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Thursday, November 2, 2017

Why is the magnetic force vector perpendicular to the magnetic field?

Why is the magnetic force vector perpendicular to the magnetic field?


Why is the magnetic force vector perpendicular to the magnetic field?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 07:39 PM PDT

When a child get's an organ/limb transplant, will the transplanted organ/limb grow with the child? If so, will the organ/limb grow according to the donor child's body genetic makeup or the recipient's?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 06:34 PM PDT

Would a boat with its hull sprayed by a hydrophobic coating have an advantage over an otherwise identical boat in a race?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 05:51 AM PDT

What temperature would be required for a modern match to spontaneously ignite under normal atmospheric conditions?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 02:28 PM PDT

What is gauge symmetry? I’ve come across the term a few times in the past few weeks. I don’t quite understand it and I’d like to know more.

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:16 PM PDT

Why do bees swing side to side when looking at objects?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:15 PM PDT

This Halloween I as hanging around outside waiting to spook some kids when I noticed a bee flying around the driveway (looking for food I suppose). The bee seemed to be inspecting scattered things on the drive way, a leaf, a worm that had crawled up and died, a beer cap. Each time, the bee would approach (in flight) and swing side to side for 5-8 seconds and then move on to the next object. It did this for each one.

My question is, why? Is it something with their eyes?

submitted by /u/StannisBaratheon_AMA
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Why do electron shells form?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 06:14 PM PDT

I'm doing year 11 chemistry right now and covering the nature of the behaviour of different elements (Effective Nuclear Charge, Atomic Radius, Ionic Radius, etc.). I'm just wondering why atoms form electron shells.

submitted by /u/hypnotoad15
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What would happen if I fired a gun on the moon?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 04:06 AM PDT

What are these lines in the ocean of the Bermuda Triangle?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 05:38 AM PDT

If radioactive elements decay, and have a half-life, how come we can observe elements with very short half-lives? Why haven't they decayed long before ever being discovered?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 02:03 AM PDT

I'm thinking perhaps these naturally occurring radioactive decaying elements have already decayed away long ago (but also with the exponential decay, it'll get smaller and smaller and smaller which is why we measure half-life, because it'll decay "until infinity", right?). So then how can we observe these elements decaying in any meaningful way if these elements have been around for billions of years? Do they need to be 'activated' or extracted in some way before they begin to decay?

submitted by /u/Skylineblue
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Why does the Hawaiian hotspot create a chain of islands, rather than a single long ridge?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 07:56 AM PDT

I know that the Hawaiian islands are caused by a geological hotspot moving under the Pacific plate. Why does it create a number of small islands rather than one large, long one? Does it stop as it moves? Would it take too much energy to break through the crust many times rather than just a few?

submitted by /u/Mr_Quinn
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What actually happens on a biological level when you burn your tongue?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 07:22 AM PDT

I did this yesterday so I want to know

submitted by /u/Sandythelittleone
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How much of one's personality is due to genetic predisposition as opposed to external factors?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 06:51 PM PDT

Is there a theoretical limit to fish size in the ocean?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:23 PM PDT

Hello, with mammals like the blue whale and fish like the sleeper shark, I have gotten curious to whether or not there is a limit to the mass of a marine animal (with comparable density to sharks and whales). Is it possible fish of unseen size could exist in places like the Mariana trench? Would a larger animal prefer to be closer to the surface or deeper? And I'm aware that large whales and sharks stay near to the surface (relatively), but please don't use that as an argument as to whether or not it is possible, I want the reasons why or why not. Thanks.

submitted by /u/xaxys
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How do radiation levels of microwave ovens compare to radiation coming from incandescent, florescent, and led light bulbs?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 03:43 PM PDT

I'm tired of people complaining about microwaves emitting dangerous levels of radiation and want to compare it to something they use all the time. Thanks in advance. -sonusario7

submitted by /u/Sonusario7
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If a keyboard were made in alphabetical order would we be able to type as efficiently as we can with a QWERTY keyboard given we have the same amount of practice?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:24 PM PDT

What would happen if there was a planet-sized object in space that was not spherical?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 04:08 AM PDT

I have a reasonable understanding of gravity in space, but nothing past an internet/high school level, so please correct me if I have anything wrong here. If objects are pulled toward the center of planets in space due to gravity, then what if the planet was a cuboid? What if it were a giant person? What point would objects caught in the planets gravity be pulled toward?

submitted by /u/toomanyeels
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Why does rubbing alcohol hurt when we apply it?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:49 PM PDT

Rubbing alcohol hurts intensely on just a small area, even though it helps us. Why would the body react this way? Doesn't it make more sense to give us a good feeling to encourage us to use it to decrease infection?

submitted by /u/JustATadOfSugar
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What were the properties of the four fundamental forces when they were unified?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:48 PM PDT

How does an electrical signal in the brain know where to go to cause a movement in the body?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 04:58 PM PDT

I am working on a project and it is important to know where exactly can one probe to understand a nerve signal going to a hand. To put it more clearly, I want to be able to put sensors somewhere and try to differentiate a signal for the pinky finger to curl closed, from a signal for a thumb to curl closed, etc. I initially thought the way this worked was a specific nerve was responsible for a specific muscle, but when I looked into it I saw that the radial nerve is responsible for all hand movement.

If this is true, how does a signal go from the brain to the finger using one line of information exchange? How does an electrical signal know which muscle to stimulate?

I feel like I did a poor job at explaining my question so here's an analogy from my current understanding: If the nervous system is a highway that has many branches and those branches can have branches and exits (the muscles) how does a vehicle (a signal from the brain) know how to navigate its way down to a particular exit?

submitted by /u/Fenrir55
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Does a portable speaker run out of power faster if it is playing audio louder?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 10:54 PM PDT

Im assuming yes, but im just not sure.

submitted by /u/cocmaster420
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Do astronomers adjust for the speed of light when they sync data using telescope arrays?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:32 PM PDT

Wednesday, November 1, 2017

Why has Europe's population remained relatively constant whereas other continents have shown clear increase?

Why has Europe's population remained relatively constant whereas other continents have shown clear increase?


Why has Europe's population remained relatively constant whereas other continents have shown clear increase?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 02:43 AM PDT

In a lecture I was showed a graph with population of the world split by continent, from the 1950s until prediction of the 2050s. One thing I noticed is that it looked like all of the continent's had clearly increasing populations (e.g. Asia and Africa) but Europe maintained what appeared to be a constant population. Why is this?

Also apologies if social science is not the correct flair, was unsure of what to choose given the content.

submitted by /u/Zyxtaine
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What are historical sea levels measured in reference to?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:32 AM PDT

I'm very confused and have lots of questions.

Looking at a graph like this one, link, I'm struggling to understand what it means given how different the continents and sea beds were 500 million years ago.

Are these actually estimates of ocean volume that are then converted to what sea level that volume would give if placed in current ocean basins?

If some time in the past all volcanic activity had stopped and the rain eroded every bit of land to below the surface of the ocean what would these measurements say the sea level was?

What measurements do climate scientists use if sea level is actually just a more understandable figure to use when explaining things to tell public?

submitted by /u/timrs
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If a person has heavily used antibiotics, does that specific person have a weaker immune response than normal, or has that person just contributed to antibiotic resistance in general?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 09:23 PM PDT

Would playing a black & white video use less battery power on my phone than an identical color one of equal resolution?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 06:32 PM PDT

Are electrons real or a theoretical construct that helps us explain data?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 11:59 AM PDT

I'm a teacher, and today I had to attend a lecture on epistemology. The speaker brought up electrons as an example for theoretical constructs that help us interpret data:

"Students (in high school) often refer to electrons when trying to explain how electricity works. They tend to think of electrons as having a material form."

"The electron is a theoretical model that has not been observed directly, but has been invented because it can consistently explain experimental data."

That was a bit weird for me, as I know that electrons have in fact been observed before (https://phys.org/news/2008-02-electron.html) and their footprints are well recorded, so it's more than a theoretical construct.

I asked the speaker afterwards about it, and she said that she wasn't aware of anything about anyone observing electrons, but I was perhaps missing the point she was trying to make. I clarified that I understood her point, but her statement had borne a question regarding the nature of electrons and was trying to understand where she got the idea for this example from.

What does /r/AskScience think? Are electrons real or a merely a theoretical construct? Have we observed them or am I misunderstanding the article I linked?

submitted by /u/Ornlu_Wolfjarl
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How does AC travel further than DC?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 10:30 PM PDT

in the field of electricity, direct current doesn't travel very far in a wire. Historically, this problem was solved when Tesla invented alternating current, the opposite of direct. What is it about the alternating property of electricity that allows it to travel further distances in wire?

From what I recall in high school, direct current travels through the center of the wire, while AC mysteriously travels on the outer skin of the wire and away from the core. But this has more to do with resistance...more conductor molecules in the way of the electrons--but the electrons must still pass through a conductor. They cannot escape resistance. I don't see this as an explanation.

submitted by /u/glass_1_water
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Considering the enormous amount of energy produced by the merger of a pair of stellar-mass black holes, what kind of energy output could be expected from the merger of two supermassive black holes, and what effects would that have on the dense stellar environment of the galactic center?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 11:51 AM PDT

What are the uses of GM crops outside of human consumption?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 06:30 PM PDT

So as the titles suggests, I'm interested in the uses of Genetically Modified Crops (such as Maize) outside of the realm of human consumption. I understand that there have been advancements made regarding using plants to develop specific kinds of protein for pharmaceutical uses, but what are some other uses and how do they work?

submitted by /u/fr00tl00picus
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Is a difference in pH the only consideration when it comes to an acids ability to dissolve substances?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 08:09 AM PDT

What if we never find WIMP's or MaCHOs to explain dark matter? What else could possibly explain this looming physics mystery?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 02:21 PM PDT

Double-Slit Experiment: How did early scientists "observe" the photons causing the interference to be destroyed?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 03:09 PM PDT

Popular culture obviously loves this experiment. But especially the part about how observing which way the particle goes stops them from behaving like waves has always been bugging me because the choice of words implies consciousness has an influence.
Would it be accurate to say "observe" simply means the photon interacting with anything at all, even some random molecule in the air?
What exactly did observe mean in this context? How did they measure a single photon without absorbing it?

And since by now similar experiments have been performed without collapsing it, what is the main difference there?

submitted by /u/Drycee
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What is the hardware difference between RAM advertised as 3000MHz vs say 4000MHz?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:15 AM PDT

I have a firm grasp of computers and how they work, however I have always been curious as to what makes each tier of RAM different and worth the extra money, is it just marketing? Or is there actually a difference?

submitted by /u/Cr3s3ndO
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Can perception of temperature affect mood?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 11:59 AM PDT

Does being in a cold environment, for example, cause a worsening of mood compared to a warmer environment?

submitted by /u/Zhieyen
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What volcanos in the Cascade range are most likely to erupt next and approximately when?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 09:30 PM PDT

What does it mean that astrocytes regulate the electrical responses of neurons?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 10:49 AM PDT

I understand they do this but I'm not sure how or why.

submitted by /u/oneultralamewhiteboy
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What, in layman’s terms, is a Boltzmann brain?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 01:28 PM PDT

I've read a lot about this online but I still don't understand. Is there a semi-simple explanation?

submitted by /u/SkeeevyNicks
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Tuesday, October 31, 2017

What's the point of retroviruses having a reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA instead of simply having DNA?

What's the point of retroviruses having a reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA instead of simply having DNA?


What's the point of retroviruses having a reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA instead of simply having DNA?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 12:25 PM PDT

Wouldn't it be simpler for retroviruses to have a DNA (like other types of viruses for example)instead of generating DNA from RNA trough an enzyme? What's the evolutionary advantage of having such mechanism?

submitted by /u/iron14
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When I use a counterfeit Apple charger on my iPhone it says "not supported" and won't charge. Can my iPhone actually block the power it's receiving from the charging cord? How does it do it?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 04:56 PM PDT

So let me explain myself. My understanding is that when I plug my cellphone charging, energy is "traveling" from the electrical outlet to my phone. Apple created all these software locks to avoid people from getting counterfeit chargers; however, can a software block the physical phenomenon of charging a cellphone?

submitted by /u/LiterallySagan
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If I had a mixture of oil and water in a container, is it possible to calculate the time it takes for the two to separate?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 12:20 PM PDT

If I had a mixture of oil and water in a container, is it possible to calculate the time it takes for the two to separate?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/mikemavz
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Is it possible to get a different combination of quarks than uud or udd? Do there have to be three quarks or could you have a combination of, say, two or four? Why/why not?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 01:58 AM PDT

Why do some vaccines wear off over time?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 04:27 AM PDT

If I am made from star dust, how many stars do I come from?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 05:53 AM PDT

When you cut solid matter in half, why can't you recombine it?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 08:07 PM PDT

For instance, If you cut a sheet of paper in half with scissors, what occurs in order for the sheet to become two distinct sheets that cannot recombine? Is there a way to recombine the paper without adhesive material?

submitted by /u/shirefriendship
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Does Ionizing radiation cause other diseases besides cancer?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 12:58 AM PDT

If ionizing radiation causes cancer by damaging DNA and by causing genetic mutations why does it not cause other diseases that are caused by genetic mutations and DNA damage. I was wondering this because a former coworker recently finished radiation therapy of the brain.

submitted by /u/Redrobin45
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Why does metal feel colder than the ambient temperature?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 11:09 AM PDT

Why does soap lower surface tension?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 04:17 PM PDT

Just curious, I understand that soap is basic in general but how does that or other properties of soaps cause lower surface tension?

submitted by /u/djh816
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Is it possible for Earth to be hit by massive gravitational waves? If so, what would happen?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 05:46 AM PDT

I've been seening stuff lately about scientists having detected gravitational waves from merging black holes. Is it possible for one of these waves to slam into Earth? And what would happen if it did?

submitted by /u/Voliminal92
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Why isn't HPV vaccine recommended for adults past a certain age?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 07:57 PM PDT

I was recently looking over the CDC recommended immunization schedule for adults and I noticed a couple of oddities. Most notably is the HPV vaccine. Why isn't this recommended for males past age 21 and for females past age 26? Is there a biological reason that people become less susceptible as they age? On a related note, why is 1957 the cutoff birth year for MMR vaccine?

submitted by /u/EroPero
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What exactly happens between the alpha particles and the air to cause clouds to form in a cloud chamber?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 03:55 PM PDT

I understand the basic premise of a cloud chamber - the air is supersaturated, so even the tiny alpha particles are enough to cause the clouds to form. But how exactly are the alpha particles interacting with the air? If they are travelling in straight lines, it makes it seem like they just passing through without interacting with anything.

Any clarification or deeper understanding of this neat phenomena will be greatly appreciated! :)

submitted by /u/CypressBreeze
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Why can I write a two-electron wavefunction as a product of two wavefunctions?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 05:53 PM PDT

If I have one electron |a> and another |b>, it seems that writing the two-particle wavefunction |tp> as |tp>=|a>|b> would give me zero everywhere if the particles were far apart. Can someone tell me, or guide me, to what I'm missing? I have a feeling it's straightforward and I'm just slow but I can't figure it out.

submitted by /u/your_pyness
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Why do cellular networks have consistently strong connections with cell phones despite towers being miles away and yet Bluetooth or WiFi signals have such difficulty maintaining consistent connections with the same phone even though they are mere meters away?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 10:50 PM PDT

How does the collision of two protons resulting in a Hydrogen-2 atom release energy if neutrons are more massive than protons?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 08:22 PM PDT

I am talking about the first step in the proton-proton change which forms helium out of hydrogen in stars.

Before I googled the masses of protons and neutrons, I assumed protons were more massive, so that once two protons turned into a proton and a neutron, the difference in mass would be what is converted to energy.

submitted by /u/TheInternetShill
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When you heat something up it glows. Where do those emitted photons come from?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 11:45 PM PDT

If Earth had it's trajectory changed by some gravitational force would the Moon continue orbiting Earth?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 05:18 AM PDT

Whys is sound quality over the phone still much worse than a sound recording taken on the same phone?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 03:34 AM PDT

With modern technology and incredibly crisp sound recording available at your fingertips, why do phone calls still sound bad?

submitted by /u/ANotoriouslyMeanBean
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How does a car calculate its average speed?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 03:28 AM PDT

I know how an average is calculated with a fixed amount of numbers. But speed is constantly changing and keeping track of all the different speeds looks like an impossible task.

How do they do it?

submitted by /u/DoNotLookAtMyUsernam
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How does the energy required to enrich fissile material compare to the energy released in reactors and bombs?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 10:35 AM PDT

During WW2 the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, TN were "consuming one-seventh of all the power being produced in the nation." (pdf page 21)

That seems like a lot(!) of energy, especially spread over months. I'm curious what the energy in / energy out balance actually was both for bombs and for reactors today.

The fat man and little boy yielded 151 TJ of energy. Do we know how much energy it took to make them? Do we have a similar calculation for modern reactors?

submitted by /u/bunabhucan
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What determines the size of the strings in string theory?

Posted: 30 Oct 2017 05:19 PM PDT

We know that in this theory the strings are super miniscule. What defines their size? Can't the theory work with those strings be 1000 times bigger?

submitted by /u/hectofun
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