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Tuesday, December 11, 2018

Is it likely that we will or could potentially find large deposits of metal on Mars like we would on Earth?

Is it likely that we will or could potentially find large deposits of metal on Mars like we would on Earth?


Is it likely that we will or could potentially find large deposits of metal on Mars like we would on Earth?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 09:54 AM PST

I'm curious because Earth only has a finite amount of metals, if we colonized Mars or say a moon of Jupiter, how likely would it be to find the same metals there that we find here on earth such as gold, silver and iron? Would we potentially find a new metal or element?

submitted by /u/MeeksioSC
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Why does talking on the phone become difficult if you hear the feedback of your own voice due to connection issues?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 08:03 AM PST

I work in IT, and I spend a lot of time on the phone. Every once in a while, people will have phone issues and as I talk to them, even though they can hear me and I can hear them, I will hear the almost immediate feedback of my voice saying everything I just said. At least for me, it makes it very confusing and difficult for me to keep the conversation going coherently because I have to really think about what I'm saying and there tends to be a lot of pauses as I speak. Is this a common phenomenon, and why does it happen?

submitted by /u/Berret25
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Is there a limit on how much energy superconductors can transmit?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 07:29 AM PST

If we were able to make a roomtemperature/pressure superconductor and use it instead of these 400kV landlines, can the superconductor just be as thick as a finger? Or as thin as a hair?

submitted by /u/TheLegendDevil
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Does every star have an Oort Cloud?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 10:52 AM PST

How do satellites like Voyager 2 know where to aim their lense?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 11:33 PM PST

Does NASA program it to just flail about and hope it captures something?

submitted by /u/probablyyaced
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Do monks who take vows of silence lose muscle tone in their tongue? If so, what are some consequences of this and what would happen if they ended their silence?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 02:08 AM PST

Why does air from a fan or wind make us feel cold?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 08:05 AM PST

What's the molecular-level reasoning behind it? I would think that air molecules being pushed into others at a fast speed would create some sort of momentum when colliding into other particles, both the fast air and the collisions, in turn, creating heat.

submitted by /u/reshard27
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When lens flare makes a starburst around a bright light source, what determines how many points it has?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 07:49 AM PST

What's the difference between freezing and congealing?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 05:22 AM PST

When coconut oil solidifies I'm assuming it's just freezing, but when gelatin solidifies is it a non-crystallin structure? How does coagulation fit into this?

submitted by /u/zachsmthsn
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Why does hypotension cause efferent renal vasoconstriction?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 04:18 AM PST

So basically, during hypotension the blood flow to the kidney is decreased. This causes the kidney to activate the RAAS, which causes efferent vasoconstriction and that results in increased glomerular outflow.

Doesn't this lead to more fluid getting filtered and diuresis, thereby reducing the blood volume and further aggravating the hypotension?

So shouldn't hypotension reduce GFR?

submitted by /u/HouhoinKyoma
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How much RF exposure is too much?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 09:28 PM PST

Hi, I'm here today wondering how much RF exposure, especially while sleeping, is harmful. I haven't found any straight answers online, and was wondering if anyone here could help out. I've heard under 1.5, but wasn't sure if that was accurate.

submitted by /u/123018484294874
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How did mortality rates affect life expectancy in ancient times?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 11:39 PM PST

It's easy to say early humans had a life expectancy of (say) 30 years, but this is from birth and does not acknowledge that most mortality was in infancy.

So if you still managed to make it to puberty, what age could you then expect to reach?

In other words, what ages were the elders of ancient tribes?

submitted by /u/Random-Mutant
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The Oort cloud extends (theorotically) till about 3.2 ly from sun. What does this say about its proximity to Alpha Centauri's Oort cloud ?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 05:23 AM PST

If dark matter is suspected to interact via nuclear recoils, how is it differentiated between a background nuclear recoil interaction?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 11:21 PM PST

Specifically, in the XENON1T device, they look for dark matter through weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) which are hypothesized to interact by nucleus collision (rather than electron collisions), so they look for nuclear recoils. How is this differentiated between any other low energy nuclear recoil from background?

They say they use a calibration source to see the detector's response from known nuclear recoils, but since the recoiled nucleus energy is a spectrum, how would we know if a WIMP interaction yielded a similar nucleus recoil energy?

Here is a link to the study you are also interested:

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.06655.pdf

submitted by /u/latlog7
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Why is it okay to take acetaminophen while pregnant, but taking ibuprofen can seriously harm your baby?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 02:59 PM PST

Hi r/askscience! I'm newly pregnant and have been going through the many lists of things you're not supposed to have while pregnant. I was surprised to find that acetaminophen was okay, but ibuprofen was not. I'm really curious as to specifically why this is. I remember learning in intro biochem a long (long!) time ago they act on slightly different COX enzymes, but when I tried to search why ibuprofen is so harmful to a developing fetus, I just got a thousand mommy websites saying just to not take it. I'm really curious as to the specific biochemical processes that makes one totally safe and the other very, very not safe.

Thank you so much in advance for your insight!

submitted by /u/Digzalot
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Why are quantum fields quantized?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 08:31 PM PST

I know it may sound silly, but for example, if you put an electron in a box it will have only permitted energies depending on the size of the box. If the electron was free, it could have any energy. So my question is, what makes an excitation on a quantum field (particles) quantized?

submitted by /u/jrmiranda
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Why is carbon dioxide used in fizzy drinks and not another gas?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 12:07 PM PST

Why not use nitrogen which is a more abundant or another gas?

submitted by /u/Nutmegbread
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Did eyes evolve only once on Earth? Is there something about the small band of "visible" light that makes it optimal for eyes to evolve to see? Or is it just a coincidence that most animals see in the same spectrum?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 11:27 AM PST

I have heard of animals that see infrared & ultraviolet. But they all see (or so I think) the same frequency of light we see. Would an alien eye be more or less likely to see nothing in our "visible" band of light because it sees a higher or lower frequency? If eyes evolved once, it may be that the commonalities are just happenstance and not due to some inherent quality about the small band of frequency of light we can see.

submitted by /u/Tea_I_Am
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How do we know that we have only discovered 5% of all sea life? Is this even true?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 03:12 PM PST

Does this mean that 95% of sea life is in extreme zones that are impossible to reach? Or that oceans are just so big we can't explore it all because money/time? Are we talking microbes? or big sea creatures?

submitted by /u/lego_office_worker
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How can vacuum and earth's atmosphere exist side by side?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 03:39 AM PST

Are there any facts that animals (probably monkeys?) cheated, broke the rules or disobey them during experiments in order to get an advantage?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 11:45 PM PST

I wonder if some of them tried to outsmart either their inmates or the experimenters.

submitted by /u/maaboo
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Can you catalyze a nuclear reaction? Do catalysts exist in nuclear physics?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 06:38 PM PST

I've been doing research on chemistry, and I've learned about catalysts, chemicals that can cause a reaction in other chemicals that would not normally react with one another (or would do so very slowly) left to their own devices.

To make plastic, for example, very large pressures and temperatures are needed. Unless you have a catalyst. Sort of like nuclear fusion.

That got me thinking: if there are catalysts for chemical reactions, are there catalysts for nuclear ones?

submitted by /u/massivebrain
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Monday, December 10, 2018

In what order were the planets in our solar system formed?

In what order were the planets in our solar system formed?


In what order were the planets in our solar system formed?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 03:44 PM PST

There's some good answers to this question on Quora, and I really like the answer here: https://www.quora.com/In-what-order-were-the-planets-in-our-solar-system-formed/answer/Jonathan-Day-10?ch=3&share=dcc12828&srid=vqoHa

What I'd like is to break down the youngest four into order. How likely is it that Venus for example might be younger than Mercury? Could Mars be the oldest of these four? Is Earth difficult to age because of the Theia collision? I'm curious for any theories.

submitted by /u/Zentaurion
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Are there alternative notations for hyper-large numbers such as TREE(3)?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 08:52 AM PST

I've recently heard of Grahm's number. A finite number that towers over the number of particles in the observable universe. When doing some research, Grahm's number was notated well enough to where I could grasp its magnitude. Then I found out about TREE (3) and SCG(13) which are even larger. But there were no notations of these numbers in reference to Grahm's number. So while I know they're bigger, I can't imagine how big they are. How many Grahm's numbers go into either TREE (3) or SCG (13) ?

submitted by /u/MedinaPharma
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Why do sharks and other fish have nostrils?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 05:35 AM PST

They don't use them for breathing so is it an example of covergent evolution or was there a shared common ancestor with mammals that had nostrils?

submitted by /u/lantech
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Is it possible to have life forms which have the 8 characteristics of life which are not made of carbons or hydrocarbons?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 07:28 AM PST

I was talking with my father when we began pondering the question if you can have an organism which is considered living but not made of carbons (the characteristics to be considered living are cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution).

I was hoping maybe reddit can answer this one.

submitted by /u/OblivionsVortex
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Why there are no blue people, green people, etc., when there are blue birds, green birds, etc.?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 01:11 AM PST

Mammals and even monkeys have a range of different colors and patterns. But the great apes are "monochrome". Why is that?

submitted by /u/RRautamaa
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Does the geometry of an atomic nucleus affect its stability?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 04:04 PM PST

I recently learned that some highly-stable elemental isotopes, such as Calcium-48, have highly-spherical nuclei. The source I heard this from seemed to imply that these characteristics are related, so I'm wondering if that is truly the case, and if so, why is that so? From my rudimentary understanding of nuclear physics, I might guess the spherical geometry somehow maximizes favorable interactions like the exchange of pions between protons and neutrons - am I at all on the right track here? I've previously only learned about nuclear stability in terms of the number of protons and neutrons, regardless of spatial configuration.

submitted by /u/newappeal
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Is sociopathy more prevalent in some cultures or countries than others? And if yes how large are the differences?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 05:09 PM PST

Why is it that not completing a course of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 03:21 AM PST

Usually, the following explanation is given: "If you fail to complete a course of antibiotics, some of the bacteria causing the infection may survive - and these will be the ones with the greatest resistance to the antibiotic. This is an unnatural version of natural selection, and will result in the bacterial population in the afflicted patient having a higher than normal resistance to that antibiotic. As the surviving bacteria reproduce, the resulting infection would not be treatable with the same antibiotic."

So my question is the following: Presuming that completing the first course of antibiotics would indeed eliminate all the bacteria causing the infection (including the ones with greater resistance to the antibiotics), why is it that the re-populated greater-resistance bacteria are completely immune to the same antibiotic (in the second course) when they eventually would've been eliminated by it in the first course? How does this sub-population of bacteria evolve from greater resistance to complete immunity during repopulation if there is no selective pressure (the antibiotics are not currently taken) during repopulation?

Sorry if I could've phrased my question better. Source for the given explanation: https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-1112,00.html

submitted by /u/Arif-Hash
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What is brightness?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 08:13 AM PST

Is it light density? Would a perfectly mirrored room with a source of light get brighter and brighter over time?

submitted by /u/kusk0
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Is there/ could there be a reverse microwave? Like something that you put food into to quickly chill it? if the opposite of an oven is a refrigerator/freezer, what would be the opposite of a microwave?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 07:48 AM PST

How do ocean animals "drink"?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 11:17 AM PST

Why Hydrogen has higher reactivity than Xenon even though first ionisation energy of Xenon is lower?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 11:47 PM PST

Me and my friend had this question during our chemistry lecture and we failed to find answers using Google.

submitted by /u/DJ_EV
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Why do our eyes hurt when we look at very bright lights? What exactly happens within the eyes?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 06:32 PM PST

Does a stationary object emit gravitational waves?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 05:42 PM PST

I know technically and ideally that objects that aren't accelerating and are in an inertial frame do not emit gravitational waves, but does this take into account all the vibrating molecules in the object? If it is above 0K and has more than one atom or molecule in it, wouldn't an object like that be able to emit these (very low energy) waves?

If the answer to that is yes, could the rate of energy lost to that depend on its temperature, similarly to blackbody radiation?

submitted by /u/Yonboyage
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What is it about the cells in our stomach lining that allows them to avoid being damaged by our stomach acid?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 01:48 PM PST

Basically, how does our stomach acid not cause us problems or even eventually seep into our abdominal cavity?

submitted by /u/eerst
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Do LLCMK2 cells form cytopathic effect like structures in cell culture?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 03:21 AM PST

Hello,

I started working with LLCMK2 cells for the first time and I have noticed something that looks like cytopathic effect although the cells haven't been no near viruses. After I seeded them again, the same thing happened.

Did somebody have the same experience with this type of cells? Is it normal for them to take this kind of shape and form?

The pictures were taken 1 day after seeding.

(I've seeded 1x10^6 in 10 ml MEM with 1% L-glutamine, 1% antibiotics and 10% fetal bovine serum medium in T25 flask).

https://imgur.com/a/wrWivyX

submitted by /u/EmalineEma
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Is size of depth of field (of a camera and lens) relative to focusing distance constant at all focus distances?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 09:20 PM PST

This is a bit esoteric. Related to photography but I believe it's more of a physics/optics question.

So focus distance affects depth of field (DoF from now on) when you take a picture. Focus on something close -> shallower DoF; focus farther away -> wider DoF.

For the sake of this question, let's say DoF is how close to how far a certain size of text is readable with an arbitrary camera setup (lens, aperture, etc). Let's say it's focused at 12 inches and text is readable from 9 inches in front of the camera to 15. So in absolute terms the DoF is 6 inches, but in relative terms it goes from 75% of focusing distance to 125%.

And if you pull the focus in closer (to 7 inches for example) the closest readable text and farthest readable text will be closer together (since the DoF will be shallower). For example, from 5 inches to 9 - a DoF of 4 inches, compared to the above 6 inches.

My question is, does that relative size of the DoF change as you change focus, or is DoF constant relative to the focusing distance?

In other words, does that "text is readable from 75% to 125% of focal plane" apply at all focusing distances, or does it go down to (for example) 90%/110% at close focus distances and increase to 60%/150% at longer focus distances?

submitted by /u/NuhUhUhIDoWhatIWant
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How is fire affected by gravity?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 03:14 PM PST

What is the difference between a merozoite and a trophozoite?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 01:40 AM PST

I researched a lot of articles including the CDC about lifecycle of malarial parasite but I am still not able to understand a few concepts.

From my understanding, the mosquito bites the human and injects sporozoites. The sporozoites travel to the liver and become schizonts, which rupture and form merozoites which are released into the blood stream.

The merozoites then go to RBCs and multiply and again burst out, going on to infect more RBCs. However some merozoites transform into immature gametocytes.

Once these immature gametocytes are taken up in the blood meal, they mature and form the zygote which forms the sporozoites.

So my question is, what is the trophozoite in all this? Where does the trophozoite come in? Is the trophozoite the type of merozoites that become immature gametocytes? Or is the trophozoite the name of the merozoite once it infects the RBC?

submitted by /u/HouhoinKyoma
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What happens to DNA at high salt?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 07:18 PM PST

What happens to DNA at high salt in the absence of organic co-solvents? I am specifically interested in the effect of >2-3 M NaCl on DNA structure.

It is known that d(CG)n will undergo a transition to Z-DNA at high salt. For AT or mixed-sequence DNA, a transition to A-form occurs at high salt in the presence of EtOH (or other organic solvent). But what happens at high salt in the absence of organic solvent and for DNA other than a d(CG)n oligomer?

I have not been able to find any answers in the literature! I would have thought that this type of experiment would have been done for something as well-studied as, e.g., the Dickerson dodecamer (CGCGAATTCGCG). However, the only things I've found have gone no higher than 1 M NaCl. Even things like duplex stability (which is not really what I'm looking for because the effect of salt on that is pretty obvious) don't seem to be studied past 1 M NaCl.

If anyone has any insight or could direct me to some sources that demonstrate the effect of >2-3 M NaCl on DNA structure (including things like helical parameters, e.g. buckle, shift, tilt, propeller, twist, etc.), I will be forever grateful!

submitted by /u/collaboragon
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Are structures similar to the Oort cloud common for solar systems?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 10:42 PM PST

Sunday, December 9, 2018

Why aren't deep sea brine "lakes" soluble to the surrounding water?

Why aren't deep sea brine "lakes" soluble to the surrounding water?


Why aren't deep sea brine "lakes" soluble to the surrounding water?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 08:36 PM PST

Since the pools have higher concentrations of solute, what prevents the surrounding water molecules from being drawn into the pool and eventually diluting it?

Clearly this doesn't happen since we observe pools, but what's going on at the molecular level?

submitted by /u/KaladinStormShat
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Why can't LEDs produce radio waves or x-rays?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 11:52 PM PST

Is it that we just haven't been able to produce an LED with the right bandgap? Are we just not interested in the production of non visible LEDs (with the exception of UV and some IR) or is there a more fundamental reason? And as a follow up question: If we could create a radio wave LED, could we transmit radio wave signals with it?

submitted by /u/zorro97
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Why does the ULA Delta 4 Heavy use an asymmetrical engine startup?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 07:48 AM PST

The three engines are arranged in a line. I saw a post today about a scrubbed launch, and one of the details in the linked CBS story was that the hold order was given "...a half second before the first of the Delta 4 Heavy's three side-by-side Common Booster Core engines was scheduled to ignite and throttle up to full thrust, followed two seconds later by the center and left-side CBCs." I'm certain there's a good reason for doing it this way, but all I've found through Google is the sequence, not the reasoning behind it.

submitted by /u/yourmomssubluminal
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How does a bear knows when wintertime is over ?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 08:09 PM PST

What i mean is that bears hibernate during winter, but how could they know it is not sleep time any more ?

submitted by /u/Gzorax
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Do different types if love show up differently inside our brains?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 06:46 AM PST

For example, does can we distinguish between somebody describing their love for a romantic interest versus their love for a hobby they are deeply passionate about?

submitted by /u/littleredknight
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How close together are particles and antiparticles created?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 02:24 AM PST

I am an engineer and I apologize if my question is confused. When multiple particles and antiparticles are created from a gamma photon or from the annihilation of an electron and a positron for example, how far apart are the new particles created from each other? Is there a "fuzzy" region where this happens? If so, what are its dimensions? Do we know what happens at the moment of this creation? If the region is small enough, would the new particle and anti particle annihilate each other? Thank you.

submitted by /u/BBaroudi
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How does a nuclear weapon gets detonated in ground ? How does reaction occur ?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 07:51 AM PST

Why are antenna receivers orb-shaped?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 03:34 AM PST

Hey,

I'm watching some show called Pine Gap on Netflix, but noticed that the receivers are full orbs, with hexagonal plates on it.

What's the reason for this? Wouldn't it be more beneficial if they're just large tray disks?

submitted by /u/Hoder_
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What is the Island of Stability and why do elements get more unstable as the nuclei get bigger?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 03:47 PM PST

How does gravity change around the surface of the earth?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 01:54 PM PST

I've recently made a major relocation, distance, height above sea level, and what not, and it made me curious how gravity changes as we move around the globe. I haven't had enough schooling to understand the professional papers I've tried to read. So i wondered if anyone could point me to a resource that would tell me the gravimetric differences between two points on the planet?

submitted by /u/ProstheticAnus
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How do satellites remain in orbit and not fall or run away in space ?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 05:21 PM PST

Hello All ,

How do man made satellites stay in space , and not fall towards earth or run away into space ?

Also , what makes the satellites to revolve around earth ?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/lance_klusener
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Why does it take download speeds time to reach highs and lows?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 05:17 PM PST

When downloading something, the speed won't jump instantaneously to maximum. It's like it's a damped system, and encounters a resistance to changing, and it needs time to accelerate and decelerate. Why? It's just data. Why should download speeds take time to ramp up?

submitted by /u/ABigMoo
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All fingerprints are different, but how different are they?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 12:41 PM PST

I'm interested on what data is available on human fingerprint variation. Specifically standard deviations or possibly a graph of what the "average" fingerprint looks like. If not, I'd like to attempt the project if any data is available?

Reason: I'm high and that thought spontaneously came into my head and I think that layout of the average map could be a good logo for a universal human optimization company or something haha

submitted by /u/zHOF
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During the Apollo missions how was it possible for the lunar modules to leave the moon with so little fuel?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 02:31 PM PST

As I understand when something is launch into orbit we need massive amounts of fuel just to leave Earth's atmosphere. I am aware that the moon has 1/6 the gravity of Earth so wouldn't we at least need 1/6 of the fuel? If that is the case how are the lunar modules so small, why doesn't it need the detachable fuel modules that rockets use here on Earth? Does the lack of an atmosphere on the moon has something to do with it?

PS: English is not my first language.

submitted by /u/SergeantCuddles
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How do you seperate chemical components from a mixture, then identifiy what thise chemical components are?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 02:05 PM PST

Say I had a mass of dirt and wanted to separate each chemical component, then determine exactly what the structure of each unknown chemical component is. How would I do that?

submitted by /u/justsomequestionsxzx
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At any given time, where is most of your blood located?

Posted: 08 Dec 2018 07:12 AM PST

I can't seem to find a definitive answer and figured I'd ask here. At any given moment, which system holds the majority of your blood: arterial system or the venous system?

submitted by /u/Seafox55
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