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Thursday, January 18, 2018

Why do joints ache so much when you get the cold/flu?

Why do joints ache so much when you get the cold/flu?

Why do joints ache so much when you get the cold/flu?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 07:47 PM PST

What is the relationship between the rate of change of a function and differentiation?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 12:42 PM PST

If the energy of photons is continuous, and electron's energy levels around an atom are discreet, then how can you ever have a photon that has the exact energy to be absorbed by an electron?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 01:38 PM PST

Why do "Y" chromosomes only have 3 chromatids?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 07:08 PM PST

I was in Biology class when I asked this question, but the teacher wouldn't answer it, she only said we would learn about it in the next unit. So if someone could answer this that would be nice.

submitted by /u/TruLemonGod
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Can an unvaried diet cause the human body to learn to digest a certain (type of) food faster?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 08:56 AM PST

I know that the glycemic index ranks carbohydrate-comprised foods according to their effect on glucose levels. But are these rankings always accurate throughout an individual's life? Would, given sufficient repetition, the body adapt to process a certain food (e.g. Pizza) faster?

submitted by /u/DrDeb_
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How does coding physically work? How does a computer, made up of inanimate parts, understand what to do based on a made up language?

Posted: 18 Jan 2018 04:23 AM PST

Why do large metal beams or trusses sometimes have tiny connections/joints?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 02:06 PM PST

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ab/7a/bb/ab7abba8c6801e0a398f43f25ea2e198.jpg

Like in this truss example, sometimes it looks like the connections are inadequate. Is it because they are only loaded axially or are they actually adequate? What about cases of beams that are not loaded axially like below:

http://www.portaking.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/beams-3f.jpg

Is this just poor design? I am new to structures and just trying to understand.

submitted by /u/jar3dl
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Are there problems in computer science that no algorithm can solve for all inputs?

Posted: 18 Jan 2018 07:29 AM PST

I know (vaguely) of NP complete problems that can not be solved by an algorithm in polynomial time, but are there problems that we can't write an algorithm to solve for all inputs? Intuitively I'm inclined to believe that there must be problems so complex you could never make a sufficiently sophisticated algorithm to solve them, but I can't find anything online saying that's necessarily true. Is my intuition correct? Or, can any problem, no matter the complexity and number of inputs, be solved given enough time?

submitted by /u/kinectking
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Does Supersymmetry include antimatter?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 02:09 PM PST

So would we in theory have an anti-selectron and an anti-squark?

submitted by /u/corruptboomerang
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Why do some photos of the heavens show stars radiating light in a 'cross' shape instead of evenly in a circle?

Posted: 18 Jan 2018 03:35 AM PST

Why don’t everyday movements cause sub-concussive impacts?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 09:35 PM PST

I'm aware that the brain's motion is dampened by the cerebrospinal fluid it floats in and by its tethering to the spinal cord and the meninges, but I have trouble seeing how this is sufficient to protect the brain from subtle damage just short of a concussion.

I tend to visualize a brain-sized egg (with strange holes through the middle for ventricles) in an egg-shaped capsule filled with water (or at least some fluid with the same viscosity) bouncing around as it's shaken. The brain as an egg isn't the best analogy for a number of reasons, but it seems to me that motions like head banging, shaking rapidly, turning the head quickly to the side and back, etc. would crack this egg, or at least push it against the walls of its egg-skull with some nonzero force, especially considering that there is little distance between the brain/egg and the skull, and that the fluid isn't very thick.

My question therefore encompasses a few questions several of which likely do not have or can not have full answers: 1. Is our brain really moving a lot less than intuition might suggest? 2. If so, how do we know? Have simulations of this been performed? 3. If not, and the brain does move within our skull as much as such analogies might suggest, does this actually cause any real damage?

  1. Adding to that last bit, what are the mechanisms of potential damage? Are neurons actually dying? Is our brain just chemically disrupted? How resistant to compression is brain tissue (does it "bounce back")? And given shearing forces can rip axons apart, how much force does this take? Does it occur on some minimal level with all grades of TBI? Is there a particular number of g's associated with symptomatic damage?

  2. To what extent does this depend on individual anatomy, and what research has been done into this?

  3. Finally, what is known about the brain's ability to recover? Does it depend on region (impacted, not geographic)? Genetics? Environmental factors? On a less clinical note, does the brain tend to rewire itself similarly to how it was previously wired, or does it form newer connections based on environment and other factors? What research has been done on these effects in vitro/in vivo/in Volvo? Are we really us after sustaining a brain injury or a series of cumulative small hits?

Also, as an aside, the argument that evolution has developed mechanisms that prevent significant subconcussive damage (even if we don't fully understand them) doesn't seem too convincing either, because evolution only requires that we survive long enough to reproduce, not so much that we perform the kinds of higher order thinking tasks we do today, let alone well into our old age when consequent neurodegenerative disorders might manifest.

(I hate to add this because it seems rude, but please don't just link to previous instances of this question on Reddit, as I assure you I wouldn't post here had I found information that satisfied me. I'm primarily looking for a fairly in depth overview of the state of research into these questions, and perhaps a more rigorous intuitive understanding of the physics of the brain's motion in everyday movement.)

Edit: excuse the shitty formatting and text blocks, I posted this on mobile

submitted by /u/conchushellob
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Does our mother tongue affect our face features in any way?

Posted: 18 Jan 2018 01:06 AM PST

Why is the waste produced in a thorium fuel cycle need storage for only 300 years instead of thousands of years for uranium fuel cycle, even though U233 from Th232 had mostly similar fission products as U235?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 09:20 AM PST

[Physics] Has there been significant research relating to anti-matter weaponry?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 04:01 PM PST

As I understand it, the energy release from matter/anti-matter collisions are much greater than fusion weaponry. Obviously these weapons serve no practical purpose here on earth, but I could see them perhaps being useful for defending against incoming space objects. Is this an active area of research, and is it at all feasible?

submitted by /u/Yeti100
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How does convection of heat work in space?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 03:25 PM PST

I suppose I should add in a dense atmosphere of some sort like a space station in 0 g

submitted by /u/eject_eject
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Can non ear neurons detect sounds?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 12:09 PM PST

So i was studying this and i saw that neurons can be activated by light\sounds\temperature

So (title) like the ones on our hands or eyes?

P. S. Is this the right flair?

submitted by /u/Utaha_Senpai
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What are fingerprints made of ?

Posted: 18 Jan 2018 05:29 AM PST

Why is this year's influenza outbreak so much deadlier than previous years?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 10:57 AM PST

Is it possible for gravity waves to have a particle nature? If so, what would this particle be like? If not, what sets gravitational waves apart from light and matter, which have particle wave duality?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 02:16 PM PST

Does makeup, even without SPF, give any protection from the sun?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 02:26 PM PST

If the makeup is physically obscuring your skin, would it have a filtering effect on the account of light that reaches the skin?

submitted by /u/guiri-girl
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How well can we detect meteors?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 09:13 AM PST

From the news today there was a meteor in detroit that caused an earthquake. My question is did the scientists or whoever monitors for things in space notice it?

And if not why were scientists not able to detect it?

Only asking because I saw nothing in the news or on reddit of a meteor so reading it today was quite sudden.

(I asked this before but I think it was removed by an automod, apologys if I am breaking rules.)

submitted by /u/UrbanAwsomeman
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Wednesday, January 17, 2018

How do scientists studying antimatter MAKE the antimatter they study if all their tools are composed of regular matter?

How do scientists studying antimatter MAKE the antimatter they study if all their tools are composed of regular matter?

How do scientists studying antimatter MAKE the antimatter they study if all their tools are composed of regular matter?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 05:24 PM PST

If 2 black holes were close enough that their event horizons were overlapping, could things in that overlapped region escape those black holes?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 09:07 AM PST

When I first thought of this, I was imagining 2 black holes of the same size with their event horizon's overlapping. I was also thinking that for the sake of theory, it would be good to imagine that both black holes were pinned in place.

submitted by /u/jkg1993
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 07:07 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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When measuring the energy of a lightning bolt, or any electrical discharge, is the energy of the bolt uniform through out it, or does the energy decrease as the bolt travels to its "target"?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 05:22 PM PST

edit: i should've added that the energy decrease would be due to energy dissipation to matter around it.

submitted by /u/wazabee
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Electron diffraction - how did they know that graphite had the atom spacing of the wavelength of an electron if they didn't know the wavelength of an electron before doing the experiment?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 04:11 AM PST

In the electron diffraction experiment, electrons were passed through a graphite crystal (the atom spacing was similar to the wavelength of the electrons) to prove that electrons produced a diffraction pattern and so also existed as waves. So how did they know that graphite had the atom spacing of the wavelength of an electron if they didn't know the wavelength of an electron before doing the experiment. Trial and error?

submitted by /u/bedroomcylinder
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How did Scott and Amundsen KNOW when they reached the south pole (100 years ago)?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 06:12 AM PST

I am wondering about the precision of their navigational instruments close to the actual south pole. A compass will be very inaccurate close to the magnetic pole, and I have no real feel for the accuracy of a sextant when the sun is so low above the horizon. It would also require accurate clocks to get the correct local noon (tricky in extreme cold). They did go due south once they left the Ross Ice shelf, but my question is about accuracy.

I am a bit surprised that Scott and Amundsen got to the same spot and called it the pole - can someone discuss the navigational tools and their limitations that were available to them?

submitted by /u/Greebo24
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Why do some candle flames burn "taller" than others?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 07:10 PM PST

I was lighting several candles recently and noticed that each gave a remarkably different flame size, despite each candle sharing a similarly-sized wick. Some of the flames weren't very tall and were more round, whereas others were long and slender.

I've always wondered about this, so I'm hoping the candle-lovers can satisfy my curiosity.

submitted by /u/bio_boi
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Why does overwatering a plant, kill it? (Wither away)

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 03:30 AM PST

When you take a photo of a computer monitor, TV, etc. Why do you get the weird warped screen door effect?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 05:08 AM PST

Why does cold hurt?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 08:57 AM PST

I understand why hot hurts because it is actually damaging the skin, but what makes it so when I get in my car in the morning, the cold of the seat is cold enough to hurt?

submitted by /u/InfallibleTheory
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Since matter and antimatter react the same way to light, how can we tell that distant galaxies are made of matter (instead of antimatter)?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 11:17 PM PST

We have no interaction with distant galaxies and some of them are isolated to the point that they don't interacy with anything around them (correct me if I'm wrong). So how can we tell what they are made of?

submitted by /u/teoreds
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What determines the critical temperature of a superconductor?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 12:23 AM PST

Does antimatter follow the exclusion principle?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 07:38 AM PST

If a nuclear bomb uses under 100 pounds of radioactive material, how is such a large area contaminated after the reaction?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 08:29 AM PST

Do all neutrons have the same mass?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 05:47 PM PST

In chemistry today there was an example there was an example of a magnesium atom and 2 other isotopes, but the math didn't make sense because the only change should have been in neutrons adding roughly one more AMU but the change was different, from magnesium-24 to magnesium-25 was 1.0008 AMU and from magnesium-25 to magnesium-26 was about .9967 AMU. What can explain the difference?

submitted by /u/callmemateo
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What would the result be of 2 identical AIs played chess?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 07:49 PM PST

Are Coulomb's Law and the Law of Universal Gravitation related?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 08:12 PM PST

The laws look very similar, although this might be my error. One is k(q1)(q2)/r2 The other is g(m1)(m2)/r2 Is this merely a coincedence, or were they derived similarly, or what?

submitted by /u/AnInnocentCivilian
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Inspired by my town's massive condo boom... What is the lifespan of current skyscrapers and tall condos, and what will need to happen when they finally get too old?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 06:13 AM PST

Say I make a "Neutron Oven" using Polonium-210 and Beryllium-9; would all the isotopes change at the same time or would I end up with some atoms picking up 1 Neutron and another picking up 15?

Posted: 17 Jan 2018 02:56 AM PST

This is a complex question I realize. I just question how companies can manufacture 99% pure isotopes of metals and other elements.

My goal is to add a Neutron (or 5 more won't hurt) to an element which would ideally result in a decay that would leave me with a more favorable material that I would want to apply the same process with.

Or, if that's impossible, is there a good way to separate isotopes? Say I had Tungsten-184. I try to add a single neutron across a powdered board as best I can so that in 75 days it would result in a daughter isotope of Rhenium-185. But something tells me it wouldn't be that easy. Would I just end up with an impure mix of Rhenium-185, Tungsten-186 and Rhenium-187 -> 190. Rhenium 185 and 187 are stable, but the others would result in Osmium which isn't necessarily a bad end product.

I considered magnetism but all similar metals all have similar magnetism. One thing that would change is that they would all have different weights. If they haven't quickly decayed and left a daughter isotope (and would the decay process screw with other nearby isotopes?). Say I have a strong neodynium magnet capable of 255 lb of force, applied to a container of mixed isotopes/or product of should surely seperate them over time. Heaviest on the bottom, lightest on the top.

I'm a little bit of a noob when it comes to quantum mechanics. Maybe some professionals can help me understand a little bit better or point me in the right direction. Thank you.

submitted by /u/Rays-of-Sunshine
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Is there an equivalent phenomena for blackbody emission/absorption but for sound/vibration?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 10:16 AM PST

I know of blackbody radiation, a heated object (with certain specificities) emits a continuous spectrum of light due to the fluctuating particles that composes the object due to thermal agitation. Demonstration: heat a metal hot enough and it will shine in red or even all optical colors.

Is there an equivalent for sound? Where a metal vibrates into all it possible sound frequencies due to thermal agitation? Can you heat a metal so it makes audible noise? If this doesn't happen then why is that? Edit: my question does not concern the inside of the solid, consider a box with a hole, does heating (or cooling) generate audible sound transmitted trough air? Edit2: I realized I just described a teapot, so forget the hole in the box for the sake of the argument

Update: it seems like the solutions comes with the idea that gases do not have phonons

submitted by /u/MaoGo
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What is enthalpy?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 11:57 AM PST

And can we measure it directly ?

submitted by /u/1las
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Are emission and absorbtion of a material always symmetrical?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 07:15 PM PST

As a motivating case, does the fact that a shiny aluminum cooking sheet reflects IR (low absorbtion) necessarily imply that it has low emissivity as well, or is that a coincidence? It sounds like any asymmetry might be a one-way thermal valve, which sounds like Maxwell's demon. But from Wikipedia on absorbtion spectra: "Emission can occur at any frequency at which absorption can occur, [but] emission spectrum will typically have a quite different intensity pattern from the absorption spectrum [...]." On the other hand irinfo.org has an article which I think implies metallic surfaces do emit and absorb the same amounts and at the same wavelengths.

submitted by /u/markfickett
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Tuesday, January 16, 2018

Wikipedia explains that String Field Theory is a part a of Quantum Field Theory while regular String Theory is not. What exactly is the difference between String Field Theory and String Theory?

Wikipedia explains that String Field Theory is a part a of Quantum Field Theory while regular String Theory is not. What exactly is the difference between String Field Theory and String Theory?

Wikipedia explains that String Field Theory is a part a of Quantum Field Theory while regular String Theory is not. What exactly is the difference between String Field Theory and String Theory?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 04:10 PM PST

What is happening at cellular and tissue levels in “muscle knots”?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 06:29 PM PST

Prior to the moment of aggressive inflation of the Universe, all matter was compressed into a space smaller than a proton. I understand the hypotheses leading to an expanding Universe, but why didn't all matter in such a tiny space simply result in a Universe-massed black hole?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 02:15 AM PST

How does the hardware/software stack in cell towers manage 1000s of users simultaneously?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 07:29 AM PST

Lots of questions here:

  1. What kind of stack does a cell tower run for management? Embedded or full-fledged OS? What kind of databases (if any)? Is the hardware industrial like data-center level stuff or can it be run on consumer-grade equipment?

  2. On an individual tower how are requests prioritized? Queues in FIFO order or something more complex? Do they use full-blown databases for state management or in-memory data structures?

  3. On an individual tower when receiving/sending packets is the "unique identifying" part of a signal solely data-based (like an IMEI encoded into each packet) or is there a hardware component as well IE signal is modulated uniquely based on device?

  4. How autonomous are individual towers? If my device is within range of 3 towers how do they decide which one will manage my device? Are there "supervisor" nodes managing multiple towers to make those kind of decisions? If so what kind of hardware does that have to run and how many towers can be managed at once?

  5. Following #4, does tower management ever have manual input from the carriers like during high-population events IE sports games, concerts, etc. where usage is out of the norm?

Mainly I just want greater insight into how so many users are handled simultaneously with such little latency. More karma if I can get a developer/ops perspective on this topic!

submitted by /u/FoxxMD
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Why is spin imortant when talking about it in relation to particles and what is meant by spin determining how the particle looks from different directions?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 06:27 AM PST

How do we know that quarks exist?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 04:33 AM PST

How do we know a black holes rotate? And why would it make any difference if it rotates or not?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 04:17 AM PST

Saw this post in r/space about a black hole spewing out matter because it rotates very fast, but it still remains its gravity right?

submitted by /u/kannienchenman
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What is happening on a circuitry level when I turn the brightness up or down on my phone?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 07:08 AM PST

What actually kills a person when their body temperature is too low?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 04:59 PM PST

What is the first fatal effect of lowering a person's body temperature? I bet a lot of bodily functions cease to function at too low temperature on different scales. Is there a big one? Maybe one that occurs way before the rest. Thanks.

submitted by /u/minminminmin
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Are there any diseases that affect both plants and animals?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 04:57 PM PST

If not are there any diseases that would be especially scary if animals could contract them?

submitted by /u/Neato_Orpheus
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In a=v²/r acceleration decreases with a larger circle. In a=ω²r, acceleration increases with a larger circle. Why is this?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 04:47 AM PST

To me this does not make sense because in both cases the object must be changing direction more slowly with a larger circle, yet the acceleration increases.

Is there some intuitive way to understand this?

submitted by /u/ten_mile_river
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I'm reading a book that mentions Nazis were able to determine the weather in London from the hourly broadcast of Big Ben's Chime on BBC. How would a physicist in 1940s find that out?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 08:16 AM PST

In Sapiens, Yuval Noah Harari mentions

During World War Two, BBC News was broadcast to Nazi occupied Europe. Each news programme opened with a live broadcast of Big Ben tolling the hour - the magical sound of freedom. Ingenious German physicists found a way to determine the weather conditions in London based on the tiny differences in the tone of the broadcast ding-dongs. This information offered invaluable help to the Luftwaffe. When the British Secret Service discovered this, they replaced the live broadcast with a set of recordings of the famous clock.

I couldn't find a source for this information except a WW2 Forum that is discussing the same book and a reddit thread that links to a podcast.

Therefore, I wonder if this is true at all. If it is, how would a physicist go about finding weather of a place from a live television broadcast? Will the tiny differences in pitch not fade out in the broadcast?

submitted by /u/Volis
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How do lattice vibrations in conductors affect resistance?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 06:54 AM PST

What is meant by the “active expulsion of the magnetic field” in the Meissner effect?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 06:31 AM PST

Why does a magnet levitate above a superconductor?

Posted: 16 Jan 2018 06:06 AM PST

Simple as possible please :)

submitted by /u/nomitycs
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This morning I got a cardiac stress test with technetium-99. How is it made?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 03:08 PM PST

What form is it in as an injectable drug? What kind of radiation does it emit? How long will I be radioactive? :)

submitted by /u/joegee66
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How does an object cool in space if it's a vacuum with no adjacent atoms influencing it?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 06:35 PM PST

Without any adjacent atoms vibrating slower to cool an object, how does it cool down in space? Why doesn't it just stay at the same temperature?

If it loses energy, what causes it to lose energy and cool vs. just keep the same temperature without any external influence?

submitted by /u/dr1zzzt
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Why is symmetry so important?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 08:44 PM PST

There's no such thing as a perfect vacuum. But what's the closest to a perfect vacuum in nature? In the least dense part of space, how far apart are two atoms?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 10:05 AM PST

And could the area in between them be considered a "vacuum"? How large of an area do you have to have for a void of any matter to be considered a "vacuum"?

submitted by /u/anonymous123421
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Why do we sneeze, and what is happening during a sneeze?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 05:30 PM PST

I'm couious about sneezing, why we sneeze, and how it works.

submitted by /u/Stormtrooper-85
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What determines the phasing of emitted photons?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 06:14 PM PST

When EM radiation is emitted by a particle (as a result of electron energy transitions, ro-vibrational transitions, etc.), what determines the phasing of those emitted photons? I know that in the case of stimulated radiation the phasing of the new photon is the same as the incident photon, but what about spontaneous emissions?

Background: Was reading about free electron lasers on Wikipedia and was confused by the following portion:

This energy modulation evolves into electron density (current) modulations with a period of one optical wavelength. The electrons are thus longitudinally clumped into microbunches, separated by one optical wavelength along the axis. Whereas an undulator alone would cause the electrons to radiate independently (incoherently), the radiation emitted by the bunched electrons is in phase, and the fields add together coherently.

I don't understand how having the electrons bunched up together in real space causes their emissions to all be in phase.

submitted by /u/fleshwad
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Why is the maximum density of water achieved at 4°C, then becomes less dense until the freezing point?

Posted: 15 Jan 2018 01:23 PM PST

Someone explained this to me as to why lakes cycle and form ice on the top rather than the bottom of the lakes. It just doesn't make sense to me that liquid water can continue to get colder but will become less dense after crossing 4°C.

submitted by /u/genghis_haun
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