready for distribution. In the mean time, hundreds of thousands have died from COVID.

Why is such an extensive clinical trial actually necessary? What danger could a new mRNA vaccine present aside from just *not working*? How could this danger be greater than COVID itself?

submitted by /u/herbertwillyworth
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Does sneezing help get the virus out of your body?

Posted: 08 Dec 2020 06:58 AM PST

I know I sound so stupid but my sister's manager tested reactive, so I'm kinda panicking right now as she went home several days ago. I told my friends about this and they told me to sneeze "because the virus is in your nose", I thought it was dumb since I thought the virus is in our blood? I did a quick search but couldn't find any answer. Kindly explain to me asap?

edit: i saw two notification but i don't see the comments when i check my post, this might have something to do with the fact that reddit is banned here in Indonesia and im using free vpn, please kindly message me instead? or do you have any solution?

if you see this please just message me for real im so frustrated

submitted by /u/OktovriaVe
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Does the relative success of the neonatal origins hypothesis undermine the validity of inferences re: genetic causality in twin studies?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 01:11 PM PST

What affects the duration of acquired immunity?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 05:12 PM PST

Textbooks go through the process of how acquired immunity works and it always ends in the body having long-lived memory T and B cells that can initiate a rapid secondary immune response the next time the same antigen is encountered.

But sometimes acquired immunity fades or is even lost after some years, right? What things affect the duration of acquired immunity? Do memory cells to some specific pathogens eventually all die out, and what factors contribute to this?

submitted by /u/rabidsoggymoose
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I've always wondered why doesn't oil and water mix?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 03:37 PM PST

How is it possible plasma can be hot or cold?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 07:12 PM PST

I know that there has to be a lot of electrical energy, but I thought when substances get cold their atoms slow down? I would think the plasma would always have to be hot.

submitted by /u/kezebel
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Common cold and Coronavirus

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 01:57 PM PST

If someone in my household catches the common cold, does that mean: - they have not been practising social distancing? Or - they have not been washing their hands regularly? Or - someone else in the household has not been following the rules?

If someone catches the common cold, could they just do easily have caught Coronavirus?

submitted by /u/IAmPurpleMikey
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Does changing the mass of an ‘in flight’ projectile affect its speed?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 02:31 PM PST

Ignoring friction and gravity, if you throw a 100g snowball at 100kph, and it melts 10% every 10 meters, would it start to go faster? Slower? No difference? Thanks!

submitted by /u/infinitum3d
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How much time does it take to design a vaccine? (just the first prototype, without trials)

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 08:02 PM PST
vào lúc No comments:

Monday, December 7, 2020

Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?

Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?

Why do some vaccines give lifelong immunity and others only for a set period of time?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:02 AM PST

Take the BCG vaccine, as far as I'm concerned they inject you with M. bovis and it gives you something like 80% protection for life. That is my understanding at least. Or say Hepatitis B, 3 doses and then you're done.

But tetanus? Needs a boost every 5-10 years... why? Influenza I can dig because it mutates, but I don't get tetanus. Is it to do with the type of vaccine? Is it the immune response/antibodies that somehow have an expiry date? And some don't? Why are some antibodies short-lived like milk, and others are infinite like Twinkies?

submitted by /u/mrFabz
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What’s the deal with the Sputnik V vaccine? How effective is it and why is it so controversial?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 12:39 AM PST

Different countries are planning to use the vaccine, isn't it dangerous if it wasn't properly tested? How does it stack up with BionTech or Moderna for example?

Edit: was->wasn't

submitted by /u/Manuclaros
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What is the most genetically diverse species? Or I should would word it, “what species has the most phenotypic variability yet can still interbreed to be considered a ‘species’? “

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 09:23 PM PST

This is roughly phrased and rather generic parameters but you get what I mean...

submitted by /u/ALjaguarLink
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How do protons and electrons ACTUALLY merge into neutrons?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 12:14 PM PST

I assume there have to be intermediate steps, but it's not clear what those would be, and what byproducts there would be.

Does it amount to the proton being fully disassociated into its quarks, one electron and one up quark combine to form a down quark, and then the quarks reassociate into a neutron? This fits with charge conservation, e + u --> d, -1 + 2/3 = -1/3

What role do bosons play in this, are there any intermediate steps involving antiparticles, and are neutrinos and/or photons released? Are these byproducts part of the output of a neutron star?

submitted by /u/malenkylizards
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Why is light able to escape a huge star but not able to escape when the same star collapses on itself and becomes a black hole?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:31 AM PST

Hello reddit,

I would love to get a bit more understanding of why the size/density of mass is so crucial for formation of blackhole.

As I understand , If a single huge star has a Gravitational field of "A" . Then , even it becomes a black hole by collapsing on itself , the gravitational field would not be able to increase more than "A" . But the radius of star does decrease , having the more or less the same field.

Could someone explain this relation to me?

Appreciation in advance .

submitted by /u/hari2897
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What does it mean for a coordinate to be timelike?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 02:38 PM PST

In the wikipedia article about Schwarzschild black holes, it says : For r < rs the Schwarzschild radial coordinate r becomes timelike and the time coordinate t becomes spacelike.

What does it mean for a coordinate to be "timelike" ? Does it just mean that an object must move forwards in that coordinate?

submitted by /u/MilitaryModelSpotPi
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If somone gets the COVID-19 vaccine, would the PCR test come back positive in the weeks to follow?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 08:12 AM PST

Can a single mRNA molecule make more than one protein?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 06:47 AM PST

I don't mean more than one kind of protein, but I want to know the number of proteins (of the same kind) that can be made from one mrna molecule. I saw somewhere that many proteins can be made from a single mrna molecule so I'm a bit confused as to what it means.

submitted by /u/looneytoes
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What does "True" signify in taxonomy? ir "True Bugs; True Parrots; True Lizards, etc"

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 08:02 AM PST

Is the family of bugs "true bugs" more buggy than other bugs, are the True Lizards more lizardy? What do scientists/taxonomists mean when certain familys are called "true"

submitted by /u/seeasea
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Does sweating empty the bladder?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:08 PM PST

Let's say you have a full bladder, but you hold it. If you sweat a lot, will your bladder eventually empty? Can some or all of your urine go back into your body to hydrate you?

submitted by /u/ec6412
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Will an object sink faster in less dense/viscous fluids?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:20 PM PST

If you drop a substance with, let's say, a density of 10 g/ml in different fluids, will it sink at different speeds depending on the density or viscosity of the fluid? Like, will it sink fastest in air, then alcohol, then water, and lastly syrup? If so, does it have anything to do with the density or viscosity of the fluid?

submitted by /u/xspicypotatox
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How can the FDA effectively review annual influenza vaccines so quickly when an expedited process still took almost a year for this new vaccine?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:44 PM PST

I read recently that the CDC decides which influenza strains to vaccinate for by February of any given year, and by June these annual vaccines are approved. What makes this process so quick and effective?

submitted by /u/TheHumanRavioli
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How fast are stars traveling around the Milky Way?

Posted: 07 Dec 2020 01:17 AM PST

I know we are traveling very quickly.But, I am wondering how quickly and if it is a constant speed for all stars?

submitted by /u/truckballs69
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Do microRNA's in food effect gene expression in humans?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:44 PM PST

Can a rapid temperature change cause an explosion?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 11:46 PM PST

I was writing a story and I thought of a character with the power to rapidly change his body temperature to a greater extent than normal humans can. I thought that this would give him the ability to create explosions of air. Is this assumption correct?

submitted by /u/RazAlKil
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What caused the planets to have elliptical orbits?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 04:51 PM PST

I don't mean why are they circling the sun on elliptical orbits right now.

I mean what mechanisms are at work during the formation of planets to not let the orbits be circular (or almost).

submitted by /u/CheesyLama
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What is the combined effect of jupiter and saturn being in a close orbital position on the orbit of earth and can this effect be measured in current weather or climate patterns?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 06:48 PM PST

and by extension are there climate models that are currently used that actually have as an input variable the position of these neighbour planets in the solar system?

submitted by /u/Enjoy____
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is there any scientific basis for genetics making you fat?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 05:06 PM PST

if you eat below your maintenance calories and somehow gain weight, you'd be producing mass from nothing. or you simply miscalculated your consumption, or maintenance calorie amount.

humans were mostly thin 100 years ago and humans live about 60-70ish years on average. so there is no way we evolved to be that efficient in 5-6 generations.

submitted by /u/Skeletore-full-power
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How would a scientist be able to tell if a sample of sand had microplastics in it?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 12:04 PM PST

Imagine a scientist who wants to take a sand sample because they suspect a beach is being filled with microplastic particulate. (manufactured sand.)

How can the scientist tell if something is a plastic particle made to look like sand? Is this something that's obvious under a microscope because of the structure of the particulate? Or would testing for something like this require gas chromatogarphy or something? How could a scientist tell if beach sand was actually fake plastic sand?

submitted by /u/Sexycornwitch
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If you smell something enough, is it possible for the smelly thing (let’s say a candle) to lose it’s smell?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 11:52 AM PST
vào lúc No comments:

Sunday, December 6, 2020

Why can influenza infect a person multiple times, but once a person is infected with measles, they gain lifelong immunity?

Why can influenza infect a person multiple times, but once a person is infected with measles, they gain lifelong immunity?

Why can influenza infect a person multiple times, but once a person is infected with measles, they gain lifelong immunity?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 07:52 AM PST

If the liver can grow from a small piece in a transplant, why can’t we take out the bad piece of a diseased liver and let the rest regenerate?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 07:03 AM PST

What is the difference between a quantum computer's architecture and that of the current 8086 architecture?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 08:19 AM PST

There has been a lot of news recently on quantum computer breakthroughs solving complex problems that our current super computers cannot currently do.

​

Although at a high level I understand how quantum mechanics and qubits work, I would like to better understand how a quantum computer can take instructions at a architectural level and if it is similar in any way to that of the 8086 architecture we see in commercial computing today. Do they use assembly language as the 8086 does, as an example.

​

When searching online, I've only been able to find videos and web pages explaining at an extremely fundamental level that I believe I already understand. As an ECE, my previous studies of computer architecture and device physics has piqued my interest in how exactly the two are being used together.

​

Could someone explain, or direct me to where I can learn more about how a quantum computer takes instructions and if the architecture differs from that of the 8086 or similar commercially available architectures.

​

I apologize if this post is a duplicate; the automod deleted my previous post as I asked for a more "grad-school" level explanation. As such, I mentioned the forbidden 4 letter acronym, not realizing I wouldn't get a dumbed down version from this sub to begin with.

submitted by /u/wchicchi
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How can a system at an equilibrium have maximum entropy?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 09:13 AM PST

I'm trying to understand the concept of entropy but I don't understand why, if entropy is how chaotic a system is, a system at an equilibrium is considered to be at maximum entropy? Isn't such a system at its most inactive state? I'm sorry for my use of simple words.

submitted by /u/ibeccc
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If Earth was not tilted on its axis how would it effect the seasons?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 06:54 AM PST

Bonus question what would it be like if the tilt was double or triple what it is?

submitted by /u/idontdislikeoranges
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If we found a meteorite on Earth that originated outside the solar system, how would we be able to determine its age?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:36 AM PST

How does immunity to bacterial infections work? Or does it even exist?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 09:21 AM PST

My fiance gets strep multiple times a year. She is going to have her tonsils out as soon as COVID calms down and hospitals aren't overloaded. She should have years ago but I guess her family never did it for some reason.

Anyways, I still have my tonsils and I have had strep maybe once since I was 10. Even when she had it and we have been in close contact, I never get it. And we usually go get tested together and I'm always negative which seems to rule out me being a carrier. But while I understand how immunity works with viruses to some extent, I always felt resistance to bacterial infection always seemed odd. So does immunity exist? As many times as she has had it and I've been in contact, statistically I would assume I would get it once even if I just have a stronger immune system or blind luck. If there is immunity, are there ways to develop vaccines for bacterial illnesses?

submitted by /u/BabyJesusStig
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Is there evidence that grunting improves athletic perfomance?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 06:59 AM PST

In sports where you have to exert a lot of power at once (e.g. boxing and tennis), a lot of athletes grunt, some more than others. They are not just exhaling, but actually producing a vocal noise. Is there evidence that this helps them? Maybe it's just psychological?

submitted by /u/Magnaleo
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After carpal tunnel release surgery, does the ligament stay separated or re-attach eventually?

Posted: 05 Dec 2020 11:32 PM PST

I'm fascinated by carpal tunnel release surgery, but I can't find any answers as to if the ligament that's bisected ever heals or if it's just separated permanently. If so, what sort of function(if any) is lost for the hand? Thanks ahead of time :D

submitted by /u/chiaestevez
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vào lúc No comments:

When were accurate distances from the Sun to the planets (solar system) first calculated? What was the methodology for determining these distances?

When were accurate distances from the Sun to the planets (solar system) first calculated? What was the methodology for determining these distances?

When were accurate distances from the Sun to the planets (solar system) first calculated? What was the methodology for determining these distances?

Posted: 05 Dec 2020 09:26 PM PST

Does the size of the star have an effect on how many planets form around it, and what size they are?

Posted: 05 Dec 2020 11:50 AM PST

Pretty much what it says on the tin. Would the planets that form around a K type star be different in size/distance/composition to the planets that form around an A or B type star?

submitted by /u/RefridgeratedRice
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Does salt water ice take up more energy to melt than fresh water ice?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:32 AM PST

Is tidal locking the end state of all planetary orbits given enough time?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 08:05 AM PST

I see from wiki that tidal forces depend in a cubic manner with distance so far plants would take an incredible amount of time to become tidal locked. However, given enough time, would all planets eventually become tidal locked (either synchronous rotation like Earth and moon or 3:2 like sun and Mercury)?

submitted by /u/dredged_chicken
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Do/can viruses have epigenetic effects?

Posted: 05 Dec 2020 04:16 PM PST

What is the REASON behind Joule-Thomson Effect?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 03:51 AM PST

I would like to know what causes Joule-Thomson effect and why it has cooling and heating effects based on the inversion Temperature.
I am asking for the intra-molecular interaction involved during the effect that causes the surrounding to warm or cool.

submitted by /u/miracle_atheist
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Why is the Hayabusa-2 mission to return asteroid samples to earth important?

Posted: 05 Dec 2020 04:58 PM PST

Are not meteors(meteoroids) the remnants of asteroids? If so what is so valuable about this asteroid material?

submitted by /u/Xi_32
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Why does the English bowman skeletal reconstruction have such a large ribcage? Is this an accurate reconstruction of the fossils?

Posted: 05 Dec 2020 03:20 PM PST

Why can't vaccine trials use antibody titers to determine efficacy?

Posted: 05 Dec 2020 04:47 PM PST

I'm going through some school requirements which require both vaccination records and antibody titer results to make sure I'm actually immune. This got me thinking, why don't vaccine trials just use antibody titer to determine if the vaccine works instead of waiting for a certain amount of people to get the disease?

submitted by /u/RigbyAtNight
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What are we trying to learn from deep learning?

Posted: 06 Dec 2020 01:05 AM PST

What I've read so far is that we are trying to understand how deep learning really works. My questions are 1) what are we really trying to understand 2) what can we do with that knowledge

submitted by /u/realfactsonly-
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Does Deep Learning progression usually happen linearly?

Posted: 05 Dec 2020 01:09 PM PST

When a Deep Learning algorithm is progressing, does that progression usually happen in a linear fashion?

Or does it often suddenly make large jumps forward in effectiveness at certain points throughout its process?

submitted by /u/ghostfaceschiller
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