In what order were the planets in our solar system formed? | AskScience Blog

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Monday, December 10, 2018

In what order were the planets in our solar system formed?

In what order were the planets in our solar system formed?


In what order were the planets in our solar system formed?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 03:44 PM PST

There's some good answers to this question on Quora, and I really like the answer here: https://www.quora.com/In-what-order-were-the-planets-in-our-solar-system-formed/answer/Jonathan-Day-10?ch=3&share=dcc12828&srid=vqoHa

What I'd like is to break down the youngest four into order. How likely is it that Venus for example might be younger than Mercury? Could Mars be the oldest of these four? Is Earth difficult to age because of the Theia collision? I'm curious for any theories.

submitted by /u/Zentaurion
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Are there alternative notations for hyper-large numbers such as TREE(3)?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 08:52 AM PST

I've recently heard of Grahm's number. A finite number that towers over the number of particles in the observable universe. When doing some research, Grahm's number was notated well enough to where I could grasp its magnitude. Then I found out about TREE (3) and SCG(13) which are even larger. But there were no notations of these numbers in reference to Grahm's number. So while I know they're bigger, I can't imagine how big they are. How many Grahm's numbers go into either TREE (3) or SCG (13) ?

submitted by /u/MedinaPharma
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Why do sharks and other fish have nostrils?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 05:35 AM PST

They don't use them for breathing so is it an example of covergent evolution or was there a shared common ancestor with mammals that had nostrils?

submitted by /u/lantech
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Is it possible to have life forms which have the 8 characteristics of life which are not made of carbons or hydrocarbons?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 07:28 AM PST

I was talking with my father when we began pondering the question if you can have an organism which is considered living but not made of carbons (the characteristics to be considered living are cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution).

I was hoping maybe reddit can answer this one.

submitted by /u/OblivionsVortex
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Why there are no blue people, green people, etc., when there are blue birds, green birds, etc.?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 01:11 AM PST

Mammals and even monkeys have a range of different colors and patterns. But the great apes are "monochrome". Why is that?

submitted by /u/RRautamaa
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Does the geometry of an atomic nucleus affect its stability?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 04:04 PM PST

I recently learned that some highly-stable elemental isotopes, such as Calcium-48, have highly-spherical nuclei. The source I heard this from seemed to imply that these characteristics are related, so I'm wondering if that is truly the case, and if so, why is that so? From my rudimentary understanding of nuclear physics, I might guess the spherical geometry somehow maximizes favorable interactions like the exchange of pions between protons and neutrons - am I at all on the right track here? I've previously only learned about nuclear stability in terms of the number of protons and neutrons, regardless of spatial configuration.

submitted by /u/newappeal
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Is sociopathy more prevalent in some cultures or countries than others? And if yes how large are the differences?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 05:09 PM PST

Why is it that not completing a course of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 03:21 AM PST

Usually, the following explanation is given: "If you fail to complete a course of antibiotics, some of the bacteria causing the infection may survive - and these will be the ones with the greatest resistance to the antibiotic. This is an unnatural version of natural selection, and will result in the bacterial population in the afflicted patient having a higher than normal resistance to that antibiotic. As the surviving bacteria reproduce, the resulting infection would not be treatable with the same antibiotic."

So my question is the following: Presuming that completing the first course of antibiotics would indeed eliminate all the bacteria causing the infection (including the ones with greater resistance to the antibiotics), why is it that the re-populated greater-resistance bacteria are completely immune to the same antibiotic (in the second course) when they eventually would've been eliminated by it in the first course? How does this sub-population of bacteria evolve from greater resistance to complete immunity during repopulation if there is no selective pressure (the antibiotics are not currently taken) during repopulation?

Sorry if I could've phrased my question better. Source for the given explanation: https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-1112,00.html

submitted by /u/Arif-Hash
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What is brightness?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 08:13 AM PST

Is it light density? Would a perfectly mirrored room with a source of light get brighter and brighter over time?

submitted by /u/kusk0
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Is there/ could there be a reverse microwave? Like something that you put food into to quickly chill it? if the opposite of an oven is a refrigerator/freezer, what would be the opposite of a microwave?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 07:48 AM PST

How do ocean animals "drink"?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 11:17 AM PST

Why Hydrogen has higher reactivity than Xenon even though first ionisation energy of Xenon is lower?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 11:47 PM PST

Me and my friend had this question during our chemistry lecture and we failed to find answers using Google.

submitted by /u/DJ_EV
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Why do our eyes hurt when we look at very bright lights? What exactly happens within the eyes?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 06:32 PM PST

Does a stationary object emit gravitational waves?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 05:42 PM PST

I know technically and ideally that objects that aren't accelerating and are in an inertial frame do not emit gravitational waves, but does this take into account all the vibrating molecules in the object? If it is above 0K and has more than one atom or molecule in it, wouldn't an object like that be able to emit these (very low energy) waves?

If the answer to that is yes, could the rate of energy lost to that depend on its temperature, similarly to blackbody radiation?

submitted by /u/Yonboyage
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What is it about the cells in our stomach lining that allows them to avoid being damaged by our stomach acid?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 01:48 PM PST

Basically, how does our stomach acid not cause us problems or even eventually seep into our abdominal cavity?

submitted by /u/eerst
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Do LLCMK2 cells form cytopathic effect like structures in cell culture?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 03:21 AM PST

Hello,

I started working with LLCMK2 cells for the first time and I have noticed something that looks like cytopathic effect although the cells haven't been no near viruses. After I seeded them again, the same thing happened.

Did somebody have the same experience with this type of cells? Is it normal for them to take this kind of shape and form?

The pictures were taken 1 day after seeding.

(I've seeded 1x10^6 in 10 ml MEM with 1% L-glutamine, 1% antibiotics and 10% fetal bovine serum medium in T25 flask).

https://imgur.com/a/wrWivyX

submitted by /u/EmalineEma
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Is size of depth of field (of a camera and lens) relative to focusing distance constant at all focus distances?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 09:20 PM PST

This is a bit esoteric. Related to photography but I believe it's more of a physics/optics question.

So focus distance affects depth of field (DoF from now on) when you take a picture. Focus on something close -> shallower DoF; focus farther away -> wider DoF.

For the sake of this question, let's say DoF is how close to how far a certain size of text is readable with an arbitrary camera setup (lens, aperture, etc). Let's say it's focused at 12 inches and text is readable from 9 inches in front of the camera to 15. So in absolute terms the DoF is 6 inches, but in relative terms it goes from 75% of focusing distance to 125%.

And if you pull the focus in closer (to 7 inches for example) the closest readable text and farthest readable text will be closer together (since the DoF will be shallower). For example, from 5 inches to 9 - a DoF of 4 inches, compared to the above 6 inches.

My question is, does that relative size of the DoF change as you change focus, or is DoF constant relative to the focusing distance?

In other words, does that "text is readable from 75% to 125% of focal plane" apply at all focusing distances, or does it go down to (for example) 90%/110% at close focus distances and increase to 60%/150% at longer focus distances?

submitted by /u/NuhUhUhIDoWhatIWant
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How is fire affected by gravity?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 03:14 PM PST

What is the difference between a merozoite and a trophozoite?

Posted: 10 Dec 2018 01:40 AM PST

I researched a lot of articles including the CDC about lifecycle of malarial parasite but I am still not able to understand a few concepts.

From my understanding, the mosquito bites the human and injects sporozoites. The sporozoites travel to the liver and become schizonts, which rupture and form merozoites which are released into the blood stream.

The merozoites then go to RBCs and multiply and again burst out, going on to infect more RBCs. However some merozoites transform into immature gametocytes.

Once these immature gametocytes are taken up in the blood meal, they mature and form the zygote which forms the sporozoites.

So my question is, what is the trophozoite in all this? Where does the trophozoite come in? Is the trophozoite the type of merozoites that become immature gametocytes? Or is the trophozoite the name of the merozoite once it infects the RBC?

submitted by /u/HouhoinKyoma
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What happens to DNA at high salt?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 07:18 PM PST

What happens to DNA at high salt in the absence of organic co-solvents? I am specifically interested in the effect of >2-3 M NaCl on DNA structure.

It is known that d(CG)n will undergo a transition to Z-DNA at high salt. For AT or mixed-sequence DNA, a transition to A-form occurs at high salt in the presence of EtOH (or other organic solvent). But what happens at high salt in the absence of organic solvent and for DNA other than a d(CG)n oligomer?

I have not been able to find any answers in the literature! I would have thought that this type of experiment would have been done for something as well-studied as, e.g., the Dickerson dodecamer (CGCGAATTCGCG). However, the only things I've found have gone no higher than 1 M NaCl. Even things like duplex stability (which is not really what I'm looking for because the effect of salt on that is pretty obvious) don't seem to be studied past 1 M NaCl.

If anyone has any insight or could direct me to some sources that demonstrate the effect of >2-3 M NaCl on DNA structure (including things like helical parameters, e.g. buckle, shift, tilt, propeller, twist, etc.), I will be forever grateful!

submitted by /u/collaboragon
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Are structures similar to the Oort cloud common for solar systems?

Posted: 09 Dec 2018 10:42 PM PST

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