How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored? | AskScience Blog

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How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?

How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?


How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 07:04 PM PST

There have been various dives and ROVs go down, but how many sq ft of the trench have we explored? Moreso, how much of the Challenger Deep have we explored? I've heard plenty about the dives, but not about how wide of an area they covered.

submitted by /u/JeffHwinger
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AskScience AMA Series: "I am Rhett Allain, physicist and technical consultant on Mythbusters and MacGyver. Ask me about the physics of pretty much anything!

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 04:00 AM PST

Hi r/AskScience. I'm Rhett Allain, a physics professor at Southeastern Louisiana University and writer of the Dot Physics column at WIRED, where I dissect the physics of everything from viral videos like the Invisible Box Challenge, to the (often flawed) science in TV shows and movies like 'Stranger Things' and 'Iron Man.' I also consult on Mythbusters and MacGyver to make sure the science in their shows is sound. I'm here to help you better understand the world around you through everday physics, and generally answer any questions you have about my work and science in general. Ask me anything!

I'll be here at 12 PM ET (17 UT), ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What exactly is a hiccup? What causes them?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:00 PM PST

I always ask people and never get a straightforward answer

submitted by /u/mayomayo24
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Does the planet "use" the oil deep underground for some lubrication or anything like that?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 04:23 AM PST

Basically the title. Sorry if it's too vague.

Could the earth require all this oil we suck out each day? Does it serve a practical purpose, like tectonic plate lube, or some such?

Thanks.

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How were the tectonic plates formed?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:35 AM PST

And how do they keep their shape

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Is it possible there are major gold deposits still out there waiting to be discovered?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:12 AM PST

Could there be unknown surface gold waiting to be discovered in amounts akin to the gold rushes of San Francisco, Deadwood and Nome? Or has geological science and trial and error exploration ruled out that ever realistically happening?

submitted by /u/TomTheNurse
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Could a brown dwarf sustain a life-bearing planet/moon and if so what would be the goldilocks zone?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 11:56 PM PST

I'm curious about Arthur C. Clarke's idea of Jupiter becoming a brown dwarf and it's Galilean moons becoming habitable (I think this was from the novel 2010?). I wondered how realistic that was, or if they would be too close. Also for bonus points: what do we call a body that orbits a brown dwarf - is it a planet or a moon?

submitted by /u/IshtarJack
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Why is the single-strand nanopore DNA sequencing method so error prone?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:41 AM PST

I just read that a relatively new method of DNA sequencing - passing single strands of DNA through a nanopore, without requiring Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification - can do very long DNA reads, but also that it is very error prone compared to traditional methods. I also read that this method preserves epigenetic information, like DNA methylation which inactivates certain genes. So far, so good.

Then I stumbled upon this Nature Article, which tells us that post-reading protocols can effectively reduce the error rate, leaving us with an effective accuracy of 99.88%.

This is what I don't get. If longer chains can be read with single strand sequencing, wouldn't that make the method more accurate, compared to traditional sequencing methods?

Where exactly do the errors come from, and why do we need to use complicated protocols to reduce the error rate in the first place? Does the assembly process have anything to do with it?

Also, I'd be grateful if someone explained to me what exactly is the difference between the specific methods developed by Oxford Nanopore(tm) and PacBio(tm), which seem to be the "Big Two" competing in this field. Is there a freely available site or article that explains their differences?

Even better, is there an introductory article about DNA sequencing that you can recommend? Some of the concepts in here are simply way over my head, and I'd appreciate finding more accessible literature.

submitted by /u/otakuman
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Why does antimatter have opposite electric charge instead of opposite strong force color (or something)?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:58 PM PST

What caused these mountains in the Appalachians?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 12:16 AM PST

https://imgur.com/0ringul These are in Pennsylvania. I suspect that they're made by glaciers from the last ice age, but I was wanting to make sure.

submitted by /u/SomePoorAfricanChild
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Do the orbital periods of the planets and other known bodies in our solar system change? If so, do they speed up or slow down?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 09:56 PM PST

I'm also interested to know if at some point since our system's creation there have been any recognizable instantaneous-moment patterns in orbits as viewed from "above/below" and "to the side"? Hollywood has shown that the planets conveniently all eclipse each other every time they need a plot hook, but I'm skeptical.

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Why go through an artery in the leg to remove a blood clot in the brain?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 02:44 PM PST

I just saw a TEDEd talk that talked about strokes. One of the treatments they mentioned is an endovascular thrombectomy, in which surgeons insert a catheter into an artery in the leg and move it to the blocked artery to remove the clot. Why don't they start somewhere closer, like the patient's neck?

submitted by /u/andrewmaxedon
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If a person breaks their neck and becomes paralyzed from the neck down, how does the brain continue telling the heart and other organs to keep working?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:03 PM PST

Could the fusion process theoretically be used to produce rare metals?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 10:48 PM PST

I am asking specifically about the theories and knowledge about how fusion works, not about what we can or can't do today.

submitted by /u/Cryhavok101
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How do energetically excited atoms give off light?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:34 PM PST

I understand that if you excite an electron in an atom (say, by hitting it with another electron or smashing it with another molecule), it can "spontaneously" decay to ground state and release a photon with energy equal to the difference in energy between the excited and ground states (by conservation of energy).

How does this decay process actually happen, and why does an electron decaying to a lower-energy state produce an electromagnetic wave?

submitted by /u/sgt_zarathustra
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Does your body hydrate at all when you take a shower?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 08:26 AM PST

Does your body absorb any H2O whilst in the shower?

submitted by /u/ultralord527
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Why do nuclear bombs form a mushroom cloud when they explode?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 01:11 PM PST

How can the blackbody emission spectrum of a transiting exoplanet be measured?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:18 PM PST

I have been wondering about the spectroscopy of exoplanets and so far I have not encountered a paper where the thermal emission has been measured for a transiting exoplanet, but without having done anything close to a proper literature search. Has this been done? If it has been done (for extrasolar planets) can someone provide a reference and if not, are there proposals in the literature for doing so? What spectroscopic techniques are there for determining the surface temperatures of transiting exoplanets experimentally? E.g. would fitting the bands in transmission spectra be one such method? I was thinking that it should be easier to extract blackbody emission from the extremely strong background of the star than a high-resolution spectrum due to the very fact that it would need a far lower resolution than what is needed for identifying individual IR absorption bands.

submitted by /u/Uraneia
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Why are galaxies the colour they are?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 11:58 PM PST

How powerful were telescopes used by Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Cassini?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:51 PM PST

Specifically, can anyone describe to me the level of detail telescopes at the time were possible of producing? Even better would be an image that could be used as a comparison.

I always hear about how these people of old managed to see bodies halfway across the solar system and further and I always wonder if they were just looking at dots of light in the sky or if they could see the Great Red Spot plain as day and how clearly they could discern the rings of Saturn.

I just want to see what they could see back then.

submitted by /u/Dakto19942
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Do people who take public transit to work have higher rates of infectious diseases (ex. flu, cold) than people who don't?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 09:02 AM PST

For people with destroyed optic nerves, will their eyes still dilate?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:50 PM PST

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