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Thursday, June 11, 2020

Why can't white blood cells (B-cells) be stirred-up in vitro with a virus and the antibodies harvested? Why must the antibody response happen in the body?

Why can't white blood cells (B-cells) be stirred-up in vitro with a virus and the antibodies harvested? Why must the antibody response happen in the body?


Why can't white blood cells (B-cells) be stirred-up in vitro with a virus and the antibodies harvested? Why must the antibody response happen in the body?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 01:47 AM PDT

Does your blood type influence how sick will you get with the common cold?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 05:21 AM PDT

I have read an article stating that people with A blood type tend (on average) get more sick with COVID19 than people with O type blood.

I wonder if the same applies to other types of coronaviruses. Do I also tend to have a worse time with common cold if I have A type blood?

submitted by /u/frostwarrior
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How do companies get the viruses for vaccines?

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 06:40 PM PDT

Like do they farm it?

submitted by /u/thegainster1
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Is it possible to have PTSD for something that never happened ? Like when our brain creates false memories ?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 07:52 AM PDT

Is it possible for a digital file to be corrupted by excessive copying? If so, how many times must a file be copied before the copies become unreadable?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 08:00 AM PDT

When people forge metal and parts flake off, what's actually happening to the metal?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 06:04 AM PDT

Are the flakes impurities? Or is it lost material? And why is it coming off in flakes?

submitted by /u/mikevee78
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Why can't we throw lightweight things very far away?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 06:30 AM PDT

I never understood why I can throw an apple very far away but not a piece of cotton. It's lighter so I should be able to make it reach higher speeds with less force. But if something is too heavy I can't throw it far away either. Is there a soft spot for weight?

submitted by /u/tony_saufcok
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Why do lung transplant patients have a poorer long-term outlook than other organ recipients? Do we know what causes this?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 08:35 AM PDT

How do people die from hypothermia? Why can't your body stand to low temperatures?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 07:17 AM PDT

How do birds spot food? Specifically how do they find seeds that have been scattered or in a bird feeder? [Zoology]

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 08:16 AM PDT

Has scavenging for seeds from bird feeders or spotting free seeds on the ground been conditioned in to the avian population or is there some natural behavior this stems from?

submitted by /u/c0loredaardvark
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Do any other animals with physiology that permits apply pressure to wounds instinctually as we do?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 08:14 AM PDT

I just got done watching a guy crowbar himself in the noggin and it struck me (I went there) that people have a natural and rapid reaction to apply pressure to a wound which got me thinking whether this is a uniquely human trait.

I realise I may have incorrectly assumed that this reaction is instinctual rather than learned.

I suppose it's probably limited to primates in general if it exists at all in other species. I just found it interesting because it's an extremely specific adaptation. Unlike having a reaction to intense heat to withdraw a limb, which any animal can do, it requires having the physiology and dexterity before the adaptation becomes advantageous.

submitted by /u/dazb84
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Why do African American men seem to with prostate cancer experience a faster transition to metastasis then other races?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 08:13 AM PDT

How to get a Lagrangian when there are constraint forces that do work?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 08:00 AM PDT

Say you have a spring-mass system that has a rest length of 0 and is confined to a rod that rotates at a fixed angular frequency w. The constraint force that keeps it rotating at the fixed frequency does work when the radius changes, yet Newton's law for the radial component of motion gives the same equation as the usual T-V Lagrangian written in polar coordinates (assuming phi-dot is constant). But, I thought this Lagrangian only works when constraint forces don't do work - what's going on here?

submitted by /u/Platyturtle
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Why are orbits of planets stable over billions of years? How do they not go into the sun or slowly drift away?

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 05:47 PM PDT

As I understand it, the early Earth was struck by a Mars sized object creating the Moon. I feel like that's close enough in size to at least change Earth's orbit by some appreciable degree depending on how fast the impact. How does Earth stay in stable orbit after that?

submitted by /u/Darkside_of_the_Poon
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Why are some boobs saggy and some boobs perky, assuming they are the same size?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 07:42 AM PDT

Is there a system that controls where the blood flows in the brain?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 07:04 AM PDT

Hi all,

Is there a system in the brain that controls how much blood each zone gets in the brain. Let's say, your sitting down, listening and talking, does your muscle control system gets less blood than the language processing part?

If so what system controls this?

Thanks

submitted by /u/DenUil
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Multiple ponds and lakes have been around for 100s if not 1000s of years, sediment goes into them every rainfall, how can they stay there so long and not fill in?

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 05:32 PM PDT

How loud would a nuclear explosion be?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 12:26 AM PDT

Question in the title. What would you actually hear? Also, would you perceive the shockwave as sound? Would it deafen you at a certain distance?

submitted by /u/Sheldockielli
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How do I know which restriction enzyme to use?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 06:04 AM PDT

https://ibb.co/D5cyYKc

I attached an image^^

submitted by /u/stoicbirds9
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Do (urban) magpies have a special call to warn about predators?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 02:17 AM PDT

Context: I spend a lot of time on my balcony so I am constantly paying attention to the environment around me. There are lots of magpies that I usually notice only visually until yesterday when I heard a song that I couldn't recognize.

I looked under the tree they were sitting and there was a cat (common known urban predator for birds) and 3-4 magpies were having the same loud call (that sounded rather alarming) and were following the cat (flying from tree to tree while issuing the same call).

As soon as the cat disappeared and ran behind bushes (probably out of sight for them) the call stopped. I normally don't see cats roaming free on the street so I am pretty sure the magpies were trying to warn their fellas about it.

Can anyone tell me more about this subject or am I just getting crazy for listening too much to birds and their songs? 😅

submitted by /u/blacktulipsarefine
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Do both granules and lysosomes fuse to the phagosome during phagocytosis?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 05:32 AM PDT

Why do orange skins dry out so quickly after peeling them?

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 11:44 PM PDT

I was just noticing the oranges I've had for about a week or two - at the time I'm peeling them they're fleshy and soft, but after being peeled they'll dry out completely within a day or so.

I'm sure there's some moisture transfer going on but it's not very apparent to me what the mechanism is. Is the skin of the orange attached to the fruit juices in some way? Or are there living cells in the orange rind that die once peeled?

submitted by /u/thedailynathan
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Why is it when we get food and drinks from a restaurant, we already get really full when drinking the drink first?

Posted: 11 Jun 2020 06:32 AM PDT

Wednesday, June 10, 2020

Is it possible that someone can have a weak enough immune system that the defective virus in a vaccine can turn into the full fledge virus?

Is it possible that someone can have a weak enough immune system that the defective virus in a vaccine can turn into the full fledge virus?


Is it possible that someone can have a weak enough immune system that the defective virus in a vaccine can turn into the full fledge virus?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 01:56 PM PDT

What the hell did I see?

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 06:28 AM PDT

So Saturday night the family and I were outside looking at the stars, watching satellites, looking for meteors, etc. At around 10:00-10:15 CDT we watched at least 50 'satellites' go overhead all in the same line and evenly spaced about every four or five seconds.

submitted by /u/Dweezil83
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How would two planets share a moon?

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 06:20 AM PDT

I've created a solar system for a story but need help with logistics of how the planets would interact.

Questions welcome.

submitted by /u/Sweetdee11
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When light goes from a vacuum, into water, then back to a vacuum. At what speed is it now traveling ?

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 05:25 AM PDT

Is it traveling at the speed of light through water? Or, is it back up to the speed of light in a vacuum? If so where does it get that energy boost from?

submitted by /u/Dbgb4
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Why cant scientists create life in the lab by copying and recreating an extremely simple organism like a bacteriophage?

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 03:19 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 10 Jun 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How are viruses weakened for live vaccines?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 06:40 PM PDT

Is it possible to build off of an already exsisting vaccine to create a vaccine for a new strain of a virus?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 11:46 PM PDT

I'm doing a project in my science class involving disease outbreak. The scenario is as follows:

"An Influenza Virus was released from an ancient tomb in the arctic when the permafrost melted due to climate change. Only those whose families have lived in the area for thousands of years are immune. After spreading slowly at first, once it reached cities, this Ancient Influenza became the most deadly of all the influenza strains that humans have ever seen."

I'm supposed to come up with a plan to deal with the virus, so, I was wondering if it's possible to create a vaccine for a new strain of a virus that already has a vaccine? And if so, would it make the process of finding a vaccine any slower or faster?

If anyone has any insight, i would really appreciate it! Thanks!

submitted by /u/Ceramicsweetpotato
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Has herd immunity ever been achieved without a vaccine?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 01:33 PM PDT

Pretty self explanatory question. Herd immunity was the main argument against the lockdown (mainly by people who don't know what herd immunity is), but was just wondering if it has ever been reached without a vaccine?

submitted by /u/Ravo93
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How does a cell build a copy of a virus?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 01:26 PM PDT

Some viruses have complex shapes and weird structural properties. I understand that the virus's RNA codes for everything it needs, but mechanically how is it assembled in a host cell? I know RNA codes for proteins, but beyond that I have no idea how a cell actually builds things, be it a virus or its own internal machinery.

submitted by /u/rexxar-tc
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I read that Cockroft and Walton split the atom by bombarding Lithium with accelerated protons, producing an end result of alpha particles. Given the result of charged particles, could it be used as an energy source for electricity? If not, why not?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 11:55 AM PDT

Questions about evanescent fields?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 10:15 AM PDT

1) Why do evanescent fields actually form. I've got a solid understanding of what they are and everything about them, but do they actually form. The closest answer I've found is because waves cannot be discontinuous as this goes against the laws of conservation of energy and momentum but I don't get how the wave is discontinued and why it's can't just all reflect as it's total internal reflection?

2) If there is another boundary close enough to the first one so the evanescent field doesn't have time to fully decay, it can continue propagating- this is frustrated total internal reflection. What I don't get is that the reason the evanescent fields can't propagate is because the E and M fields are not in phase, so how does another boundary put the fields in phase so they can continue as a propagating wave?

submitted by /u/jack-phillip
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What role Quantum Tunneling takes in process of Alpha Decay and in the half-life of unstable atoms?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 11:31 AM PDT

Tuesday, June 9, 2020

Why do we hear about breakthroughs in cancer treatment only to never see them again?

Why do we hear about breakthroughs in cancer treatment only to never see them again?


Why do we hear about breakthroughs in cancer treatment only to never see them again?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 04:35 PM PDT

I often see articles about breakthroughs in eradicating cancer, only to never hear about them again after the initial excitement. I have a few questions:

  1. Is it exaggeration or misunderstanding on the part of the scientists about the drugs' effectiveness, or something else? It makes me skeptical about new developments and the validity of the media's excitement. It can seem as though the media is using people's hopes for a cure to get revenue.

  2. While I know there have been great strides in the past few decades, how can we discern what is legitimate and what is superficial when we see these stories?

  3. What are the major hurdles to actually "curing" cancer universally?

Here are a few examples of "breakthrough" articles and research going back to 2009, if you're interested:

2020: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.bbc.com/news/amp/health-51182451

2019: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190604084838.htm

2017: https://www.google.com/amp/s/time.com/4895010/cancers-newest-miracle-cure/%3famp=true

2014: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140325102705.htm

2013: https://www.cancerresearch.org/blog/december-2013/cancer-immunotherapy-named-2013-breakthrough-of-the-year

2009: http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/12/17/cancer.research.breakthrough.genetic/index.html

TL;DR Why do we see stories about breakthroughs in cancer research? How can we know what to be legitimately excited about? Why haven't we found a universal treatment or cure yet?

submitted by /u/throwaway63257
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If breaking the sound barrier causes a sonic boom, what would breaking the light speed barrier do?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 08:50 AM PDT

How does a computer know when to shutdown itself due to overheat?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 08:25 AM PDT

Like for instance, when the CPU gets to hot, what actually happen? I assume the motherboard reads the temperatures sensors and send a trigger warning to the PSU to cut the power if it's above a threshold, something like that?

Also when it comes to the GPU, can an overheat cause the PC to shutdown or it's only translated with even bigger artefacts all over the screen?

Thanks in advance for the help.

submitted by /u/qS3ra
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Can you kill a virus?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 09:03 AM PDT

Am not sure if my question qualifies to be here but I really hope someone gets me an answer, be it a relative one... If viruses have no cell, and are basically classified as non-living, can they die? WHO says small pox virus has been eliminated but I don't understand how, given that viruses have a way to stay in a host body inactive for many years... So how do you eliminate something that can "live without being alive"? Thank you

submitted by /u/LordZepha
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Once there's a COVID vaccine, what percentage of the population must be vaccinated to reach herd immunity? How long would this take?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 08:30 PM PDT

What causes the symptoms of pox diseases?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 03:19 AM PDT

Why is it that diseases like smallpox and chickenpox cause blisters, postules and papules over the body? Is it an immune response? An evolutionary response so the virus spreads more easily?

I suppose this question extends to other diseases which cause papules, like the plague.

submitted by /u/tickera
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Why doesn't the voltage in a wall socket drop, when I plug a device in?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 09:03 AM PDT

When I connect a battery to a load, bascially the voltage of that battery goes slowly to zero, because the electrical charge is evening out and also the resistance of the load lowers the voltage from the previous state of no-load.
I assume this would also happen in a wall socket, since I would change from no-load to load, so it would lower the resistance of the electric circuit.
If that is the case: Why does the socket voltage remain stable?

Since I am an communications engineer, I have basic kowledge of electronics, power electronics and power enigneering, so you can be very technical in your answer, but since I haven't used this knowledge since years, I can't answer it myself.

submitted by /u/suuuupercroc994
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How did Newtonian gravity and general relativity's predictions of the bending of light due to gravity differ?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 07:01 AM PDT

Like general relativity, Newtonian gravity predicts that the presence of the sun will bend star light (according to this Vox video), so that when observing stars around the sun during an eclipse, you will observe some displacement. General relativity predicts a different amount of displacement, hence the famous photo proving Einstein's theory. Why did the two theories predict different amounts of displacement?

submitted by /u/harumphfrog
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Are a symptomatic and pre symptomatic considered different things?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 08:54 AM PDT

I'm reading a statement that says that at least according to WHO asymptomatic spread of Covid is rare but possible. But I'm not sure if someone who later developed symptoms is considered an a symptomatic case or not.

submitted by /u/maiqthetrue
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Atomspheric lapse rate applied to solids?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 04:43 AM PDT

The lapse rate which is proportional to g/cp (gravity/ heat capacity) means that the higher you go up in the atmosphere, the cooler it gets. Think white snow capped mountains.

Does this lapse rate formula also apply to solids and explains why it gets hot down the bottom of mines?

Looking at the wikipedia article and derivation there doesn't seem to be anything particular to gases.

Wikipedia Lapse Rate

Applying the lapse rate formula -9.8/Cp to a deep gold mine gives a similar result.

-9.8/800*4000m= 49oC temperature rise

800 is rough Cp for rock 4000m Mponeng Gold mine depth 66oC is temperature at bottom of mine

Gold mine

And average annual temperature is 18.2oC Gauteng province

49+18=67oC

The above is fairly close match so the theory doesn't sound unreasonable to me.

submitted by /u/Tarsal26
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Do monkeys or other apes get chapped lips?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 09:00 PM PDT

Why are moles (I think Nevi is the correct term) so dangerous?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 06:52 AM PDT

Since a kid that my parents and doctors tell me to be cautious around the sun and protect my skin, especially any mole. And I know a lot of people that had moles removed without them being cancerous. What differenciates them from normal skin and why are they so dangerous? Are red moles dangerous as well?

submitted by /u/MrDrunkCat
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In terms of evolution which came first ribosomes or proteins ?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 05:20 AM PDT

Do nerve agents always work by blocking acetylcholinesterase?

Posted: 09 Jun 2020 05:03 AM PDT

After some research I've found that most nerve agents seem to work this way but is this the only way they could work?

submitted by /u/acornstudent777
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Why does your skin itch when you get into a really hot bath?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 09:16 PM PDT

Google only shows me reasons for why you itch after a hot shower, but my skin itches like crazy the first few seconds after getting into a super hot bath, and I still haven't found anything on why it does.

submitted by /u/astasodope
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If fossil fuels once were a part of the carbon cycle, why is it bad when we emit the carbon back into the air?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 10:44 PM PDT

Fossil fuels are, well, fossils. And therefore, it was something living that died and didn't decompose. But was the carbon a part of the animal or is it oils from inside the Earth? Why is it bad for the planet to emit carbon dioxide when that level once was a totally normal part of the ecosystems?

submitted by /u/heliumlantan
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Does the influenza virus affect cell size?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 03:56 PM PDT

For instance, does the cell swell or shrink after infection? I can't find anything online

submitted by /u/JMoneyG0208
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Why doesn’t California get tsunamis?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 09:01 AM PDT

Is it possible to have a region of a gravitational field with non zero curl?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 02:53 PM PDT

Yes curl as in mathematical curl in the vector field. In what situation(s) would this happen, if it is possible?

submitted by /u/Deleizera
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In turbulent fluid dynamics, why does the isotropic part of Reynolds stress tensor not transfer momentum?

Posted: 08 Jun 2020 02:12 PM PDT

I have come across the statement in an online lecture, "Only the anisotropic term is effective in turbulent transport of momentum." I understand that the isotropic term can be incorporated into the modified pressure term, but does that not imply that it does contribute to momentum transfer, just under a different name? Is there a more physical interpretation of this statement that can help clarify why this is the case?

submitted by /u/GasAffectionate
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