Do astronauts need to clean the outside of space station windows?

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• Do astronauts need to clean the outside of space station windows?
• Why is gravity considered the weakest fundamental force when the strong and weak nuclear forces only affect subatomic particles?
• I'm curious about the evolution of viruses. There are DNA and RNA viruses, but what are the advantages of having one on the other nucleic acid? Did the DNA viruses evolve from the RNA viruses or did they both evolve separately? Are DNA viruses more stable outside a host?
• Why does audio feedback always resolve to a high pitch tone regardless of the input frequency?
• Why does pathogens make it's host sick?
• How does flash memory store data even when no voltage is applied?
• Would we have been able to develop the same vaccines in, say, 90s? How many losses would there be if COVID-19 happened in 90s?
• Does the overuse of antibiotics have negative consequences in terms of reduced effectiveness at the community level or the individual level?
• Considering that the sun is growing, and will eventually engulf earth in like 5 billion years, was the sun noticeably smaller 250 million years ago? 500 million years ago? 1 billion?
• What happened to locust swarms in the US? They were once a major issue and then just seemed to stop, what happened in the US that led to this disappearance when they are still problems elsewhere around the world?
• What is mass?
• How is a mass spectrometer calibrated, its system suitability and performance tested when it's attached to a rover on the surface of another planet?
• Why do copper pans not work on induction stoves?
• Are asymptomatic people meaningful vectors of transmission of COVID-19?
• What exactly cause hiccups?
• What causes a lightning bolts structure?
• Do we know what’s under Mars surface?

Do astronauts need to clean the outside of space station windows? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 04:28 PM PST submitted by /u/DomyGSB [link] [comments]

Why is gravity considered the weakest fundamental force when the strong and weak nuclear forces only affect subatomic particles? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 05:46 PM PST submitted by /u/CBtheDB [link] [comments]

I'm curious about the evolution of viruses. There are DNA and RNA viruses, but what are the advantages of having one on the other nucleic acid? Did the DNA viruses evolve from the RNA viruses or did they both evolve separately? Are DNA viruses more stable outside a host? Posted: 29 Nov 2020 02:04 AM PST submitted by /u/bieniutek [link] [comments]

Why does audio feedback always resolve to a high pitch tone regardless of the input frequency? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 06:17 PM PST submitted by /u/campio_s_a [link] [comments]

Why does pathogens make it's host sick? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 11:20 PM PST Wouldn't it make more sense to not give the host a reason to get rid of it? submitted by /u/kojimbo2121 [link] [comments]

How does flash memory store data even when no voltage is applied? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 08:55 PM PST submitted by /u/Possession-Tasty [link] [comments]

Would we have been able to develop the same vaccines in, say, 90s? How many losses would there be if COVID-19 happened in 90s? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 08:02 PM PST submitted by /u/Snoo68113 [link] [comments]

Does the overuse of antibiotics have negative consequences in terms of reduced effectiveness at the community level or the individual level? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 09:09 PM PST I've heard that the overuse of antibiotics — especially taking antibiotics even when they're not the appropriate treatment — promotes antibiotic resistance. Is this an individual condition or am I negatively impacted if my community overuses antibiotics even if I do not? submitted by /u/sharkfacedtitmouse [link] [comments]

Considering that the sun is growing, and will eventually engulf earth in like 5 billion years, was the sun noticeably smaller 250 million years ago? 500 million years ago? 1 billion? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 10:06 PM PST submitted by /u/bshaw0000 [link] [comments]

What happened to locust swarms in the US? They were once a major issue and then just seemed to stop, what happened in the US that led to this disappearance when they are still problems elsewhere around the world? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 09:35 PM PST Reading historical works, locust swarms seemed fairly common in the US and then just stopped. Is there a scientific consensus as to what caused this decline? How is the US different than other areas of the world that still experience locust swarms? submitted by /u/dezdepick [link] [comments]

What is mass? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 09:27 PM PST If atoms are protons made of two up quarks and one down quark, and neutrons contain two down quarks and one up quark and electrons are thought to have no internal structure, meaning that researchers think about them as zero-dimensional points that take up no space how does a magnetic light show have physical mass? submitted by /u/smudgepost [link] [comments]

How is a mass spectrometer calibrated, its system suitability and performance tested when it's attached to a rover on the surface of another planet? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 02:12 PM PST I've had this thought today when trying to figure out why my internal standard recovery was so low for one of our aglient ICP-MS instruments. How on earth (or Mars rather) do you remotely assess the performance of such an instrument when you can't physically access it? Do they launch the instrument with calibration standards on board? How does the instrument maintain its self in the absence of an analyst? submitted by /u/FumbleToke [link] [comments]

Why do copper pans not work on induction stoves? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 09:33 AM PST Induction cooking works by inducing eddy currents in a pan, right? And copper is used in demonstrations where a falling magnet slows down because it's kinetic energy is converted into heat due to eddy currents. So why do copper pans not work on induction stoves? submitted by /u/FalloutBe [link] [comments]

Are asymptomatic people meaningful vectors of transmission of COVID-19? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 01:40 PM PST Two of the main symptoms of the flu are sneezing and coughing. These symptoms also help A LOT in transmitting a respiratory disease. Considering that COVID-19 asymptomatic people don't sneeze or cough, are they really meaningful vectors of transmission? submitted by /u/carlos_online [link] [comments]

What exactly cause hiccups? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 12:54 AM PST I was very curious from last few days to know what actually cause hiccups please explain in simple words submitted by /u/bipin44 [link] [comments]

What causes a lightning bolts structure? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 03:36 AM PST recently I saw this tik tok: https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMJX6AMoy/ It got me wondering, if lightning is always seeking the most direct path to the ground (in retrospect I don't know if this is true, it's just what I've been told in school growing up) why is it that lightning always appears jagged and branching in multiple directions instead of in a straight line down? What exactly is it following through the air that dictates its path? Why does the same bolt seeming flash multiple times in varying levels of brightness like in the video? And why is it that lightning itself looks so different from Lichtenberg figures? submitted by /u/InkGeode [link] [comments]

Do we know what’s under Mars surface? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 04:00 AM PST Will we look for fossils when we get to Mars? Or materials like Iron? Could we discover a new element on Mars? submitted by /u/Temp234432 [link] [comments]

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Can urine leak out of the urinary bladder and into the surrounding cells since bladders are semipermeable membranes?

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• Can urine leak out of the urinary bladder and into the surrounding cells since bladders are semipermeable membranes?
• [Is It Possible to Magnetize Dirt, Wood, or Other NONMAGNETIC Materials?]
• Astrogeologists, why does mars still have rivers that were formed millions of years ago? why havent they eroded away due to dust storms and winds?
• Bifurcated (2) needles for vaccination?
• Are there cubic energy formulas?
• How do pressurised gases or liquids (EG in a gas canister or a rocket fuel tank) remain pressurised when the amount of said gas or liquid is decreasing (For instance as rocket fuel is being used up in a launch)?
• There are studies in which the right hemisphere reacts to a linguistic stimulus without conscious awareness. But how can it do that without being able to process language?
• Is bid-sniping an effective strategy in auctions?
• How do we know the starting quantities of radioactive elements when performing radioactive dating?
• What exactly occurs in our brains that puts us asleep?

Can urine leak out of the urinary bladder and into the surrounding cells since bladders are semipermeable membranes? Posted: 28 Nov 2020 06:03 AM PST I learnt that in biology that a thoroughly washed urinary bladder of a pig can be used for osmosis. This means that the bladder is semipermeable membrane. So, if there is a higher concentration of solutes in the surrounding cells, there is a possibility of the water(solvent) can leak out of the bladder and into the surrounding cells. I may be wrong, and my train of thoughts might have an incorrect link, please correct me. submitted by /u/Variety_Creepy_1303 [link] [comments]

[Is It Possible to Magnetize Dirt, Wood, or Other NONMAGNETIC Materials?] Posted: 27 Nov 2020 02:27 PM PST If you can create a strong enough negative current, can you push the electrons away from wood/dirt/soil's nucleus? (Since the electrons move away from the negative charges rendering it positive and causing it to magnetize to the charge). Also i know that nonmagnetic materials like wood want to keep their electrons close to their nucleus which is why you cant move them with magnets like metal (which has flowing electrons). So basically is the only thing you need to magnetize something nonmagnetic like dirt for example a super powerful negatively charged current from a power source. Or is it impossible to pull/push the electrons of a nonmagnetic material. If so, are their any other ways to magnetize/push away nonmagnetic materials. I heard that someone used a magnet to levitate strawberries. Thanks! submitted by /u/EnderQuakePlayz [link] [comments]

Astrogeologists, why does mars still have rivers that were formed millions of years ago? why havent they eroded away due to dust storms and winds? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 02:32 PM PST submitted by /u/Bee_HapBee [link] [comments]

Bifurcated (2) needles for vaccination? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 10:36 AM PST Why was this type of needle used for small pox? Have 2 needles ever been used on other vaccinations? Thank you. submitted by /u/12dogs4me [link] [comments]

Are there cubic energy formulas? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 08:39 AM PST Like potential energy is mgh, a linear function, movement energy is 0.5mv2, a squared function. Is there a function for energy that grows faster? Maybe a cubic or an exponential one? submitted by /u/Agasthenes [link] [comments]

How do pressurised gases or liquids (EG in a gas canister or a rocket fuel tank) remain pressurised when the amount of said gas or liquid is decreasing (For instance as rocket fuel is being used up in a launch)? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 11:29 AM PST submitted by /u/Mr_Hu-Man [link] [comments]

There are studies in which the right hemisphere reacts to a linguistic stimulus without conscious awareness. But how can it do that without being able to process language? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 06:14 PM PST From a Nature article: Gazzaniga developed what he calls the interpreter theory to explain why people — including split-brain patients — have a unified sense of self and mental life3. It grew out of tasks in which he asked a split-brain person to explain in words, which uses the left hemisphere, an action that had been directed to and carried out only by the right one. "The left hemisphere made up a post hoc answer that fit the situation." In one of Gazzaniga's favourite examples, he flashed the word 'smile' to a patient's right hemisphere and the word 'face' to the left hemisphere, and asked the patient to draw what he'd seen. "His right hand drew a smiling face," Gazzaniga recalled. "'Why did you do that?' I asked. He said, 'What do you want, a sad face? Who wants a sad face around?'." The left-brain interpreter, Gazzaniga says, is what everyone uses to seek explanations for events, triage the barrage of incoming information and construct narratives that help to make sense of the world. But how did the right hemisphere process the word "smile"? submitted by /u/UnderwaterDialect [link] [comments]

Is bid-sniping an effective strategy in auctions? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 01:46 PM PST Bid-sniping defined as strategy to place a bid very near to the end of the auction.Does this differ online/offline, with auction system, with professionals/non-professionals? It would be especially interesting to see scientific evidence from popular platforms like ebay. I already found this from 2000, I wonder if there is any newer research. submitted by /u/sandinhead [link] [comments]

How do we know the starting quantities of radioactive elements when performing radioactive dating? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 08:23 AM PST In the book "Fossil Men, The Quest for the Oldest Skeleton and the Origins of Humankind", Kermit Pattison says that (emphasis mine) Potassium-40 decays into argon-40, and by comparing the ratio between the two, scientists could measure the passage of time since the rock formed. Before a volcanic eruption, all argon-40 leaks out of the hot magma and effectively resets the stopwatch to zero. The accumulation of argon-40 within the cooled ash or lava provides a measure of time, like sand within an hourglass. The more argon, the older the rock. How do we know that all the argon-40 leaks out prior? Knowing the starting amount is key to estimating the age, and saying there was 0 to start is convenient but is it accurate? The same question could be posed for other radioactive decay dating techniques (i.e. carbon-14). Thanks for any insight! submitted by /u/Jericho_Crusher [link] [comments]

What exactly occurs in our brains that puts us asleep? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 02:18 PM PST submitted by /u/_Raspootin_ [link] [comments]

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Why did they opt for an mRNA COVID vaccine as opposed to using said mRNA to generate the viral antigens and inject those instead?

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• Why did they opt for an mRNA COVID vaccine as opposed to using said mRNA to generate the viral antigens and inject those instead?
• AskScience AMA Series: Hello, I'm Dr Pen-Yuan Hsing from the University of Bath in the United Kingdom & have worked in ecology/conservation, founded a citizen science wildlife-monitoring project and am also an active open science/open source advocate. Ask me anything!
• What is the relative speed of a photon to a moving object?
• Can alpha decay cause a fission like how a neutron can?
• Why is the rate of decay of radioisotopes not constant, for example like 500 g/hour but instead depends on the current mass as seen by half-life?
• How do pregnancy test work? Plus general questions about molecular tests.
• Can someone with a split brain (hemispherectomy or similar) have each half of their body fall asleep at different times?
• How does radiation make other objects radioactive?
• Why are coronavirus cases increasing?
• What is the difference between vaccination and getting corona through exposure to others?
• Thinking about antibiotic resistance, could there be a mechanism for some future virus to become resistant to mRNA vaccines?
• Why is there still a relatively high diversity of megafauna in South and South East Asia?
• Can moderate elevation differences affect health?
• Why do carbonation bubbles release at different speeds?
• Are vaccines iterated upon over time?
• What caused this weird (5x) Exponential Spike in Triplets in US from 1986 to 1998?
• How exactly does the doping/dedoping process in polymer-doped pseudocapacitors work?

Why did they opt for an mRNA COVID vaccine as opposed to using said mRNA to generate the viral antigens and inject those instead? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 04:10 PM PST I'd figure the viral antigens themselves would be a lot more stable than mRNA and maybe not need to be stored at such extremely cold temperatures. Since everybody is getting the same mRNA and thus generating the exact same viral antigens, why not just produce the antigens in situ (or in vivo with COVID-infectable animals), purify the viral antigens, and ship those as the COVID vaccine? submitted by /u/Pheophyting [link] [comments]

AskScience AMA Series: Hello, I'm Dr Pen-Yuan Hsing from the University of Bath in the United Kingdom & have worked in ecology/conservation, founded a citizen science wildlife-monitoring project and am also an active open science/open source advocate. Ask me anything! Posted: 27 Nov 2020 04:00 AM PST Hi Reddit, I'm Dr Pen-Yuan Hsing from the University of Bath in the United Kingdom. For most of the past 10+ years I did ecological field research from the savannahs of South Africa, hydrothermal vents near Papua New Guinea, to the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico in a submarine (to study impacts from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill). I've also organised many science outreach events like Ustinov Science Day or a Durham Wildlife Trust Field Trip over the years. About 5 years ago, I co-founded the MammalWeb project where citizen scientists work together to capture wildlife images with motion-sensing cameras to improve our understanding of wildlife diversity and distribution. Check out these example photos & videos. MammalWeb's civic engagement has even been featured in The Guardian! As is the case for many scientists, I had to learn programming for data science and got to work with talented developers/civic hackers from the hacker/maker community. I'm now also a strong advocate for open science, open source, and free culture (emphasis on freedom, not "free of charge") and want to work with others to expand the circle of liberty for knowledge and innovation. Please Ask Me Anything! I will be here to answer questions at 7pm GMT (2 PM ET), ask me anything! If you have any feedback on this Reddit AMA please fill out our short google form: FUTURES2020 Pop-Up Poll Username: u/UniversityofBath submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

What is the relative speed of a photon to a moving object? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 03:20 PM PST Forgive me if this question sounds dumb but I am really curious. Let us say we are traveling with 99.9% of speed of light and we release a photon in the same direction we travel. What would be the relative speed of the photon to us? If it is still speed of light, why? And what would be the relative speed of a photon released from a moving object to another photon released from still object if released to same direction? Why cant we add up the speed of moving object and speed of light? Thank you. submitted by /u/blazzeth [link] [comments]

Can alpha decay cause a fission like how a neutron can? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 06:38 AM PST I would like to ask if just adding 1 neutron into a nucleus cause a fission reaction, would a nucleus receiving alpha radiation decay as well? Can a nucleus even receive /combine with the alpha particle? I thought about this because I was told that large amount of U-235, if stored together in large quantity and close proximity, will spontaneously cause fission by itself. I then looked the decay path of U-235 and it does not have a neutron emission as a decay path. submitted by /u/Jack____Bacon [link] [comments]

Why is the rate of decay of radioisotopes not constant, for example like 500 g/hour but instead depends on the current mass as seen by half-life? Posted: 27 Nov 2020 04:45 AM PST submitted by /u/Mrsmoobly [link] [comments]

How do pregnancy test work? Plus general questions about molecular tests. Posted: 26 Nov 2020 12:27 PM PST Hello, I was wondering how pregnancy tests work at the molecular level. Specifically, how the enzymes (immobilised on the strip?) aren't degraded over time and if it is all really due to capillary diffusion. Also, I would like to know how the scientific field that study and see the development of these kind of molecular tests is named. Searching for "Molecular diagnostics" doesn't seem very revealing. In addition, I would be very grateful if anyone could provide a sort of list of diagnostics devices that are out there. Any article or reference on the subject is very welcome. Thank you in advance. EDIT: grammar submitted by /u/Masnef [link] [comments]

Can someone with a split brain (hemispherectomy or similar) have each half of their body fall asleep at different times? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 08:02 AM PST submitted by /u/Avid_Tagger [link] [comments]

How does radiation make other objects radioactive? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 07:56 PM PST And is it always happen regardless of dosage? submitted by /u/NiceScents [link] [comments]

Why are coronavirus cases increasing? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 10:40 AM PST Is it mainly people not wearing masks? Or people who are partying or doing large gatherings? Or is it simply we're not locked down and staying alone? submitted by /u/mm126442 [link] [comments]

What is the difference between vaccination and getting corona through exposure to others? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 07:18 AM PST Truly just trying to understand - no "anti-vaxx" agenda here, but I was learning about how vaccines work and it got me wondering, if so many people have/will get corona without ever showing symptoms, what does the vaccine actually do for those people? Would their body already have the "memory" to deal with future exposure to corona? And if you're able to get corona twice, as has been suggested, how does the vaccine work around this? Thanks for any help, sorry if this is a silly question submitted by /u/slppr [link] [comments]

Thinking about antibiotic resistance, could there be a mechanism for some future virus to become resistant to mRNA vaccines? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 01:37 PM PST I keep seeing a lot of excitement over mRNA vaccine development and I agree it is a ground breaking achievement perhaps on par when Penicillin was discovered. That said and stealing a famous movie quote, "life finds a way", is the only hope for viruses to overcome a mRNA vaccine to mimic what HIV does by attacking the immune system itself or like the Herpes family of viruses of being able to hide from the immune system? submitted by /u/zynix [link] [comments]

Why is there still a relatively high diversity of megafauna in South and South East Asia? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 07:29 AM PST I read that the holocene extinction wiped out most non-bovine megafauna from most of the planet as humans spread over the Earth. From what I understand, African megafauna evolved alongside humans leading to reasonable defense mechanisms (maybe fear of humans, I don't know). As humans swept across Eurasia, Americas, Oceania, mass extinctions of megafauna followed them. Per my understanding, the exceptions being South Asia and South East Asia, where there is still a wide diversity of megafauna (at least compared to the rest of the planet), despite being populated by humans at similar times as the rest of Eurasia. So my question is, what is the current explanation by anthropologists, paleontologists and biologists? submitted by /u/sleeper_shark [link] [comments]

Can moderate elevation differences affect health? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 07:05 AM PST I don't mean like living in the mountains vs in a city. But city to city- let's say one city's elevation is 70m and another city's elevation is 239 m. Is it possible that living most of your life (30 years) in the lower elevation then moving to a city with a higher elevation can affect your health? Someone I know immediately feels the changes in their body when they go from one city to the next- and that when they're in the city that has a higher elevation- they instantly feel all their health problems heightened but when they go in the other direction, the problems seem to go away or are significantly lessened. submitted by /u/afromatic [link] [comments]

Why do carbonation bubbles release at different speeds? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 07:41 AM PST I was totally geeked the other day watching my soda water bubble and noticed that within each string of bubbles they all float up at the same pace, but the different strings move at different paces. For some reason I just really want to know why? Does anyone know? submitted by /u/Affectionate-Yam1156 [link] [comments]

Are vaccines iterated upon over time? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 05:52 AM PST I was wondering if vaccines were iterated and improved upon overtime. My question stems from the general worry around the covid-19 vaccine where are a few people in my circle are hesitant to be the first ones in line for the vaccine. They liken it to a tech or car product where the first version sometimes has a lot of kinks in it and it is improved upon overtime. I was wondering is it the same for vaccines. Will there be a covid vaccine v1, then v2, or are vaccines one and done where the formula for the vaccine doesn't change? I tried to search online but I'm not sure if I'm just not asking the right question but I'm not getting results that help me better understand if vaccines have "bugs" in their first versions and are improved upon overtime Thanks for your help! submitted by /u/Silliestgoose [link] [comments]

What caused this weird (5x) Exponential Spike in Triplets in US from 1986 to 1998? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 01:12 AM PST I was researching something else, and I came across this report by the CDC documenting various statistics about birth rates in the US. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf The first chart in the report documents a massive exponential spike in "triplet and higher-order multiple births" from 1986 to 1998, ultimately reaching around 5-6 TIMES the initial rate in 1986, Then it stopped, and stayed level for 5 years until 2003, and then it declined at a linear rate. As of 2018 (the last year of the report), it has still not reached the original rate, and was at roughly double the rate of 1986. The report doesn't seem to explain it, only document it, and describe the change. As I understand it, some aspects of human reproduction such as age of puberty, etc. are effected by environmental factors, but I'm unsure of twinning rates. Is there a reasonable explanation for this (peace/war cycles, economic boom/bust of the tech bubble, experimental pesticides, etc.)? Is this a natural cycle populations go through of sinusoidal twinning rates? Or do we have no idea what caused this? submitted by /u/Univac1 [link] [comments]

How exactly does the doping/dedoping process in polymer-doped pseudocapacitors work? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 08:48 AM PST Hi! So, I've been studying the specific case of polypyrrole doped with graphene in supercapacitors. I know that redox reactions occur between graphene and the electrolytes, but I don't understand how exactly it happens. How is the charge transferred? Why do pseudocapacitors lose their capacitance so easily (if compared to EDLCs)? What exactly is the interaction between electrode/graphene and electrolytes (microscopically speaking)? What kind of electrolytes are used? submitted by /u/Westher98 [link] [comments]

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COVID SILVER LINING - Will the recent success of Covid mRNA vaccines translate to success for other viruses/diseases?!? e.g. HIV, HSV, Malaria, etc.

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• COVID SILVER LINING - Will the recent success of Covid mRNA vaccines translate to success for other viruses/diseases?!? e.g. HIV, HSV, Malaria, etc.
• Why does Covid-19 affect your taste and smell?
• Antibodies are very specific, but how do T cells 'know' if an antigen has been encountered before?
• Can smells be broken up into "primary scents"?
• Why are Covid prevention methods apparently very effective against Flu, but Coronavirus cases continue to climb so rapidly?
• Why is cocaine, which stresses the cardiovascular system 'bad', while exercise, which also stresses the cardiovascular system, 'good'?
• Why do spaceships get cold in space? What absorbs the heat energy?
• Why does the modern English language curiously lack diacritics compared to other languages that use the Latin alphabet?
• In movies with amputations where the person is awake, shouldn't the severed limb be twitching, like happens with severed animal bits? Do amputations under anesthesia stop that, or does the limb still twitch and nobody wants to talk about that?
• We have made paint that absorbs over 99% of the light spectrum. Do we have paint that reflects over 99% of the light spectrum? It is that just common white paint?
• At what point does a mutation in a virus or bacteria make it a new strain or virus rather than mutations of the same virus?
• How does stimulated Raman scattering work?
• Why is it perfectly normal to have bacteria growing in the gut, but really bad to have bacteria growing in the bladder?
• How can a a system have a wavefunction?
• Why do dialects in American English that drop R's from the end of words sound less educated?
• Do blind people dream in visual images?
• Is there a top speed that the human eye can perceive?

COVID SILVER LINING - Will the recent success of Covid mRNA vaccines translate to success for other viruses/diseases?!? e.g. HIV, HSV, Malaria, etc. Posted: 25 Nov 2020 05:59 PM PST I know all of the attention is on COVID right now (deservedly so), but can we expect success with similar mRNA vaccine technology for other viruses/diseases? e.g. HIV, HSV, Malaria, Etc Could be a major breakthrough for humanity and treating viral diseases. submitted by /u/senseiGURU [link] [comments]

Why does Covid-19 affect your taste and smell? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 02:53 PM PST submitted by /u/HotDogManRidesAgain [link] [comments]

Antibodies are very specific, but how do T cells 'know' if an antigen has been encountered before? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 05:09 AM PST Ive read that antibodies can also act as receptors for B-cells. But I imagine that they differ from the T cell receptors, because T cells dont undergo the remarkable recombination process that their cousins do. So, I imagine T cells just specific enough to recognize that something is foreign, and then pass on the task of specificity to B cells. But if T cells are not that specific, why do they not get overwhelmed by the same antigens over and over? submitted by /u/nickoskal024 [link] [comments]

Can smells be broken up into "primary scents"? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 04:37 PM PST I know this question is a little strange but here is what I mean. Could a concept like primary colors exist in regards to smell in such a way that combining a finite number of "primary scents" could produce every possible scent a human could perceive? I only thought of this recently when I saw a video of a product that lets you smell certain scents depending on what area you are in a video game. So my thought was if these "primary scents" exist then they would come in handy to create a system that could produce any given real-world scent by combining said scents. Apologies if this is not a good enough question for this sub or if it makes no sense at all but I've been curious if such a concept exists. submitted by /u/SilentMrDave [link] [comments]

Why are Covid prevention methods apparently very effective against Flu, but Coronavirus cases continue to climb so rapidly? Posted: 26 Nov 2020 12:24 AM PST Flu numbers are way down this year, and the CDC says its probably due to Covid safety measures. But why is it so effective against Flu, but not Covid? I've seen people online claim the numbers are being lumped together to artificially raise Covid numbers. What is another (less conspiratorial) explanation? submitted by /u/Samu31 [link] [comments]

Why is cocaine, which stresses the cardiovascular system 'bad', while exercise, which also stresses the cardiovascular system, 'good'? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 09:45 AM PST I just read that Diego Maradona died at age 60 from a heart attack. I also read that he struggled with cocaine addiction for decades, and that this may have contributed to his early demise. Scientifically, why is stressing your cardiovascular system with exercise considered healthy, but stressing your system with cocaine bad? submitted by /u/thermal7 [link] [comments]

Why do spaceships get cold in space? What absorbs the heat energy? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 03:48 PM PST I have a very limited understanding of the law of conservation of energy from my intro to physics class in a social science degree. My understanding is that for one thing to get cold, heat energy from that thing has to transfer to other matter. Or something like that. So in space, where there is no matter, where does the heat go from the space ship causing it to get cold? submitted by /u/Illustrious_Anxiety9 [link] [comments]

Why does the modern English language curiously lack diacritics compared to other languages that use the Latin alphabet? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 02:42 PM PST Why does it lack accent marks, umlauts, breves, etc. Or, are there other, lesser known languages with this alphabet that don't use diacritics? submitted by /u/ccricers [link] [comments]

In movies with amputations where the person is awake, shouldn't the severed limb be twitching, like happens with severed animal bits? Do amputations under anesthesia stop that, or does the limb still twitch and nobody wants to talk about that? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 03:55 PM PST We all know about chicken bodies running around after their heads get cut off and bitten limbs flailing after animal battles in the wild, but I've never heard of or seen human bits depicted doing that. I haven't heard of surgical amputations having that happen either, not even in those war movies set back before anesthesia. In movies they just have one chop and done, like it's a piece of clay. Surely human bits would twitch just as much as animal bits do? submitted by /u/autoantinatalist [link] [comments]

We have made paint that absorbs over 99% of the light spectrum. Do we have paint that reflects over 99% of the light spectrum? It is that just common white paint? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 04:17 PM PST submitted by /u/fretman124 [link] [comments]

At what point does a mutation in a virus or bacteria make it a new strain or virus rather than mutations of the same virus? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 05:32 PM PST At what point does a mutation in a virus or bacteria make it a new strain or virus rather than mutations of the same virus? I saw an article talking about how the mutations to Sars Covid 19 haven't made it more transmittable. What level of mutations would be needed for it become let's say Covid 20 or something else entirely? submitted by /u/rosstheboss47 [link] [comments]

How does stimulated Raman scattering work? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 03:36 PM PST Hi! I'm a neuroscientist, looking to image/analyze brain lipids using a collaborator's CARS set-up. Been reading about the method, but my biologist mind has issues understanding a couple of concepts: ​ While I roughly understand the concepts of differential frequency scatter as a function of partial excitation of an electron (and with it, I assume, the entire molecule?) to a virtual energy state, I don't understand how stimulated Raman scattering works? I understand that there is a cooperative effect from the pump laser bringing the molecule to its virtual state, but how does shining a Stokes frequency laser on the molecule bring it back down to its virtual state? Wouldn't it gain even more energy from the 2nd laser? Is the pump/excitation light always of a constant frequency? Or is it gradually adjusted in order to interact with more bonds in the sample? What is the importance of resonance in this? Why does the pump/stokes laser need to correspond to the existing frequency of the bond vibration in order to work? ​ Thanks friends! The inability to understand is driving me quite nuts. submitted by /u/doderlein [link] [comments]

Why is it perfectly normal to have bacteria growing in the gut, but really bad to have bacteria growing in the bladder? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 06:10 PM PST Why doesn't the human body like bacterial UTIs? Or stated another way, why don't we have commensal or symbiotic bacteria in our bladders? Is there something about the urinary system that needs to be sterile? submitted by /u/sgt_zarathustra [link] [comments]

How can a a system have a wavefunction? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 09:37 AM PST I had taken a low level quantum mechanics course and I understand such things as the wavefunction of an electron around a proton, particle in a potential well, etc. But all I have ever seen were wavefunctions describing a single particle. How could it be that a wavefunction describes many particles at the same time? There are these cosmologists who talk about the wavefunction (a single wavefunction) of the universe etc. How could it be that a function describes the behavior of many many particles? I can conceptualize a set of coupled wavefunctions for each particle, but just one function to rule them all? I don't understand it. For example the wave function of a argon atom. It must somehow include the motion of all the electrons (even if a solution in terms of simple functions does not exist, lets assume we have special functions that neatly solves any equation) and everything that goes on in the nucleus (I dont know how static the nucleus is). What would it be like to combine all the behaviors of everything in this atom in one wavefunction. submitted by /u/nhremna [link] [comments]

Why do dialects in American English that drop R's from the end of words sound less educated? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 10:10 AM PST Why are American dialects that drop the R considered to sound less educated? Boston Southie, coastal Maine,etc? submitted by /u/kuuzo [link] [comments]

Do blind people dream in visual images? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 05:15 AM PST submitted by /u/Pale-Guava1287 [link] [comments]

Is there a top speed that the human eye can perceive? Posted: 25 Nov 2020 04:50 PM PST I'm talking speed on a huge scale. Say a star or a planet blew up and the shrapnel from that was heading toward Earth at a high pace... would we be able to see our destruction coming? I ask because I remember learning in school that if the sun burnt out it would take "7minutes" to notice, as the last light particle would take that long to travel across space. submitted by /u/40till5 [link] [comments]

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