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Friday, February 2, 2018

How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?

How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?


How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 07:04 PM PST

There have been various dives and ROVs go down, but how many sq ft of the trench have we explored? Moreso, how much of the Challenger Deep have we explored? I've heard plenty about the dives, but not about how wide of an area they covered.

submitted by /u/JeffHwinger
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AskScience AMA Series: "I am Rhett Allain, physicist and technical consultant on Mythbusters and MacGyver. Ask me about the physics of pretty much anything!

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 04:00 AM PST

Hi r/AskScience. I'm Rhett Allain, a physics professor at Southeastern Louisiana University and writer of the Dot Physics column at WIRED, where I dissect the physics of everything from viral videos like the Invisible Box Challenge, to the (often flawed) science in TV shows and movies like 'Stranger Things' and 'Iron Man.' I also consult on Mythbusters and MacGyver to make sure the science in their shows is sound. I'm here to help you better understand the world around you through everday physics, and generally answer any questions you have about my work and science in general. Ask me anything!

I'll be here at 12 PM ET (17 UT), ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What exactly is a hiccup? What causes them?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:00 PM PST

I always ask people and never get a straightforward answer

submitted by /u/mayomayo24
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Does the planet "use" the oil deep underground for some lubrication or anything like that?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 04:23 AM PST

Basically the title. Sorry if it's too vague.

Could the earth require all this oil we suck out each day? Does it serve a practical purpose, like tectonic plate lube, or some such?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Rokman2012
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How were the tectonic plates formed?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:35 AM PST

And how do they keep their shape

submitted by /u/TheTroakster
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Is it possible there are major gold deposits still out there waiting to be discovered?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:12 AM PST

Could there be unknown surface gold waiting to be discovered in amounts akin to the gold rushes of San Francisco, Deadwood and Nome? Or has geological science and trial and error exploration ruled out that ever realistically happening?

submitted by /u/TomTheNurse
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Could a brown dwarf sustain a life-bearing planet/moon and if so what would be the goldilocks zone?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 11:56 PM PST

I'm curious about Arthur C. Clarke's idea of Jupiter becoming a brown dwarf and it's Galilean moons becoming habitable (I think this was from the novel 2010?). I wondered how realistic that was, or if they would be too close. Also for bonus points: what do we call a body that orbits a brown dwarf - is it a planet or a moon?

submitted by /u/IshtarJack
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Why is the single-strand nanopore DNA sequencing method so error prone?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:41 AM PST

I just read that a relatively new method of DNA sequencing - passing single strands of DNA through a nanopore, without requiring Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification - can do very long DNA reads, but also that it is very error prone compared to traditional methods. I also read that this method preserves epigenetic information, like DNA methylation which inactivates certain genes. So far, so good.

Then I stumbled upon this Nature Article, which tells us that post-reading protocols can effectively reduce the error rate, leaving us with an effective accuracy of 99.88%.

This is what I don't get. If longer chains can be read with single strand sequencing, wouldn't that make the method more accurate, compared to traditional sequencing methods?

Where exactly do the errors come from, and why do we need to use complicated protocols to reduce the error rate in the first place? Does the assembly process have anything to do with it?

Also, I'd be grateful if someone explained to me what exactly is the difference between the specific methods developed by Oxford Nanopore(tm) and PacBio(tm), which seem to be the "Big Two" competing in this field. Is there a freely available site or article that explains their differences?

Even better, is there an introductory article about DNA sequencing that you can recommend? Some of the concepts in here are simply way over my head, and I'd appreciate finding more accessible literature.

submitted by /u/otakuman
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Why does antimatter have opposite electric charge instead of opposite strong force color (or something)?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:58 PM PST

What caused these mountains in the Appalachians?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 12:16 AM PST

https://imgur.com/0ringul These are in Pennsylvania. I suspect that they're made by glaciers from the last ice age, but I was wanting to make sure.

submitted by /u/SomePoorAfricanChild
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Do the orbital periods of the planets and other known bodies in our solar system change? If so, do they speed up or slow down?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 09:56 PM PST

I'm also interested to know if at some point since our system's creation there have been any recognizable instantaneous-moment patterns in orbits as viewed from "above/below" and "to the side"? Hollywood has shown that the planets conveniently all eclipse each other every time they need a plot hook, but I'm skeptical.

submitted by /u/tyketonic
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Why go through an artery in the leg to remove a blood clot in the brain?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 02:44 PM PST

I just saw a TEDEd talk that talked about strokes. One of the treatments they mentioned is an endovascular thrombectomy, in which surgeons insert a catheter into an artery in the leg and move it to the blocked artery to remove the clot. Why don't they start somewhere closer, like the patient's neck?

submitted by /u/andrewmaxedon
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If a person breaks their neck and becomes paralyzed from the neck down, how does the brain continue telling the heart and other organs to keep working?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:03 PM PST

Could the fusion process theoretically be used to produce rare metals?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 10:48 PM PST

I am asking specifically about the theories and knowledge about how fusion works, not about what we can or can't do today.

submitted by /u/Cryhavok101
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How do energetically excited atoms give off light?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:34 PM PST

I understand that if you excite an electron in an atom (say, by hitting it with another electron or smashing it with another molecule), it can "spontaneously" decay to ground state and release a photon with energy equal to the difference in energy between the excited and ground states (by conservation of energy).

How does this decay process actually happen, and why does an electron decaying to a lower-energy state produce an electromagnetic wave?

submitted by /u/sgt_zarathustra
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Does your body hydrate at all when you take a shower?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 08:26 AM PST

Does your body absorb any H2O whilst in the shower?

submitted by /u/ultralord527
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Why do nuclear bombs form a mushroom cloud when they explode?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 01:11 PM PST

How can the blackbody emission spectrum of a transiting exoplanet be measured?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:18 PM PST

I have been wondering about the spectroscopy of exoplanets and so far I have not encountered a paper where the thermal emission has been measured for a transiting exoplanet, but without having done anything close to a proper literature search. Has this been done? If it has been done (for extrasolar planets) can someone provide a reference and if not, are there proposals in the literature for doing so? What spectroscopic techniques are there for determining the surface temperatures of transiting exoplanets experimentally? E.g. would fitting the bands in transmission spectra be one such method? I was thinking that it should be easier to extract blackbody emission from the extremely strong background of the star than a high-resolution spectrum due to the very fact that it would need a far lower resolution than what is needed for identifying individual IR absorption bands.

submitted by /u/Uraneia
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Why are galaxies the colour they are?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 11:58 PM PST

How powerful were telescopes used by Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Cassini?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:51 PM PST

Specifically, can anyone describe to me the level of detail telescopes at the time were possible of producing? Even better would be an image that could be used as a comparison.

I always hear about how these people of old managed to see bodies halfway across the solar system and further and I always wonder if they were just looking at dots of light in the sky or if they could see the Great Red Spot plain as day and how clearly they could discern the rings of Saturn.

I just want to see what they could see back then.

submitted by /u/Dakto19942
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Do people who take public transit to work have higher rates of infectious diseases (ex. flu, cold) than people who don't?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 09:02 AM PST

For people with destroyed optic nerves, will their eyes still dilate?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:50 PM PST

Thursday, February 1, 2018

How realistic is the cancer "vaccine" talked about recently?

How realistic is the cancer "vaccine" talked about recently?


How realistic is the cancer "vaccine" talked about recently?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 12:36 AM PST

A recent post to /r/worldnews is talking about a cancer "vaccine" talked about in this article.

All sorts of claims have been made about cancer in the post. So, how realistic is this?

submitted by /u/SomeCoolBloke
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Is self-awareness biologically useful, and is it subject to selective pressure?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 03:10 AM PST

Do other planets have techtonic plates? Why or why not?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:34 AM PST

What is the main cause for polar vortexes and arctic oscillations and what makes them similar or different?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 07:15 AM PST

Why is there a flu season? What does the time of year have to do with the spread of influenza strains? Is it temperature? Are there parts of the world that don't get the flu? How does northern vs southern hemisphere impact the flu season?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 07:00 PM PST

Why is rat race coupler named so?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:32 AM PST

For GW150914, the first observation of gravitational waves, the stretch was miniscule upon reaching Earth. What would the stretch have felt like closer (ex. 1 light-year away) from the event?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 03:26 PM PST

Would it have been a similarly small amount, or would the energy have decayed far less at that point?

Is there an amount we could calculate for the stretch? The stretch on Earth has been described as follows:

"For example, the waves given off by the cataclysmic final merger of GW150914 reached Earth after travelling over a billion light-years, as a ripple in spacetime that changed the length of a 4-km LIGO arm by a ten thousandth of the width of a proton, proportionally equivalent to changing the distance to the nearest star outside the Solar System by one hair's width."

submitted by /u/Schamson
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Do larger stars have more planets in their Goldilocks zone?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:29 AM PST

Some stars are enormously bigger than Sol. Would they have a larger Goldilocks zone where we might find life-supporting planets?

submitted by /u/photolouis
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Do fish form cliques within the school they swim?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:12 AM PST

How do scientists select or create mice with cancer for testing vaccines?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:00 AM PST

Why doesn’t diesel have different grade levels at gas stations like gasoline?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:30 AM PST

Where do the blood cells of earthworms form?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 05:08 PM PST

If humans blood cells are created in bone marrow, then where are they formed in earthworms?

submitted by /u/Drazker
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Would the cross sectional shape of a wire (circular, square, or even star) make a big impact on how electricity flowed through it?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 06:50 PM PST

I read that most of the current flows near the surface of a wire due to eddy currents and the skin effect. What would happen if you changed the shape of the wire?

submitted by /u/madethisforoneremark
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If human cells can repair themselves, why is radiation cumulative over a lifetime?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 10:14 PM PST

I am aware that the radiation experienced by humans (background radiation, x rays, CT scans, etc) is cumulative over a person's lifetime, and harmful because it can alter the construction of cells in the body. Yet, at the same time, human cells are able to repair themselves rather quickly. Given the the fact that radiation alters cells but they are constantly being repaired by the body, why is radiation exposure cumulative over one's life?

submitted by /u/dylan1200
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How was the 'calorie' discovered? How was energy expenditure first measured?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 09:51 PM PST

How were microprocessors made before automated robots (which use microprocessors) were invented?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 07:09 PM PST

This seems like a paradox - since microprocessors require a level of precision beyond what is humanly possible, we use computers to do the precise work. How were the processors made before those computers were even invented?

submitted by /u/saucenpops
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Do we share diseases with dogs or other domesticated animals?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 09:34 PM PST

We have been hanging around with dogs for over 10,000 years. Have any diseases been able to jump the species gap in that time?

submitted by /u/Luke-Is-Cooler
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If dogs and cats use urine to mark their territory, do individual animals have unique-smelling urine? How do dogs and cats produce this unique scented urine?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 07:47 PM PST

If dogs (and cats) pee to mark their territory, I infer that different dogs will recognise their own urine and, therefore, that dogs have uniquely-scented pee. Is this true?

Assuming that it is, how do animals produce these scents, and when (or where) in the lifetime of urine, is the urine laced with the scented-substance?

submitted by /u/CortillionTheDancer
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How are sharks “immune” to cancer?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:28 AM PST

I know they aren't fully immune but can we use them as research create better medicine in the future?

submitted by /u/Assinmik
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How do engines of different numbers of cylinders but the same displacement per cylinder (bore X stroke) compare?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 06:58 PM PST

It seems that more and more cars have .5L per cylinder and it got me to wondering-

Now, I know that most of the time V8>V6>I4 but I'm hoping for a more specific answer than bigger engines = moar power. If you had a naturally aspirated engine that had cylinders with a bore of 89mm and pistons with a stroke of 80 as: a 2.0L I4, a 3.0L V6 and a 4.0L V8- assuming all other relevant factors are identical, how would the power output and delivery differ between the engines?

Would the V6 have ~50% more power than the I4? Would the V8 have ~33% more than the V6 and double that of the I4? How would the losses due to internal friction vary by engine and affect that engine's output? Would they all see similar power curves and redlines to each other or would they be similar to other I4/V6/V8 engines?

I appreciate any answers and please be gentle, I'm just trying to learn!

submitted by /u/howdyfrickindo
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Wednesday, January 31, 2018

How common are illnesses such as the cold or the flu in other animals? and if they aren't common, why?

How common are illnesses such as the cold or the flu in other animals? and if they aren't common, why?


How common are illnesses such as the cold or the flu in other animals? and if they aren't common, why?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 06:07 AM PST

Why does a lunar eclipse turn the moon red and not completely black?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 05:45 AM PST

Is it a coincidence that two of the monoliths in Monument Valley have the same superficial 'mitten' structure', or does this reveal a systematic geological process leading to formation of such structures?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 07:48 AM PST

Why does powdered sugar taste different from granulated sugar?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 06:02 AM PST

Is it just beacuse one has more sugar molecules per cubic unit or does it have something to do with our taste buds?

submitted by /u/PB_Jam
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Does the placebo effect work in the opposite direction?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 08:10 AM PST

If someone is convinced a treatment/medicine will not work on them, even though there is strong evidence to support its efficacy, will that affect the patient's physiological reaction to the treatment/medicine?

submitted by /u/GoonDaFirst
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My gym professor in high school told us that after a hard running session, your pulse calms better if you walk for a bit after running, rather than stopping completely for a rest. Is there any truth to this?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 11:15 AM PST

Sorry if my question is poorly worded, English isn't my first language.

submitted by /u/Uskana
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Does evaporation begin instantly and happen continuously?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 08:14 AM PST

When I pour myself a glass of water, does it immediately begin evaporating and continue evaporating until it's all gone?

submitted by /u/DutchLostman
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How did trilobite calcite eyes work?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 02:54 PM PST

I was astounded to hear that trilobites had eyes made of calcite?

How did they differ in construction and ability from the eye types we commonly see today?

submitted by /u/addled_b
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Is there and what is the evidence for QFT(QED eg) or string theory?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 08:22 AM PST

What does that evidence confirm? What are we certain about that is happening since there are also things theorized.

submitted by /u/Zequr0
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Why is Voyager 1's distance from Earth dropping?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 04:53 PM PST

https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/

If you look at the official tracker by NASA (as of now), Voyager 1 seems to be losing distance from Earth. Why is this?

submitted by /u/ApplesAndToothpicks
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What effect do volcanic eruptions have on climate?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 06:24 AM PST

I often hear people say two different things about volcanic eruptions, either "ash bloked sunlight causing global cooling" or "excess carbon dioxide from eruptions trapped heat causing the planet to get hotter."

submitted by /u/Anya-101
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What is a magnetic field flip?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 07:49 AM PST

So like i read about the magnetic poles flipping and we could like lose alot of stuff because of it? What are the chances that it happens soon and will I die from it? I just got really spooked about it and now I'm worried, alot.

submitted by /u/Vladimirshootn
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 07:07 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why did the recent lunar eclipse shadow not pass straight across the moon?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 06:42 AM PST

The last sliver of moon disappeared from the top right. The first sliver of moon appeared an hour later from the bottom right. Seems to me it should have been the bottom left. How does that work?

submitted by /u/cowsrock1
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Why does ice on distant asteroids and planets remain solid instead of sublimating into a gas?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 07:06 PM PST

The New Horizons probe showed us ice plains on Pluto, and we know that asteroids also contain ice. I understand that these places are very cold, but they still receive some light from the sun. Why hasn't all of the extraterrestrial ice on bodies without atmospheres completely sublimated away?

submitted by /u/RedMushtoom
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Why do some illnesses only affect certain types of animals?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 06:57 PM PST

Understanding the birds in a box question (no weight change), what if the box was moving through the air and the birds were gliding?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 07:55 PM PST

If the 'box' was open ended, and the box was either moving through the air or air was being pumped through it at a rate that made the birds glide under no power, would the weight of the box change?

I've been talking to people about this for a bit now, and ground effect, closed vs open system are making this tougher to reason than I thought. Any advice is appreciated.

submitted by /u/KarockGrok
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Are there any animals that don’t sleep?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 08:45 PM PST

I would think some animals with essentially no consciousness don't need sleep (jellyfish, barnacles, etc.). Are there any more self aware animals that never sleep?

submitted by /u/TheRaginGoose
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What are the strands of DNA suspended in within your cell nuclei?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 10:54 PM PST

In illustrations of DNA strands, they appear to be floating around with space between strands. What exists between these strands ? Is it empty space or a solution of something ?

submitted by /u/hamesjo
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Why does adding baking soda to a reduction of water and red cabbage cause the liquid to turn blue?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 08:32 PM PST

Hey askscience,

I am making some food coloring at home, and the recipe called for boiling red cabbage in water, then separating the liquid and adding baking soda until it reaches the desired blue color.

My question is, in terms of the chemistry, why does this happen? What causes the cabbage/water solution to go from a deep reddish-purple to blue?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Nickodious
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Is donated blood cleared of hormones?

Posted: 30 Jan 2018 05:44 PM PST

So when a man gives blood, is there testosterone in his blood that is passed on to the recipient? Same for female hormones. Could someone who needs regular transfusions like a cancer or hemophilia patient end up manifesting second sex characteristics of the other sex based on the hormones in the blood they receive? It would have to be a lot, and very often, though, right?

submitted by /u/Blerkler
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in quantum mechanics Is it possible for a piece of matter to disappear and reappear in a different position instantly?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 02:06 AM PST

I was having a discussion with a friend the other day about quantum mechanics and he was lead to believe that you can physically observe a piece of matter in the universe, specifically a space ship disappear and reappear somewhere else using the quantum theory. (i'm a novice on this subject)

I think I understand that quantum mechanics states that an object can be in multiple places at the same time but when we observe the said object it only appear in one place.

So is it possible for an object to be observed disappearing and reappearing in a different place?

submitted by /u/DividedQuantum
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