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Saturday, March 2, 2019

Do galaxies form around supermassive black holes, or do supermassive black holes form in the center of galaxies?

Do galaxies form around supermassive black holes, or do supermassive black holes form in the center of galaxies?

Do galaxies form around supermassive black holes, or do supermassive black holes form in the center of galaxies?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 12:57 AM PST

Why does it take a day or two for us to feel the pain of muscles after heavy workout or workout after a gap?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 02:51 PM PST

On a physical level, is there a difference between PTSD and extreme anxiety that does not stem from a traumatic event?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 05:42 AM PST

I know that where the anxiety comes from and how someone might work through it will differ between these two types of anxiety but I'm curious if they're functionally the same as far as the body is concerned.

As an example: there is someone who has been violently mugged and they have developed severe PTSD due to it and then someone who has never been mugged but has extreme anxiety about getting mugged. Would there be any difference in the adrenaline/chemicals released by the body during a time of crisis for these two people?

Also, would the type of medication, in general, be different for someone with PTSD verses extreme anxiety that doesn't stem from a traumatic event? I'm curious of the medication for PTSD is inherently different of its all just case by case basis depending on the situation and intensity.

submitted by /u/Lexaraj
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Can a celestial object have liquids on its surface and no atmosphere at all?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 07:20 AM PST

How does an engine prevent a chain reaction that consumes all it's fuel from happening?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 06:56 AM PST

What (if any) are the functions of the appendix?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 01:04 AM PST

Why does the edible parts of an orange grow in slices?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 01:24 PM PST

What causes us to perceive someone's gaze as focused, vacant, or glazed over?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 12:44 AM PST

I have seen time and time again, both in literature and in conversations with people I know, people describing someone's eyes. What I mean is that I have come across phrases like "Focused gaze", "Vacant gaze", "Fearful eyes", "Eyes lighting up", "Eyes glazed over",etc. What exactly is it that causes one to perceive another's gaze as focused, vacant, etc? Is it how often and how much the pupils contract? Is it the frequency of saccades? Is it something else?

submitted by /u/JohnQPublicSmith
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How do pins and needles work? In other words, what processes in the body occur for you to feel them?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 09:06 PM PST

Why did Mendeleev swap Tellurium and Iodine around?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 04:51 AM PST

Can HPA axis dysfunction cause Temporal Lobe Epilepsy?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 06:49 AM PST

When and why would someone choose to use Lagrangian instead of Newtonian mechanics and math?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 12:00 AM PST

From what I understand, Lagrangian mechanics are a different way of formulating the laws of physics that Newton describes. I don't know all of Lagrange's equations yet, but looking around, the difference seems to be that he likes to describe things in terms of energy rather than force and he likes to use more derivatives in his equations.

submitted by /u/_Sunny--
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Is it possible to subtract electrons from a crystal using the attraction force of protons from an outside source?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 11:59 PM PST

What's the difference between slab pull and subduction?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 05:54 AM PST

What is a right representation of the sun's path trough the sky?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 02:04 AM PST

I have long been confused by the way the sun's path through the sky is visualised in many science textbooks. It's mostly visualised with a parallel path: http://blocs.mesvilaweb.cat/wp-content/uploads/sites/1648/2012/06/U3VuT25DZWxlc3RpYWxTcGhlcmU=_224517_1_5796_1.png

But isn't a more accurate representation like this, where the path of the sun isn't parallel trough the year?: https://www.ecosoch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/sun-path.png

submitted by /u/vozze
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why do we get pimples on our face and not like .. our legs?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 02:08 PM PST

i know back/chest pimples are also quite common, but they still seem to concentrate mainly on the upper body. i'm under the impression that pimples are just infections so shouldnt they be able to appear anywhere?

submitted by /u/b3vit
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how does the neuron density of the human brain compare to the density of integrated circuits?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 02:51 PM PST

How do we know what Earth's core consists of?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 05:03 PM PST

Strontium Isotopes are used to determine geographical location and enter the body through the food chain. doesnt the modern global industrial food production mess this up for modern people?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 02:10 PM PST

How do the oxygen atoms in hafnium dioxide (HfO2) have 4 bonds each in a stable lattice arrangement?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 06:50 PM PST

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_dioxide

I always understood that oxygen's most stable molecular arrangement requires each oxygen atom to have 2 bonds and 2 unbonded pairs of electrons? How can the HfO2 lattice as depicted in the wikipedia article be stable?

Compare that to the wikipedia article for silicon dioxide, which depicts it as I would have expected: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxide.

submitted by /u/yumyumgivemesome
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Why are Galaxies a flat disk and not a sphere?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 02:43 PM PST

Given there is a large mass (potentially a black) hole at the centre of the Galaxy, why wouldn't it attract stars and other mass from all directions and be shape of a sphere? Most pictures of Galaxies show a flat spiral shape!

submitted by /u/kapbap
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Why do we consider Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens different species?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 02:23 PM PST

It is well-known that homo sapiens interbred with Neanderthals. If this is the case, then why do we consider the two, different species?

This could also to apply to other species, such as homo erectus and other members of the homo group.

submitted by /u/AGrimEnding
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Does cold do anything against acidity?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 02:44 AM PST

Really general question, but it has two possible scenarios I'm thinking of:

  • Inside the body: Is the relief from ice (for example) mainly due to a numbing effect? Or does the water diluting the acid do more than I thought?

  • Outside the body: Could lower temperatures make the acid less effective or somehow force the ions responsible for making it acidic to behave differently than expected?

I feel like, up to a certain point, a lower temperature shouldn't really affect acidity. There must be other facets to this though, maybe from a chemical perspective?

submitted by /u/W333B
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Can we create lasers that operate at significantly lower frequencies, such as AM/FM radio range?

Posted: 02 Mar 2019 02:34 AM PST
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Friday, March 1, 2019

How does a chameleon change color?

How does a chameleon change color?

How does a chameleon change color?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 04:25 AM PST

How do Photonic-Crystal Fibers work?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 03:10 AM PST

I read that photonic-crystal fibers use diffraction to send multiple wavelengths of light down it's core so that multiple information can be transmitted at once. How exactly does diffraction happen with the solid and the hollow cores? Or have I misunderstood something, and it uses total internal reflection?

submitted by /u/Sts013
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How many atoms are split in a nuclear explosion?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 10:47 PM PST

Because Tonsils are part of our immune system, does removing them have an impact on how often you get ill?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 04:00 PM PST

Title sums it up, I'm aware it could also maybe impact how badly you get ill? (A normal cold lasting 2 weeks rather than 1)

Just wondering since I want to get mine removed :-)

submitted by /u/TheGoldenWaffle77
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If a blood type +A mother had an +AB baby, why doesn't the mother's developed anti-B antibodies attack the baby's blood as it contains a B antigen?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 05:40 PM PST

If a Rh- mother has already developed anti-Rh antibodies, it will attack the red blood cells of their Rh+ baby, how come this doesn't apply to the A and B antigens? Regardless of the Rh antigens presence, shouldn't a mother with either an A or B antigen have its antibodies agglutinate with its respective antigen in the mother's AB baby?

submitted by /u/azangram
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Does the angle of reflection of light or other waves/particles vary with the spin of the said particle?

Posted: 01 Mar 2019 03:45 AM PST

If you put spin on a ball and it hits a surface the angle of the rebound changes based on the spin. Does the same apply to waves?

submitted by /u/LegitimateAdeptness
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Can you break or bend the rules of the "Fire Triangle"?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 04:50 PM PST

In school, we were taught about the Fire Triangle; the three requirements for fire, those being fuel, heat, and oxygen. Being that this was middle school (I think) I assume this was a dumbed down or simplistic version. What are some ways these rules can be subverted? Is it possible to replace oxygen with another gas, or perhaps start a fire without heat?

submitted by /u/sbdallas
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If I have a device powered with 2 AA batteries, and the device is at 50% battery life, but I only have 1 AA battery left; would switching only one battery increase the battery life of the device?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 01:48 PM PST

i.e. I have an xbox controller that is powered by 2 AA batteries. My controller is almost dead, at 20% battery life. If I switch out only one battery for a new one, does that increase the battery life of my xbox controller? Or does it remain at 20%?


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How does alcohol cause memory loss?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 05:42 PM PST

How does alcohol cause memory loss?

I think I remember reading that it's not the BAC that causes it, per se, but rather, the rapid change in BAC; is that right?

submitted by /u/benjaminikuta
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How does this newly discovered half-twin mechanism work? How can one egg make two zygotes with two different sperm?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 04:42 PM PST

When a star stops fusion reactions and collapses under its gravity, why does it explode outward?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 12:23 PM PST

Also, I know some of the time not all the star explodes outward, its core is left behind and forms a white dwarf or a neutron star, how many solar masses does a star need to be to have all its mass launched into space when it goes supernova?

submitted by /u/WoodHeadPhones
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How do scientists measure how much a land mass moves every year?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 12:05 PM PST

I saw a post on reddit stating that Hawaii moves 7.5cm closer to Alaska annually. How exactly do scientists come to this conclusion? Relative to the size of the Earth, 7.5cm is extremely finite.

How can they measure the distance it moved to this degree of accuracy given that the shorelines of most islands/continents are not always the same? What is the baseline for this measurement? What is the percentage of allowable error on something like this?

submitted by /u/holycornflake
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How did people initially find out that humans can survive with only one kidney?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 12:20 PM PST

How do cells ask for more blood flow?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 10:25 AM PST

If a cell or region of cells suddenly has an increased metabolic demand (for instance, if there's damage or increased stress to a certain area of the body), how do the cells stimulate more blood flow to the area?

submitted by /u/patchitup
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How many gluons are there in a proton?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 12:23 PM PST

At high energies you get a colour glass condensate - but shouldn't the number of gluons in a proton be Lorentz invariant?

submitted by /u/neutrino_mark
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Why did the lakes and oceans of Mars disappear? Will the same thing happen to Earth?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 11:41 AM PST

If our water mostly came from comets and such, wouldn't water be fairly common in other planets?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 06:34 AM PST
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Thursday, February 28, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Matthias Hebrok, and my lab has just published a breakthrough in making insulin-producing cells in a dish. My team at UCSF hopes to one day cure type 1 diabetes with transplantable beta cells made from human stem cells. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Matthias Hebrok, and my lab has just published a breakthrough in making insulin-producing cells in a dish. My team at UCSF hopes to one day cure type 1 diabetes with transplantable beta cells made from human stem cells. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Matthias Hebrok, and my lab has just published a breakthrough in making insulin-producing cells in a dish. My team at UCSF hopes to one day cure type 1 diabetes with transplantable beta cells made from human stem cells. AMA!

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 04:00 AM PST

I'm a stem cell biologist and director of the UCSF Diabetes Center. My lab aims to generate unlimited supplies of insulin-producing cells to unravel the mysteries of diabetes, with the ultimate goal of combating and defeating the disease. We just published a paper demonstrating for the first time the successful creation of mature, functional insulin-producing cells made from stem cells. Read more here: http://tiny.ucsf.edu/7uNbjg

My lab focuses on type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is the result of an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Currently the only cure for T1D is a pancreas transplant or beta cell transplant, but these options are only available to the sickest patients, who then have to take immunosuppressants for the rest of their lives.

One of the biggest problems in diabetes research is that it is really hard to study these beta cells. They sit in the pancreas, an organ tucked away in the back of our bodies, that is hard to access in living people. We can obtain beta cells from cadaveric donors, but often the process of isolation affects the functionality of the cells. Therefore, one can argue that there is still a lot we do not understand about human beta cells, how they function under normal conditions, how they deteriorate in diabetes, and how one can possibly fix them.

By producing working beta cells in the lab, we've opened new doors to studying diabetes as well as new options for transplant therapies. Down the line, we hope to use genetic engineering technologies such as CRISPR to produce transplantable cells that don't require lifelong immune suppression.

I'm really excited about this work and looking forward to your questions. I'll be starting at 9am PST (12 ET, 16 UT). AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why is static always black and white even on color TVs?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:53 PM PST

How does allergy medication stop reactions to allergens, but not your immune responce to actual threats?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 09:00 PM PST

Can you reverse cavities?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 06:20 AM PST

I have some and I wonder if I can reverse it in some ways without going to the dentist.

submitted by /u/ezname
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What effects, if any, has the ingestion of BPA (and similar endocrinological disruptive chemicals) had on modern gender identification, sexuality, or masculinity/feminity definitions?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 06:38 AM PST

Will future generations of humans experience swings in hormone-altering chemicals in their environment, causing eras of abnormally high/low levels of masculinity or femininity?

submitted by /u/phrogwing
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Does the amount you're sweating increase the rate and severity of sunburn, due to water refraction?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:46 PM PST

Why does paralysis never seem to affect your heart? From diseases like MS, ALS and polio to neurotoxins like tetrodotoxin nothing seems to stop the heart only the diaphragm.

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 05:20 AM PST

How do plants, for example venus fly traps, "contract" by touch?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 05:50 AM PST

They don't have nerves to pass on an electric signal, so what is the biology/chemistry behind it?

(English is not my native language so please excuse any mistakes or lack of clarity)

submitted by /u/Slumdogcindarella
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How does the body know when a fever is necessary?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 07:29 AM PST

Is a fever a symptom of some sicknesses? Or is it more of my body's response to a disease? If it's my body's decision to create a fever, how does it know this is the best course of action?

submitted by /u/go-fireworks
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Is it possible to extract only the specific particles of any element present in air?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 07:28 AM PST

not necessarily air, but say there's an environment and one wants to extract only hydrogen atoms/molecules/particles from it. Is it possible to do it. If not what are the reasons.?

submitted by /u/Playfair99999
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Is there a pressure at which we would no longer be able to identify differences between a liquid/solid?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:59 PM PST

So I don't know too much about physics, but I read a little on Osmium, and changing states of matter under great pressure. Say we created an enormously deep pool of dense, but still very viscous liquid. Pressure increases viscosity at "low/med" levels, but, by theory, when getting to extreme levels, would the liquid ever reach a point where it became indistinguishable between a liquid/solid?
Let me know if this is a confusing question!! Happy to clarify things I did not answer with this post

submitted by /u/mygoats
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How do our ears know where sounds come from?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 07:13 PM PST

All sounds enter our ear canal...how can the brain distinguish where it comes from when they all hit the ear drum?

submitted by /u/jmacker94
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Can you squish bacteria with your fingers?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 11:30 AM PST

If a photon has momentum, wouldn't it appear to be going faster than the speed of light relative to the particle that emitted it?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:34 PM PST

Would the particle be pushed back by the conservation of momentum? Wouldn't the particle be moving away from the photon, relative to the photon, at a speed slightly greater than c?

Google had no quick answer, sorry that I'm not great at physics

submitted by /u/capsjunior
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What can you do to protect yourself from radiation, and is it important?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 03:21 AM PST

this includes natural, everyday radiation, but also people who go somewhere like chernobyl, what do they use for protection?

submitted by /u/BOT-JEFF
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How homogeneous is CO2 in the atmosphere? How much does this mixing (or lack of) impact climate change?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 08:58 PM PST

I am trying to write an equation describing how much CO2 changes the temperature of the atmosphere as a function of concentration. I am trying to get it as accurate, but also as simple as possible.

Basically something one could fit in one lecture and on one white board...

If you assume CO2 is homogeneous, it makes this calculation much easier. But how different is it really? How much does it change based on altitude, and location (for example, above the middle of the ocean vs above the rain forest or the Sahara desert)?

I'm not an atmospheric scientist, but I would really like to understand the math for myself... Just so I feel better about backing up weather scientists.

Any insight or advice very appreciated.

submitted by /u/Virophile
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What would a very powerful electromagnet do to the human body?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 03:51 PM PST

Is there weather on the moon?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 06:19 PM PST

I know there is space weather, but are there any "weather" effects that only occur on the moon?

submitted by /u/DrVentureWasRight
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Is the Martian atmosphere too thin for a quadcopter drone to operate in conjunction with the rovers?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 01:44 PM PST

Sorry if this is an incredible silly question.

​

Considering the fact that Martian gravity is also a lot lower than that of Earth, it could negate the atmospheric density, but the calculations for that are a bit out of my depth.

submitted by /u/emperorvinayak
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Relationship between diastolic blood pressure and arterial compliance?

Posted: 28 Feb 2019 03:06 AM PST

Why does a decrease in arterial compliance cause an increase in systolic blood pressure but a decrease in diastolic? To me it seems counterintuitive, wouldn't both be increased due to an increase in TPR?

submitted by /u/segawarfare
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If you are 1/6th your weight in water (on earth), are you also 1/6th your weight in water on Mars (or any other planet that has different gravitation)?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 04:00 PM PST

Why do the chromosomes in the U. manicatus species of scorpion vary between individuals?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 10:24 PM PST

Why are superbradyons superluminal?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 09:57 PM PST

I'll start by saying I'm no physicist or even have a remote understanding of any of the maths.

I do know nothing can travel faster than light. I have a limited understanding of Lorentz contractions, and mass increase, as well as the causality and ANEC violations that come from any superluminal object. Thanks to reddit I now know why supersymmetry rules out tachyons, and I also understand that superbradyons are probably just theoretical, and just a mathematical construct.

But through all my searching, I just can't find why these particles can theoretically break the universal speed limit. From what I can gather they have such great energy that something happens to the surrounding spacetime (something about preonic space or something?), the vacuum energy drops, space is "emptier" than "empty" space, and c increases? Is this correct?

If not, then what exactly is it about superbradyons that allow them to violate this physical constant?

submitted by /u/AmrlKJaneway
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