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Friday, January 5, 2018

Why is it that the time of useful consciousness above 10,000m altitude is under one minute when we can easily hold our breath for that long without passing out?

Why is it that the time of useful consciousness above 10,000m altitude is under one minute when we can easily hold our breath for that long without passing out?


Why is it that the time of useful consciousness above 10,000m altitude is under one minute when we can easily hold our breath for that long without passing out?

Posted: 05 Jan 2018 01:28 AM PST

I found some references about O2 partial pressure in venous blood (40 mmHg). That makes me think that at low pressure you might actually lose O2 with every breath. An O2 partial pressure of 40 mmHg correspond to an altitude of about 10km which seems to match with the altitude where your time of useful consciousness drastically drops.

Is that all there is to it?

submitted by /u/electric_ionland
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Is pyrolysis of food possible in boiling water under sufficient pressure?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 05:02 PM PST

At sea level, boiling water will not reach high enough temperatures to cause pyrolysis, but if the boiling is done in a pressure vessel so that the water can reach higher temperatures before boiling, is it possible to char food? How high would that pressure have to be?

submitted by /u/FTLSquid
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So the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force are photons. Therefore if I have an electric or magnetic field what type of electromagnetic radiation is being transmitted?

Posted: 05 Jan 2018 01:39 AM PST

Also if I knew the type of radiation could I make the force by transmitting those photons?

submitted by /u/Mizza_
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Which is more ideal for the human body to inhabit; a planet with 0.5G or 1.5G?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 07:45 AM PST

What is the LC in a LCD?

Posted: 05 Jan 2018 06:03 AM PST

Every article I literally just refers to it as "Liquid Crystal," but what type of crystal, how is it made into a liquid?

submitted by /u/memynameandmyself
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Why didn't the Jupiter trojans coalesce into a larger object?

Posted: 05 Jan 2018 05:39 AM PST

Why does my body/legs/knees ache when I don't get enough sleep?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 08:12 AM PST

I know how critical getting sufficient amount of sleep is for our bodies, but every know and then I'll only get about 3-4 hours of sleep and when I wake up, usually my knees are achey as if I just ran on concrete pavement for a few hours.. Nothing too bad. Any home remedies got that before I start my day?

submitted by /u/lilkhmerkid4u
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Are the shadows of other planets cast onto earth, similar to that of an eclipse?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 06:42 PM PST

How much mixing is there between layers of the Earth? Is a molecule 4,000 km down ever going to reach the surface?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 10:33 AM PST

How does scientist calculate the mass of celestial bodies?

Posted: 05 Jan 2018 03:37 AM PST

I am very much confused about this question. How does scientist calculate the mass of celestial bodies?

submitted by /u/709snkumar
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Is it possible for a eunuch to achieve orgasm?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 08:22 AM PST

If a male has had both his penis and testicles removed, would it still be possible to achieve orgasm? Would the lack of sex hormones make it impossible?

submitted by /u/knarf86
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Why does a Green Screen need to be green?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 04:03 PM PST

Why isn't it a red screen or maybe an orange screen?

submitted by /u/t7berg
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Could two protons produce a black hole?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 06:27 PM PST

Why isn't Juipter a homogeneous mix of gases?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 09:02 PM PST

I love looking at the beautiful images coming out of the Juno spacecraft on Twitter and NASA websites. It reminds me of inkblots in water, where there is an amazing amount of detail in the ink before it fades out into a homogeneous color. But that got me thinking. If Jupiter is full of giant storms and is very old, why isn't it just a completely mixed planet by now? What dynamics exists that keep some parts (sometimes shockingly) different colors (and I assume wildly different compositions)?

submitted by /u/TakeTwiceDailey
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If Jupiter was condensed, how big would it be compared to Earth?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 08:19 AM PST

So from what I understand, Jupiter is entirely made of gas. I know that gases like helium have an expansion ratio, which is how much space it occupies when it evaporates.

Is it possible to get an average expansion ratio for Jupiter and therefore a measurement of how large Jupiter would be (in physical dimensions e.g. diameter) if we cooled it enough to condense?

submitted by /u/MrCrit
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How is carbon fiber so strong but so light?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 09:06 PM PST

How can mobile cameras see TV remote infrared light?

Posted: 05 Jan 2018 05:46 AM PST

Is it possible to insulate a house so well that HVAC isn’t necessary?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 07:33 PM PST

I'm wondering specifically about climates that have a very wide temperature range such as in Ontario. If this is acheivable what R-value would it require and what other special requirements would it take?

submitted by /u/StupidInternetVoice
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Is there more matter vs anti-matter?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 09:16 PM PST

When matter and a corresponding particle of anti-matter interact they annihilate. Does this indicate that there is more matter than anti-matter in the universe? I ask as I assume if they were the same amount it'd be constant chaotic destructive annihilations.

My understanding is that so far as we have observed anti-matter acts like matter? Could the universe function as is if we instead had a saturation of anti-matter? Can energy be converted/is strictly matter or can it be anti-matter as well? Or am I way off base?

submitted by /u/SenorDarcy
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Thursday, January 4, 2018

How many people does the average person pass a common cold to?

How many people does the average person pass a common cold to?


How many people does the average person pass a common cold to?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 01:23 AM PST

I've been wondering this for a while. Is there a way to estimate the amount of people a person has coughed on, etc, in order to pass a cold virus to them?

submitted by /u/Skrtmvsterr
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Which fundamental force does dark energy use?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 02:34 AM PST

Do the forces of dark energy propagate with gravity, electro magnetism, strong or the weak force? Or a combination of these?

Could it be that there is some unknown 5th fundamental force for dark energy?

submitted by /u/empire314
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How does speculative execution in CPUs work?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 10:28 PM PST

"Speculative execution" in CPUs has been mentioned in the news recently due to the Intel bug. What operations can be speculatively executed at the CPU level and how does the processor know it has a likelihood of a speedup without any higher level understanding of the problem it is solving?

submitted by /u/NonindustrialFront
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If Nitrogen is so unreactive, then why is it used in explosives and fuels?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 03:21 AM PST

For an example, nitromethane(CH3NO2) and Hydrazine(N2H4) are both used as fuels, and when they are mixed together they produce an explosive salt. Why does this happen?

submitted by /u/Asskvar1
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What role does black body radiation and albedo play for the average temperature on earth (and hence habitability)?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 01:30 AM PST

What effect would a violation in CPT symmetry have on our current understanding of physics?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 08:36 PM PST

I only have a "practical" understanding of quantum physics from taking physical chemistry, and so the "finer points" of modern particle physics are lost on me. I recently read about how there are no individual symmetries for charge, parity, or time and instead there appears to be a single symmetry of all of these together. This lead me to wonder what the implications of this theory being incorrect would be.

submitted by /u/Nowhere_Man_Forever
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In the Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment, why did the alpha particles collide with the gold nuclei but not with the oxygen nuclei in the air?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 06:04 PM PST

In the Rutherford Gold Foil experiment, alpha particles were shot at a piece of gold foil. Some particles collided with the nuclei of the gold atoms in the foil and were deflected, which is how Rutherford realized the nature of the nucleus. Why, then, would the oxygen atoms in the path of the alpha beam not have a similar interaction with the particles?

submitted by /u/zachisosum
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Won't landfills become fossil fuels in the future?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 12:06 AM PST

Obviously assuming they are met with the same geologic phenomena that created existing fossil fuels. Essentially they are big piles of organic waste and plastic, which are already hydrocarbons.

I guess I'm just curious as to what a future geologist would find when studying an area that was a landfill.

submitted by /u/datusernames
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If gravity on Mars is roughly 2.5 times weaker than on Earth, would you be able to jump 2.5 times higher or is it not a direct relationship?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 06:33 AM PST

I am referring to the gravitational acceleration on Mars (~3.7) vs Earth (~9.8) when I say 2.5 times weaker

submitted by /u/lil_mattie
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How do digital alarm clocks remain so accurate over extended periods of time?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 08:30 PM PST

I was wondering about my $5 alarm clock today. It is cheaply made, but has consistently shown the correct time since I bought it. If an alarm clock was off by a mere second every hour, it would only be 1/3600th or about .03% off every hour. That seems so insignificant, but that would make the clock off by a minute after just 2.5 days, and off by over 2 hours in a year.

submitted by /u/DrScitt
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Does dark matter surround all galaxies? If so, how?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 04:16 AM PST

I had read in a textbook (Astronomy Today, 8th Edition) that

Then, at later times, normal matter was drawn by gravity into the regions of highest density, eventually forming galaxies and galaxy clusters. This picture explains why so much dark matter is found on the outside of visible galaxies. (P705-706, Chapter 27)

This seemed to indicate to me that most galaxies are surrounded by much dark matter and all are surrounded by some. I then read that baryon acoustic oscillations ('sound' waves of matter created by radiation forcing it to expand outward rapidly as a result of the coupling of matter and radiation that occurred in the time from the big bang to before 10-20 seconds after the big bang) in the first created galaxies surrounding the dark matter clusters because of the differing density from the surrounding space.

The shell [of matter ejected from the dark matter by its interaction with radiation] continues to expand until the epoch of decoupling at which time the push from the radiation stops and the shell stalls. Subsequently the shell simply expands along with the rest of the universe. But because the shell itself represents a denser-than-average part of the universe, it too will tend to attract more matter and it will eventually form galaxies of its own. The result is that every dark matter region that forms a galaxy or galaxy cluster is expected to have associated with it a secondary shell of galaxies. (P709, Chapter 27)

This left me a little confused as to if dark matter is present surrounding all galaxies. I looked it up but didn't find a clear answer and much of it was a little hard to understand.

These shells of galaxies form as a result of normal matter ejected into regions relatively close to high densities of dark matter which would imply that most of the surrounding dark matter accredited into the mass at the center. If this is true then it seems that there wouldn't be much dark matter left to surround these. Because of this is there any significant difference between the shells and the galaxy/cluster that formed as a result of the high density of dark matter.

EDIT: From what I read online, it seemed assumed that dark matter 'halos' surround all galaxies but I couldn't find anything to explain why in regards to the baryon acoustic oscillations.

submitted by /u/BingRazer
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Are oceans becoming increasingly saltier?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 11:40 PM PST

The saltiness of oceans and seas is, if I recall correctly, due to minerals transferring to the oceans via rivers. This implies that oceans were not always this salty and that they become even saltier as time moves on. Is this the case? Can marine animals survive if the oceans become much saltier?

submitted by /u/schwifty_man
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Does blood coagulate in some areas faster than others? Where and why?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 11:15 PM PST

Does blood coagulate at the same rate everywhere in the body?

submitted by /u/DatnwordAL
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How do we differentiate species based on genetics? What criteria would groups of humans have to meet genetically to be classified as different species ?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 11:11 PM PST

The classical definition of species are two species that can mate and produce viable offspring but that isn't always perfect and we differentiate based on genetics alot for this reason.

So my question is, what are the criteria for differentiating species based on genetics and what would it take to differentiate humans by species?

Note that this isn't racially motivated and I realize the difference between dark skin is just a few alleles, so we could very likely be differentiating different groups of white humans from each other.

submitted by /u/mizzrym91
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Steam baths have been used medicinally by many cultures worldwide. Are there any studies showing their effectiveness for any ailment, or was the idea widespread just because people thought they were "sweating out" the disease?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 09:04 PM PST

Are we able to increase CPU hyperthreading (ie 2 threads per physical core now to 3, 4, ...)?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 06:35 AM PST

What is the limit on hyperthreading? Currently AMD and Intel have CPUs some of which feature hyperthreading at 2 threads per physical core.

Why not 3 or 4 or more? Is that possible? What are the limitations? Is it easier to just physically add more cores?

Is the limitation on adding physical cores manufacturing technology and lithography size?

submitted by /u/ag11600
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I've heard that no two colds are the same, and that our bodies become immune to each cold we get. If that's true, how often do our immune systems deflect colds we've become immune to?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 02:47 PM PST

The capacitor in a buck converter?

Posted: 04 Jan 2018 04:40 AM PST

Why is there a capacitor in a buck converter? It seems as though it is just being charged by the inductor and not really contributing to powering the load.

submitted by /u/Titrer
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What is the coldest fire?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 01:36 PM PST

Obviously fire is hot and there are various degrees of hot flame. Ex. Blue and purple flame. Which each have corresponding temperatures. What is the coldest flame and its temperature? And why is it that cold?

submitted by /u/TangiblePragmatism
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Could a person really hold onto a door in a room that has a hull breach in space? How much force would it take to hold on?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 07:45 PM PST

Frequently in movies, you see a hull breach in a spaceship, and a character holds onto a door or something else in the room while it breaches so that they aren't sucked outside. Is this realistic? Could a person really hold on while a room is bring vacated of air? If so, how strong would a person have to be to hold on?

submitted by /u/grandsonofclemson
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If sound is the result of vibrations of air molecules, why is wind not the loudest thing ever?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 08:16 PM PST

Why does your Phones Microphone not pick up the voice of the other person when a call is on Speaker?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 06:01 PM PST

Does a city or urban area take longer to cool at night that a rural area?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 09:21 PM PST

I'm in the Philippines and noticed that a lot of construction work takes place at night, I'm guessing this is because it's cooler so easier on the workers, a few of us where talking at the bar and where wondering if a city takes longer to cool down at night than say a small rural village, does the tarmac and concrete release heat slower into the night meaning that the ambient temp stays higher, or is the difference negligible compared to some corn fields?

submitted by /u/wezatron4000
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Planks constant states that the position uncertainty of an electron times the momentum uncertainty must be greater than or equal to planks constant divided by two. Why is this? What would happen otherwise, or what is preventing it to happen? Or, how do we know this?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 06:28 PM PST

Wednesday, January 3, 2018

For humans, sea water is not drinkable due to its high salt content. How do whales, manatees, seals, and other sea faring mammals stay hydrated?

For humans, sea water is not drinkable due to its high salt content. How do whales, manatees, seals, and other sea faring mammals stay hydrated?


For humans, sea water is not drinkable due to its high salt content. How do whales, manatees, seals, and other sea faring mammals stay hydrated?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 04:42 AM PST

Are there species with more than 2 sexes?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 07:11 AM PST

In humans the X and Y chromosomes decides the biological sex. Are there any species where theres more than 2? I found previous discussions where birds were said to have 4 genders and 2 sexes, but I would guess its still only 2 chromosomes at play. I wanted to know if there can be more.

submitted by /u/Waifuranger
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During the Cold War, how were ICBMs guided? Without GPS how do you accurately hit a city in the middle of Siberia from across the world?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 01:19 PM PST

Does the temperature rise during a large fireworks display?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 05:03 AM PST

We had a very overcast December 31st here in Copenhagen, Denmark but, of course, that did not stop anybody from launching TONS of fireworks during the course of the evening. This made me think about large, hour long firework displays (New Years, Chinese New Years, etc.) as to whether or not the ignition of the fireworks would give a noticeable rise in the local temperature? Would the mean daily temp in an urban location or city actually get warmer during that time period? of not, how many fireworks would it take before we would notice using regular methods of detection? Thank you all.

submitted by /u/svel
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 07:07 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why is liquid helium used to cool down superconducting magnets?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 03:03 AM PST

This might be more of an engineering question now that I think of it. Liquid helium is used to cool down the superconducting magnets in the NMR machine in my lab. I figure, since it is so rare, can't we encase the magnets in a solid ice with a solid-liquid transition temperature below the superconducting temperature of the magnet? I figure the answer might have to do with transportation/and or handling, or maybe something more physics related, so can somebody shine some light?

edit: clarification

submitted by /u/tyeunbroken
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What were the evolutionary steps for the blowhole on whales and dolphins?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 09:23 PM PST

I'm watching a dolphin show live right now and I'm wondering, that if they're mammals, did they develop from an earlier form of gills? When in the chain of evolution might have it developed and are there any other mammals that have a vestigial remnant of this feature?

submitted by /u/Spystrike
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How far are we from neural network based programs that will be able to generate speech from text based on provided voice records, that will be indistinguishable from real voice?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 10:53 PM PST

This technology could provide a giant leap forward to video games, reducing time to record NPC text lines to basically... zero? Especially if neural network will be able to generate emotions too

submitted by /u/jstq
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I'm short-sighted. Without my glasses, I can see through shutters way better than with my glasses on. Why? Do the holes in the shutter act as lenses?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 03:51 AM PST

Has the salinity of the earth’s oceans changed over its history?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 03:33 AM PST

Have the oceans gotten more salty over time due to more salty rocks being eroded and dissolving in the oceans? Are the rising sea levels affecting the salinity of the oceans?

submitted by /u/ManMan36
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Can you track a radioactive golf ball with a Geiger counter?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 05:03 AM PST

What type and level of radiation would you need to locate a lost radioactive golf ball with a Geiger counter (range at least 10 meters)?

submitted by /u/TheAntiSheep
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Is negative absolute pressure possible?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 10:59 PM PST

It seems that negative absolute pressure is a topic for debate. Many textbooks will tell you it's impossible to sustain a negative absolute pressure in a liquid, yet it's a common explanation for how trees can bring water to heights higher than the theoretical limit of 10m. I've also seen references to surface tension, which may or may not be related to this discussion. I figured the great minds on reddit would surely be able to sort this one out.

Inspired by this post:

https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/7nom4a/comment/ds49l4r?st=JBYOXE0W&sh=7fd87b62

In my opinion his answer in the video is still not totally explained. Negative absolute pressure in a liquid? I don't remember that one in my fluid mechanics class.

So you stretch the liquid out? How is that done? And cavitation (boiling) doesn't occur because... magically perfect tubes that won't allow vapor? What happens if someone chops into these tubes? Does that cause boiling to occur? Are these tubes at room temp?

Not saying it's wrong I just feel that these mechanics were identified as the driving force of this phenomena and should be more thoroughly discussed.

This article goes into some more detail but it still isn't too clear to me:

http://discovermagazine.com/2003/mar/featscienceof

Here's some forums where the topic is discussed:

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/negative-pressure.428998/

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/65637/what-about-negative-pressure

And some scientific papers that I don't have access to:

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-5872-1_24

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/24/28/284110

https://www.nature.com/articles/278148a0

submitted by /u/m287ike
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If water is continually flowing, does it decrease the freezing point, and if so, what is it?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 11:21 PM PST

At what point would something like a waterfall freeze over, if it is continually flowing?

submitted by /u/Alsttr
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Why does hot water freeze faster than cold water?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 06:19 AM PST

Is there any evidence of a second super continent on the opposite side of the earth when Pangaea existed?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 12:07 AM PST

It always looks odd to me that Pangaea existed as one land mass with the rest of the earth covered in ocean. Couldn't have another continent have existed which has disappeared beneath the plates? Have all the current land masses been largely above the water since Pangaea?

submitted by /u/imapassenger1
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How small can transistors in CPUs possibly get? Is there a way to improve a CPU else than reducing the size of the transistors?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 12:32 PM PST

Is it possible to create new elements with different baryons and leptons?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 12:25 PM PST

Let my do a little clarification. Since elements are composed of protons and neutron cores (baryons) and elections (leptons). there are more types of baryon than just protons and neutrons. Let's pretend that we progressed technologically to the point where creating a synthetic element made of protons and neutrons was cheap and easy and creating other baryons was easy as well. Would it be possible to make new periodic tables of elements using different kinds and combinations of baryons?

submitted by /u/TheLastOne0001
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Why is LSD so powerful?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 11:35 AM PST

A normal LSD dose is about 100μg and it can cause hallucinations but the threshold is 25μg. How can such small quantities of this substance alter your mind? This has been for a long time one of my curiosities. Thanks for the answers.

submitted by /u/Arlkaj
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Could a friction-less string tie a knot that remains tight when no external force is applied?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 01:15 PM PST

Does a large diameter, cylindrical, standing body of water, perfectly level and still, slowly rotate on its own axis *inside* its container due to the motion of the planet?

Posted: 02 Jan 2018 12:17 PM PST

An observed phenomenon has not been easily explained and has caused much consternation and argument.

submitted by /u/ThePleasantLady
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What happens to the photons of a light bulb when it us turned of ?

Posted: 03 Jan 2018 04:59 AM PST