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Sunday, November 15, 2020

How did early humans figure out the planets were actually planets, and not stars, before the the invention of the telescope?

How did early humans figure out the planets were actually planets, and not stars, before the the invention of the telescope?

How did early humans figure out the planets were actually planets, and not stars, before the the invention of the telescope?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 05:56 PM PST

I was wondering how humans figured out how Jupiter/Saturn/ etc were different than the hundreds of stars in the night sky. Thanks.

submitted by /u/neime
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How did the “Avatar Mountains” (Zhangjiajie, China) form, and why isn’t there any mountains similar to them anywhere else in the world?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 05:27 PM PST

If my understanding of weathering and erosion is correct, there's nothing special about the area to cause the odd-looking mountains to form

submitted by /u/Man_Riding_Shrimp
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In recent history, are any vaccines known to have caused any permanent damage to participants in trials?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 10:01 PM PST

Obviously there is lots of misinformation spreading, and using Google I almost only found "alt news". We know vaccines are safe because they are rigorously tested, but what about vaccine trials? With the covid-19 vaccine trials going on, I have wondered if anything ever went wrong in a vaccine trial? Was there any long-lasting damage or even death in participants that was associated with the vaccine in a Phase 3 trial? If yes, what happened and what was the underlying mechanism that caused the damage? Thanks :)

submitted by /u/to2828
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Do vaccines become obsolete after a while due to viruses mutating?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 11:17 PM PST

It's something that I've been wondering with the ongoing pandemic and the COVID vaccine that was recently announced.

submitted by /u/LividAleks
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How did scientists estimate the age of Earth before the advent of radiometric dating?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 07:19 PM PST

How do surgeons connect small veins when reattaching limbs?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 06:27 AM PST

How do surgeons know when they have stitched together enough blood supply when reattaching limbs? I imagine suturing arteries are "easier" because they are generally much larger than veins but I wonder at what point do the surgeons just decide some blood vessels are too small to reconnect and just leave it up to the body to heal. I have never taken an anatomy class so I'm not well informed on the human body.

submitted by /u/unnassumingtoaster
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Hypothetical earth crater question. How do you calculate the uplifted rim height if you only know the full depth or width?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 05:35 PM PST

Is it true that it's 19% of the full depth?

submitted by /u/Dwayne_Hicks_LV-426
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Does the human body store "materials" to build "on-demand" substances (like saliva, mucus, tears, blood, semen) in some "warehouse" and do these substances share common building blocks (e.g. water)?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 06:49 AM PST

I've been doing some woodworking recently and I noticed my body doesn't seem to have a shortage of mucus.

I'm pretty sure (though still guessing) the body doesn't have a tank of mucus waiting to get secreted, so I assume the body instead stores common building blocks somewhere and build the secretions on the fly.

submitted by /u/grandphuba
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Which animal populations is COVID already shown to be in? Which animal populations is it suspected or likely to be in?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 04:58 PM PST

Can you export electricity?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 09:20 AM PST

With countries starting to produce more green energy could they in theory sell that electricity to other countries or would it be more the technology to produce electricity?

submitted by /u/drossmaster4
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Do solar flares affect the back facing side of earth? How?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 07:52 AM PST

Why does the atomic structure of pure elements impact electrical conductivity?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 06:35 AM PST

In semiconductors, I'm aware of the concept of 'doping' silicon with different elements to make it more/less conductive and in different directions. But in PURE carbon for example, why does atomic structure have such a big impact on electrical resistivity?

Diamond (Cubic Crystal): Terrible Conductor

Nanofoam (Un-ordered Web): Poor Conductor

Graphite (Un-Uniform Hexagonal Crystal): Okay Conductor

Graphene (Uniform Hexagonal Crystal): Amazing Conductor

Do electrons have varying levels of resistance that they need to overcome to be liberated from an atom based on direction?

submitted by /u/ManlyMcBuff
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How does the Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine work in the context of antigen presentation?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 09:08 AM PST

Hi all,

I'm curious about the mechanism of action for the Pfizer vaccine. I understand the basic principle - using an mRNA to express the viral protein rather than delivering the protein/virus directly.

This is a two part question I guess. First, is this vaccine somehow preferentially delivered to antigen presenting cells? If it's not delivered to APCs, but rather a pan-cell type delivery how can the protein be seen as foreign? If all cells types express the protein, then wouldn't it be seen as "self"?

submitted by /u/darkspyglass
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how will Antarctica melting raise the sea levels?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 12:54 PM PST

I know this question has been asked dozens of times but none of the explanations have addressed this. Antarctica is about 2.57 km (1.6 miles) thick, and most of that is underwater. It goes up to 2.41 (1.5 miles) under the water at some parts and in general, is sitting on top of the landmass below it. That is based off of this source here. I know this says approximates but it's the only source I can find. 2.41km/2.57km = 93.77% of the ice is underwater. If our density of ice compared to the density of seawater comes out to be greater than that, that means that our ice is being pushed up by the continent and would sink further into the water if given the chance, but if it is lower, that means that the ice is stuck to the continent, and naturally wants to float upwards as it is displacing more water than its weight would allow. All according to Archimedes' principle (here). Ice's density is about 0.916 g/cm3 (here), compared to sea water's density is about 1.025 g/cm3 (here), so 0.916g/cm3 / 1.025g/cm3 = 0.893% of our ice should be underwater. Based on this, the melting of the icecaps should decrease the level of the sea (as it would go back to freshwater, 1g/cm3 / 1.025g/cm3 = 97.5% of the volume of what it was). Is there a factor I'm not seeing here or did I get something wrong?

Edit: Forgot to mention, all the articles that I've seen online say it'll raise sea levels ~60-70 meters Like this one, but all the ones I've seen do the math as if all of it is sitting on top of the water, and none of it is submerged. Surely taking the submerged portions into account would greatly diminish that estimate, or have I missed something again?

submitted by /u/GrimeyFlopPlop
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Does learning in general increase one's intelligence quotient?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 07:37 AM PST

How big is the difference in heat retention of ruby/sapphire vs quartz?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 06:27 AM PST

This is a dab related question, sales guy mentioned he heard ruby has 30x better heat retention that quartz; and I've been unable to verify that with Google.

submitted by /u/WickWackLilJack
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Before there were fossil fuels, was there an amount of atmospheric carbon proportional to how much fossil fuels are there?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 07:05 AM PST

The formation of fossil fuels consume atmospheric carbon. Does it mean way back then the earth atmosphere had a much higher concentration of CO2?

submitted by /u/rosenbergstein
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Why does a CPU need so many transistors?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 09:51 AM PST
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Saturday, November 14, 2020

How did viruses come to exist in the first place? How likely is it that they would exist on other planets with forms of life?

How did viruses come to exist in the first place? How likely is it that they would exist on other planets with forms of life?

How did viruses come to exist in the first place? How likely is it that they would exist on other planets with forms of life?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 04:44 AM PST

How can we tell, that the solar Neutrinos are actually coming from the sun and not just from Reactors on earth?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 12:20 PM PST

Was the development of life on Earth a one-time event?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 06:54 AM PST

If life first developed from some sort of primordial soup approximately 5 billion years ago, how do we know that these types of conditions don't exist all over the place (here on Earth), for example in thermal vents in the ocean, or tidepools, and are creating new life all the time, or even occasionally?

Was the jump from non-life to life on earth a one time single event, or does it happen all the time, or somewhere in between?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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In hunter-gatherer societies, were gender roles really as rigid as they are taught in textbooks and depicted in pop culture?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 05:46 AM PST

In other words, is there evidence that women were hunters too, or did the fact that women are inherently weaker result in women staying out of hunts and focusing more on gathering and child minding?

submitted by /u/coreysjill
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How can we say there is one speed of sound for a given medium at a given temperature? If you yell louder, wouldn’t you push air molecules faster and give them a higher kinetic energy?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 06:29 AM PST

How is the Pfizer coronavirus vaccine manufactured?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 03:21 PM PST

My picture of how vaccines are made is like this:

  • Grow some cells in a petri dish with some chemical cell food (I think biologists call it a "medium"?)
  • When you have enough cells, add a sample of the virus
  • Virus multiplies, after some days you have a lot more virus than you started with
  • Put in some chemical(s) to damage the virus enough to make it not work anymore
  • Purify the non-working virus from the cells and cell food (with a centrifuge or distillation process or something?)
  • Add some other chemicals to stabilize the virus and temporarily boost the patient's immune system reactions
  • Put it in a syringe and inject it into the patient

I've read that the Pfizer vaccine is an "mRNA vaccine". Does that mean you basically do the same process, but the "damage the virus" part is "dissolve the whole virus shell so there's naked mRNA floating around?"

Or can you can type a bunch of A, C, G, and T into a text file on your computer, upload the text file to some nifty machine, and out pops whatever mRNA sequence you want? If so, how does the machine work internally?

I'm struggling to understand if the manufacturing process is more of a biological farming process, "grow some organisms, process and harvest them in a certain way" or more of a mechanical chemical process, "put these twelve chemicals together in this sequence, following these instructions for pH, pressure, temperature, stirring, etc."

And where potential bottlenecks might be -- for a farming process you have to wait for living things to grow and reproduce, for a chemical process you're more constrained by processing machines and starting chemicals. With a chemical process it seems like people have probably been making those machines and ingredients for other purposes for decades, so some of them might be divertable from other industries or projects? But nobody's been raising hordes of COVID germs for the last 10 years, so the farming approach would be harder to accelerate?

submitted by /u/white_nerdy
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Is the barycenter of the Sun and Jupiter also the center of their mutual orbit?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 03:43 PM PST

I know that the calculated barycenter of the Jupiter and the Sun places it just outside the Sun's surface. The calculation I've seen is just a mass x distance calculation and is exactly the same one that we use to balance an aircraft (find the CG). All the points on an aircraft are rigidly connected and so gravitational attraction of the various parts to each other, even it was substantial, doesn't change the center of mass. That's not true of the Sun and Jupiter in a mutual orbit. They are not rigidly connected together and their mutual gravitation attraction attenuates substantially with distance. Wouldn't this mean the center of mutual orbit would not be the same as the calculated barycenter?

submitted by /u/chocoholic49
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Does acceleration in special relativity depend on the frame of reference?

Posted: 14 Nov 2020 01:34 AM PST

Imagine I am at rest relative to an object A, and there's an object B moving with constant velocity relative to us. I then apply a force on the object A, causing it to accelerate. According to object B, object A is moving, so it has more mass, and therefore has a smaller acceleration than what I measured. Is that correct, or is there something I'm missing?

submitted by /u/GuiMenGre
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Where did Africans who've never had Ebola get their Ebola antibodies?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 09:04 PM PST

Six years ago during the West African Ebola outbreak, The New York Times reported:

... part of the population in West Africa is immune to the Ebola virus, according to virologists who specialize in the disease.... But many factors remain unclear, including which Africans have antibodies and how much antibody is needed to be protective. The biggest mystery is how the immunity arose, and there is a mix of explanations, like silent infections and fruit contaminated with bat saliva.

In the process of containing the epidemic and developing the vaccine, was the source of these antibodies discovered?

submitted by /u/-n-y
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How does fluid move around in really tiny animals like ants?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 07:31 AM PST

When a tiny ant drinks some water/juice, is it controlled through its body like water would be through a human (muscle contract in esophagus to move stuff along? Or is it on the scale where there's capillary action somewhere like trees?

submitted by /u/stickysweetjack
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Can Long-Term-Potentiation be artificially induced by eclectically stimulating neurons?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 05:47 PM PST

Does gene expression of an mRNA vaccine last for the rest of the vaccinated subject's life?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 08:29 AM PST

I read about the Pfizer vaccine and I discovered that it's a mRNA vaccine, which has not yet been approved for humans.

I have very little knowledge of animal biology, but I know that gene expression is mostly an "unmanaged" process, and it just goes on as long as there is material to do it. I understand that mRNA gene expression happens outside the nucleus, so it won't become part of the hosts genetic code. But I don't understand what prevents the mRNA from being passed from a dead cell to a living cell, continuing the gene expression as long as there are live cells that the mRNA can enter.

Also, wikipedia mentions that there is very little knowledge about dangerous immune responses to this kind of vaccine, e.g. in people with existing autoimmune disorders.

I am sceptical about this vaccine and the implications of gene therapy ("can I get vaccinated to become stronger/weaker/smarter/dumber/cure from cancer/get cancer?"), plus I have Psoriasis so I might be vulnerable to possible adverse effects.

submitted by /u/rokuroku1
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The Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine has to be kept at a temperature of -70C (-95F). How will it be kept so cold?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 09:40 AM PST

Do they use helium?

submitted by /u/PalaiologoiBismarck
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Could Proxima Centauri technically be considered a planet?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 07:48 AM PST

Technically speaking, it should fit all three requirements. First, it orbits a star (Or stars plural in this case). Second, its big enough to be spherical, and finally, being a star, it likely has cleared its orbit. So as long as its orbit is clear of the majority of objects, it could technically be a planet. Like, there's no rules saying that a planet can't be a star. Additionally, a barycenter wouldn't matter as the barycenter between Jupiter and the Sun is outside of the sun's surface so one could make the argument that the sun is a binary. sS could it, and other small stars like it be considered planets?

submitted by /u/greencash370
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Friday, November 13, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We're NASA experts looking for scientists' input on the next decade of biological and physical science research in space. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're NASA experts looking for scientists' input on the next decade of biological and physical science research in space. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're NASA experts looking for scientists' input on the next decade of biological and physical science research in space. Ask us anything!

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 04:00 AM PST

We use the unique attributes of spaceflight environments to conduct scientific experiments that cannot be done on Earth. NASA's Biological and Physical Sciences (BPS) program pioneers scientific discovery in and beyond low-Earth orbit to drive advances in science, technology and space exploration. These space experiments expand the frontiers of knowledge, capability and opportunity in space.

This year, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) will begin the process of formulating a community consensus about the most compelling science questions for the decade ahead in each of the BPS disciplines. Known as the Decadal Surveys, the process provides a rare opportunity for scientists and engineers to share their insights and help shape the scientific endeavors of the next decade.

The purpose of this AMA is to answer questions about the work being done by NASA's Biological and Physical Sciences division and to address how researchers can get engaged in the Decadal process, types of past research efforts stemming from the previous survey, the types of research that the BPS division supports, etc.

Panelists:

  • Craig Kundrot, Director, Biological and Physical Sciences Division, Science Mission Directorate, NASA
  • Bradley Carpenter, Program Scientist for Fundamental Physics, Biological and Physical Sciences Division, Science Mission Directorate, NASA
  • Kevin Sato, Program Scientist for Exploration, Biological and Physical Sciences Division, Science Mission Directorate, NASA
  • Fran Chiaramonte, Program Scientist for Physical Sciences, Biological and Physical Sciences Division, Science Mission Directorate, NASA
  • Sharmila Bhattacharya, Program Scientist, Space Biology, Biological and Physical Sciences Division, Science Mission Directorate, NASA

We will be here from 1:30-3:30 pm ET (18:30-20:38 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/nasa

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How are minerals distributed throughout the world, and is it related to tectonics?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 09:39 PM PST

Is there any correlation between say, the presence of gold or iron and distance to a tectonic plate or fault line? Do different types of plates/faults do different things, or is it all completely independent of tectonics? If it's independent of tectonics, what does determine the distribution of metal veins?

submitted by /u/etcNetcat
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Why do we don't become immune to common cold?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 02:10 AM PST

Does Horseshoe Crab Blue-Blood used in Medicine contain allergens of Shellfish for those with allergies?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 06:24 PM PST

Hi everyone,

I came across a post about Horseshoe Crabs and how we leverage their blood (limulus amebocyte lysate) for use in the medicine field.

I have an extremely severe shellfish allergy - would I be allergic to those amebocyte's that are separated when used in FDA testing?

I am not sure if they are present in the actual administered injections, but I was wondering.

submitted by /u/espressoinmybutt
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What makes you feel sleepy?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 05:42 PM PST

So we just learned a lesson on human sleep and I've still got some questions that hadn't been answered. What makes you sleepy at night caffeine or adenosine? I look it up and couldn't understand

submitted by /u/ACookieCup
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How do space telescopes stay still?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 01:06 AM PST

I just read the news about the new Ariel space telescope that's been given the green light and it struck me that they would need to be very still to get a good resolution. (Link here on the Airel green light).

​

In a vacuum, how does a space telescope stay perfectly still and aimed on it's target in all axis's of movement and rotation?

​

I imagine the tolerances needed for a high resolution image on something millions of miles away must be tiny. A fraction of a millimeter at the telescope must account for a very large difference down range. How do they achieve this?

submitted by /u/hobsondm01
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How does water traveling up a dry rag not break the laws of thermodynamics?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 11:29 PM PST

When you dip a rag in water, how can the entire rag become soaked over time despite fighting gravity? Where does the energy come from to allow the water to travel up the rag?

submitted by /u/BubblesAndSuch
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Inorganic compound also has carbon. So how can we differentiate between organic and inorganic compound as both contain carbon?

Posted: 13 Nov 2020 03:40 AM PST

What's the difference between radio frequency and electricty besides frequency?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 06:55 PM PST

Now I'd assume rf is more similar to dc electricity, however what is the difference besides frequency? They're both just an electromagnetic wave and no one has seemed to be able to give me a satisfiable answer. Thanks!

submitted by /u/Elesd3nEctasy
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What "piece" is 5 nanometers in a 5nm semiconductor?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 01:14 PM PST

With Apple's new A14 chip, there was a lot of mention of the 5nm process - so what exactly does that mean? Is it the size of each transistor? At that size, are engineers basically just moving individual silicon atoms?

submitted by /u/FiftyCal14
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If the international space station was not orbiting earth and just stood still as if it were held up on a pole or something - so it wouldn’t crash to earth, what amount of gravity would the occupants feel?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 07:46 AM PST

I'm wondering about how much the gravity decreases at the height of the ISS.

submitted by /u/zeroart101
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How does CO2 trap more heat?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 01:25 PM PST

So I just looked up some specific heat capacities. CO2 is 0.846 kJ/kg at 300 kelvin while air is 0.718. The general understanding of global warming is that CO2 traps more heat causing global warming. Can you explain how this relates to specific heat capacity? it seems that CO2 requires more energy than air to heat up one degree. So how does CO2 'trap more heat'?

submitted by /u/ifritftw
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Shouldn't we develop multiple CoVid19 vaccines that each approach the problem differently?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 02:45 PM PST

This morning I was listening to The Daily podcast by the NYTimes. They had on Carl Zimmer who I've always enjoyed, and he was describing the Covid vaccine from Pfizer. Zimmer said that the Pfizer vaccine is targeting a specific part of the Corona virus. I think he called it the "spike." He also said the other vaccines are taking the same approach. Given the crazy, 95% efficacy of the vaccine, I totally get why the other drug makers would follow this model, but my question is, shouldn't we also have vaccines that take a different approach? I mean, as a contingency?

I'm sure I'm not understanding the vaccine, so I welcome and appreciate some basic explanations!

Thanks!

submitted by /u/IQLTD
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Why do certain types of arthritis cause joints to get visibly bulbous over time?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 09:07 AM PST

Does a bee/wasp hive notice when one of its members go missing?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 07:00 AM PST

Saw a bird snatch a wasp out of the air and wondered whether the peeps back at the nest'll be like "...hey where's Joe?"

submitted by /u/ngserdna
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How do rovers navigate on Mars?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 10:49 AM PST

Mars has no magnetic field, so magnetic compasses don't work there. It also has no GPS-style satellite network. Presumably scientists would like to know where their rovers are and where they're going, so how do the rovers navigate?

submitted by /u/SciviasKnows
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Can a transplanted organ be retransplanted into another patient?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 11:46 AM PST

As an example, let's say a successful heart transplant, in which the patient goes on to live for many more years, and then dies of unrelated causes, could the heart then be transplanted again into another patient?

Has anything like this ever been done?

submitted by /u/HotDogManRidesAgain
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How are the positions and headings of celestial bodies recorded/cataloged?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 12:11 PM PST

Presumably the orbits of our solar system's planets, moons, asteroids, satellites and whatnots are pretty well-known and are recorded in some sort of database. What sort of format are those things usually stored in? Is it like an XYZ thing plus some sort of heading? My understanding is that accurately calculating the future locations of space stuff is non-trivial because of the three-body problem, so how do professionals handle it for day to day "needing to know where Mars is gonna be in a few years" work?

I'm also curious about stars. Presumably there're big database of known stars and their positions somewhere. What sort of coordinates do they use to describe them? Is there some sort of galactic XYZ system? Can I download a free copy of "all the stars we know about and their positions" somewhere?

submitted by /u/captainAwesomePants
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How does the endoplamic reticulum ‘modify’ the proteins?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 07:58 AM PST
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Thursday, November 12, 2020

Life of Pi: could the hippo have survived?

Life of Pi: could the hippo have survived?

Life of Pi: could the hippo have survived?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 04:22 AM PST

For the benefit of those who haven't seen it, Life of Pi is a philosophical movie based on a book about an Indian boy whose family owns a zoo. His family move to Canada and transport their animals by ship, which tragically sinks somewhere in the Pacific ocean, drowning most of the passengers and animals.

Now, during the scene where the ship is sinking you see distressed humans and animals. However, you also see a hippo swimming gracefully away underwater. Is there a chance the hippo survived, or would it eventually have tired out and drowned if it hadn't found land quickly?

TL;DR, could a hippo survive a shipwreck in the middle of an ocean?

submitted by /u/UnexpectedIncident
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Do small creatures such as flies and other insects get cancer? Or is it only larger animals with longer lifespans?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 09:08 PM PST

Furthermore, has cancer always been prevalent in humans and other animals such as cats/dogs/horses? Or is cancer something that is a side effect of humans becoming medicinally advanced enough to let us and other animals have longer lifespans?

submitted by /u/Toshariku
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How does the mRNA from the new vaccines enter our cells?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 08:03 PM PST

From what I understand most vaccines use a "vector" to deliver the payload to our cells, in order to trigger the immune response.

But with these new mRNA vaccines there appears to be no vector. They just inject mRNA into the body directly and our cells just "slurp it up" somehow?

submitted by /u/thosewhocannetworkd
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What are the difficulties with manufacturing, distributing, and storing a vaccine that requires storage at -94 degrees Fahrenheit?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 06:57 PM PST

Apologies if this is the wrong subreddit, but I've seen all the positive news around the Pfizer vaccine. Reading all the successes of the trial, I noticed the storage temperature is -94 degrees Fahrenheit.

I have some understanding of pharma / biologics manufacturing processes and know that traditional cold chain 2-8 degrees is a huge process to maintain. Thus, hearing this vaccine requires -94 degrees seems like it's going to cause a significant number of operational issues especially when scaling production.

Is there severe risk of the vaccine breaking down if mismanaged, what type of protocols do end users need to follow to ensure efficacy etc.?

submitted by /u/mj258
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Is boiling hot water more effective at killing bacteria than a dish soap?

Posted: 12 Nov 2020 12:35 AM PST

Can malaria lay dormant for several years before a person develops symptoms?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 04:47 PM PST

If so, how does that work?

submitted by /u/elchinguito
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Is there a "blueprint" of a vaccine that can be shared for production?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 03:00 PM PST

With the recent news of the vaccine success and with numerous other vaccines in phase 3 trials I was curious as to how sharing would work. Is there a kind of blueprint that the vaccine creators could share to other countries or labs that would allow them to produce the vaccine on their own? I imagine this is relevant considering the transportation concerns and very hot climates of many of the most affected and impoverished countries. If only the original creator of the vaccine (Pfizer, or whoever else) is allowed to manufacture it, wouldn't it dramatically slow down actual vaccination rates as compared to global widespread production? I have only read reports of Pfizer owned factories manufacturing vaccines.

Furthermore will there be a patent on this vaccine? Costs are at a lot of countries' minds right now, exorbitant economic costs should hopefully not limit their recovery efforts.

Finally do we have any kind of idea of development time for future strains? The flu requires a shot every year, in the case that covid also requires this do we have any idea if we will be able to develop a new vaccine in time?

submitted by /u/AlgebraicMisery
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Why the covid vaccines need our own body to produce the viral protein instead of the protein being in the vaccine itself?

Posted: 11 Nov 2020 02:41 PM PST

What is happening to your skin when you get a scratch (like from a dogs paw) but the skin isn’t broken, it just raises up and disappears within a few hours?

Posted: 10 Nov 2020 01:51 PM PST
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