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Saturday, May 27, 2017

Why do we have to fry food in oil?

Why do we have to fry food in oil?


Why do we have to fry food in oil?

Posted: 27 May 2017 12:47 AM PDT

Fried food tastes delicious, and I know that you can "fry" items in hot air but it isn't as good. Basically my question is what physical properties of oil make it an ideal medium for cooking food to have that crunchy exterior? Why doesn't boiling water achieve the same effect?

I assume it has to do with specific heat capacity. Any thoughts?

submitted by /u/PirateWenchTula
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Why are there no green stars?

Posted: 27 May 2017 04:50 AM PDT

So I was reading a space book with my 5yo talking about different stars, their colours and temperatures.

From cool to hit the scale went Red, Orange, Yellow, White And Blue.

Tl ;dr; Why do stars go from yellow to white to blue, rather than through green like a rainbow?

submitted by /u/GSV-CargoCult
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Are there non continuous macroscopic physical quantities?

Posted: 27 May 2017 05:16 AM PDT

Temperature, speed, pressure, energy... are all continuous in any situation, to the best of my knowledge. Even square waves are in practice continuous. Do non continuous macroscopic physical quantities exist? Why or why not?

submitted by /u/Hykarus
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What is the maximum achievable Data transfer rate from Mars to Earth?

Posted: 27 May 2017 05:16 AM PDT

Mars being a center of attention for human colonization and search for extraterrestrial life, several probes are being planned to be sent to Mars in near future (2020). Once landed, those probes will be able to collect huge amount of interesting data and images. Between Mars (orbiter satellite) and Earth, current data transfer rate seems quite slow (3 to 128 kbps). Faster data transmission would accelerate the exploration of the red planet.

What is the maximum data transfer rate that can be achieved by 2020 using current technologies? Is it possible to boost the data transmission by at least a magnitude (Mbps)? How?

submitted by /u/graviboson
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Why, when I'm tired and trying to fall asleep, do I feel like I'm falling or slipping and make a random spasm without consciously trying to?

Posted: 26 May 2017 03:53 PM PDT

Basically this. Whenever I'm tired or sometimes just trying to fall asleep, I sometimes get this feeling that I'm falling and will make a random spasm without trying to. What is this and why does it happen?

submitted by /u/Stefmonster33
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Why is the speed of light the speed that it is?

Posted: 26 May 2017 12:47 PM PDT

Put another way, what about the universe would have to change for the speed of light to be one kilometer per hour faster or slower?

submitted by /u/Galileo228
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May longitudinal eletric field oscillations be considered EM waves?

Posted: 26 May 2017 09:50 PM PDT

EM waves must be transverse because of the way the oscillations on electric and magnetic fields perpetuate each other as they propagate from the source.

However, even without this mechanism, imagine this:

You have two eletrically charged spheres near each other, each one being held on their place by a spring that allows them to move in the direction in which they are aligned (see drawing below).

Here's the drawing of it (this would be the system in the equilibrium state)(sorry for being lazy to draw the electric fields)

The electric field both produces is strong enough to cause the other to oscillate if you move one of them. And then, you pull one of them, making it oscillate and making both work as oscillators coupled by the electric field.

In this scenario, the variation of the field (that corroborates with the motion) occurs in the same direction they oscillate. And as nothing can propagate instantaneously, this oscillations must propagate through the space between both.

So, it's an oscilation in the electric field, that's propagating between them and transfering energy from one to other.

Why can't it be considered as an wave? Even if in a small scale, as it decays rapdly as the distance increases, differently from an transverse EM wave (like the very-low energy transverse EM waves that they would be producing during this).

Other scenario i could propose to simply talk about the longitudinal variation of electric field would be the field in the front of an flat charged surface (like a thin metal sqare) as you change it's charge, making it positively and then negatively charged.

submitted by /u/guferr
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If it is impossible to accelerate something to the speed of light, what happens to the energy that you expend if you try?

Posted: 26 May 2017 07:16 PM PDT

It has to go somewhere, so where is it all going?

submitted by /u/MiseroMCS
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How is the amount of dark matter and dark energy calculated?

Posted: 27 May 2017 12:31 AM PDT

Sorry if im awnseringy own question, but dark matter is calculated based on how much baryonic matter would be requiered to have the gravitational effect dark matter causes, rigth? This one would assume that a given amount, be it regular or dark matter, will always have equal amount of gravitational pull.

But then we have dark energy which is kinda like anti gravity, and there is supposed to be more of this than the former two combined. Well for dark matter we already defined that everything has equal amount of gravitational pull, then how does this not apply to dark energy?

The way I see it, we would have to say something like universe is made out of 20% normal matter, 80% dark matter and negative 300% of dark energy. Either that or a given amount of energy does not have a given amount of gravity. Why isnt it so?

submitted by /u/empire314
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Is there a way to determine the radius of a black hole, or would anything of the sort be a guess?

Posted: 26 May 2017 02:59 PM PDT

Are there any kind of chemical reactions that would achieve temperatures colder than -10C?

Posted: 27 May 2017 03:09 AM PDT

How are sodium and potassium exchanged in neurons without a reaction?

Posted: 26 May 2017 04:40 PM PDT

From my basic understanding of chemistry sodium and potassium pathways open and close causing polarization to make an electrical current. Which is called action potential.

How is this executed without the highly reactive nak being made or bonded?

submitted by /u/sacredgeometry13
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Can you measure how far a storm is from you by lightning?

Posted: 26 May 2017 12:15 PM PDT

I learned when I was younger that when you see a flash of lightning, every five seconds you count is a mile (for how far the storm is from you). Wasn't completely sure if that was completely accurate or just a good educated guess.

submitted by /u/Cup_of_Morning_Joe
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Is a 100-character message encoded with a 100-character randomized key completely safe from decryption without that key?

Posted: 26 May 2017 09:24 PM PDT

I heard in conversation a while ago that if you have a 100-character message string encoded with a 100-character key string of randomized characters, then there's no way to decrypt without the key. Since they key is 100% random and unknown, each character is exactly as likely to be any character, causing no discernible patterns to form in the encoded message.

To explain in simplified form, in case I'm not using terms correctly (no knowledge of cryptology beyond anecdote):

Message: 1122334455 Randomized Key: 9403609884 (add digits to encode) Encoded message: 0525933239

Because the key is a randomized set of digits, the encoded message (without the key) is equally likely to be any of the 10-billion 10-digit strings, if I'm thinking through this correctly.

  • Is this actually the case?

And then, ancillary questions (I don't really see any rules against these, they're just sort of where my mind goes when I think about this situation, feel free to answer or ignore if they're too much.)

  • How secure is a 100-character message encoded with, this time, a randomized but repeating 10-character key?

  • Does the "key length-to-message length" ratio affect the situation in any quantifiable way?

  • Would this simple form of encryption be unusable for some practical reason outside of mathematics, or is there some mathematical way to break a code like this, (preferably communicated in a way a person with only an undergraduate in mathematics will understand)?

submitted by /u/sid_lordoftheflame
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Do the planets orbit the sun on a flat plane like shown in diagrams and mock-ups of the solar system?

Posted: 26 May 2017 12:27 PM PDT

Most posters and images I see of the solar system shows all the planets on a flat planet was wondering if that was actually the case.

Edit: I'm on mobile and wasn't able to add a flair, my apologies.

submitted by /u/CreepnGames
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Would Buzz Aldrin's footprints still be visible on the moon today from Apollo 11?

Posted: 26 May 2017 11:28 AM PDT

Why is the induction of anesthesia slower with more soluble anesthetic gases?

Posted: 26 May 2017 03:09 PM PDT

When comparing two anesthetic gases with different solubilities, the induction of anesthesia is quicker with a less soluble anesthetic (Let's say Nitrous oxide compared to halothane). I know that it must be related to the partial pressure of the anesthetic in CNS but I cannot understand how or why. Thank you.

submitted by /u/udenizc
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If qubits can be 0 and 1 at the same time, how is information stored in a quantum computer?

Posted: 26 May 2017 12:44 PM PDT

Is the hardness of a material determined by it's melting point?

Posted: 26 May 2017 05:05 PM PDT

Is the hardness of a material determined by the melting point it has? Like, diamond is pretty hard. Is that because it has a high melting point?

If so, could you, in theory, make ice as hard as diamond just by decreasing it's temperature?

submitted by /u/Heythrowawey
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How big are quarks compared to us? For instance, are we as big to quarks as the observable universe is to us? Are we somewhere in the middle between quarks and the observable universe in terms of size?

Posted: 26 May 2017 09:25 AM PDT

Friday, May 26, 2017

If quantim computers become a widespread stable technololgy will there be any way to protect our communications with encryption? Will we just have to resign ourselves to the fact that people would be listening in on us?

If quantim computers become a widespread stable technololgy will there be any way to protect our communications with encryption? Will we just have to resign ourselves to the fact that people would be listening in on us?


If quantim computers become a widespread stable technololgy will there be any way to protect our communications with encryption? Will we just have to resign ourselves to the fact that people would be listening in on us?

Posted: 26 May 2017 05:45 AM PDT

Are there any physical laws preventing a reaction that produces an anti-proton and a positron from a proton and an electron?

Posted: 26 May 2017 06:27 AM PDT

Such a reaction would conserve mass and charge, but are there any other conservations it would violate?

If not, why isn't this reaction prevalent throughout Sci-fi as a way of achieving 100% mass-to-energy conversion (by subsequent reaction with matter)

submitted by /u/lexapi
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Is it true that giant mushrooms existed?

Posted: 26 May 2017 12:58 AM PDT

I've heard about giant mushrooms exsited before the trees came. Is this true and if it is how is this possible?

submitted by /u/KalleTheOne
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Is it possible to detect gravity lensing caused by Sun from Lagrange L2?

Posted: 26 May 2017 03:23 AM PDT

Einstein predicted gravitional lensing and made calculations to measure lensing caused by Sun. Due to Sun being bright(duh!) it is impossible to observe it from Earth on regular day.

This year in US there will be total Solar Eclipse that will allow to measure this effect again(forgot name of team that did it first) and giving more proff to Einstein theories.

My question is, is it possible to measure this effect via satelites that are placed in L2 point? Over there Earth is always in front of a Sun so it should cover Sun just like Moon does during Eclipse.

Here thou I say sorry for any mistakes I did in text above.

submitted by /u/Ijjergom
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Why doesn't temperature change during a phase change?

Posted: 25 May 2017 05:53 PM PDT

I was wondering what's so special about the melting point, boiling point etc. that makes temperature constant during these phase changes. I get that the molecules are being rearranged and the input of heat will allow them to break the intermolecular attractions that hold them in a particular phase, but why is there a point where this is so dramatic, if the IMFs are always being broken during the heating process (i.e. density is temperature dependent)? Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/borednerd7
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How is a monument like Devils Tower in Wyoming created? I understand how mountains and volcanoes are created but a monument like that seems to vertical for it to be the result of smashing tectonic plates. Something else must be involved???

Posted: 25 May 2017 07:36 PM PDT

Why do clouds become dark when it's about to rain?

Posted: 25 May 2017 01:53 PM PDT

Do local sea levels in the ocean change with the seasons? In other words, is there a "tidal" high and low that is driven by temperature instead of the moon?

Posted: 25 May 2017 05:54 PM PDT

The ocean's mass will remain about the same, I understand that. But water's density is a function of temperature, so given a difference in the temperature of a region of the ocean in winter and a region of the ocean in the summer, the density of the ocean will vary. Assuming the following conditions (one being ocean in absolute winter, one being ocean in peak summer) consider the difference in volume between the two conditions:

Temp. (degrees centigrade) Density (slugs/cubic foot)
32 1.940
80 1.934

This is a mere .31% change in volume, but consider the total volume of the ocean is 300,000,000 cubic miles Does that mean that the 'summer' side of the globe has 93 million more cubic miles of ocean than the 'winter' side? If the earth's surface is 196.6 million cubic miles, that would mean temperature can raise or lower sea levels by almost half a mile!

I know this doesn't happen, I know there are thermal gradients that connect the peak high and low temperatures of ocean, and I know that the ocean is an open system and will want to self level. But do we see sea levels rise and fall slightly with average temperature? I would assume that shore lines would not notice this change because of ocean depth being small, and this difference being tremendous when the ocean is deep.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/WhereThePeachesGrow
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Does the time in the other galaxies is like the time on Earth?

Posted: 26 May 2017 01:37 AM PDT

What I am trying to say is does the time in Andromeda or other galaxy is slower or faster compaired to ours becouse they are moving(maybe with different speed)? And if I were on spaceship that is not in any galaxy and it is completely stopped, how different would the time go for me compaired to someone that is on Earth? I can't get this questions out of my head.(Sorry for my bad English)

submitted by /u/Mitko199
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What would happen if you separated a fertilized human egg cell right after it split for the first time?

Posted: 25 May 2017 12:26 PM PDT

Does intense concentration cause the brain to use up more glucose?

Posted: 25 May 2017 06:13 AM PDT

and if so does one need to eat more while studying?

plz say yes.

submitted by /u/killybegssealion
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How was this video made?

Posted: 25 May 2017 01:24 PM PDT

How does the band of stability work?

Posted: 25 May 2017 03:42 PM PDT

I don't understand why there is a certain ratio that satisfies the "band of stability." Why are the isotopes that lie outside the band unstable?

submitted by /u/PoopsEveryday
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How soon do electrons stop flowing when the p.d. is removed from a circuit?

Posted: 25 May 2017 10:19 AM PDT

And what causes the force which decelerates the electrons in the wire?

Also, for a loop of wire forming a high voltage circuit 1 light year long, how long would​ you have to wait after removing the voltage so that it is safe to touch the bare wire half way along?

Edit: voltage

submitted by /u/xkimlam
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How will we know when we reach perfect values for physical constants that require measurement like G or e-?

Posted: 25 May 2017 12:17 PM PDT

Thursday, May 25, 2017

Why does removing a battery and replacing the same battery (in a wireless mouse for example) work?

Why does removing a battery and replacing the same battery (in a wireless mouse for example) work?


Why does removing a battery and replacing the same battery (in a wireless mouse for example) work?

Posted: 25 May 2017 06:25 AM PDT

Basically as stated above. When my mouse's battery is presumably dead, I just take it out and put it right back in. Why does this work?

submitted by /u/J011Y1ND1AN
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If a Voyager I type probe were to approach Earth, at what distance/ range would it be from us until we could faesibly interact with it or retrieve it?

Posted: 25 May 2017 06:37 AM PDT

Why is the inverse square law so prominent in physics?

Posted: 25 May 2017 06:40 AM PDT

Almost every subject that my physics coursework covers has included an inverse square law (Newton's law of gravitational attraction, Coulomb's Law, Biot-Savart Law, intensity of radiation, etc). Is there something fundamental about an inverse square law, or is this all just purely coincidental?

submitted by /u/darman92
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Why can't photon have spin 0?

Posted: 24 May 2017 09:58 AM PDT

The z-projection of the photon's spin could be m_s = 0, +-1. Why though is m_s always -1 or +1? I understand that if m_s was zero, this would imply that the spin lies in the x,y-plane. Why is this not possible?

submitted by /u/dengmam
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What happens to the entropy of an object that gets sucked into a black hole?

Posted: 25 May 2017 06:31 AM PDT

Thinking of a black hole as an infinitesimal point implies it to only have one microstate. Since entropy, as I remember, is proportional to the log(# of microstates), a black hole would have zero entropy. This appears to violate the second law of thermodynamics; the entropy cannot disappear??

submitted by /u/Tom_ginsberg
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What's the difference between soft and hard rubber on the molecular level?

Posted: 25 May 2017 06:31 AM PDT

Would an hourglass measure the same amount of time on a planet/moon with a different gravitational pull?

Posted: 24 May 2017 05:59 PM PDT

Discussion: MinuteEarth's Newest Video On The Geographic Origins Of Different Foods

Posted: 24 May 2017 09:35 AM PDT

Hello everyone! Today on AskScience we're going to learn about where our food comes from! No, not just the ground, but the geographic origins of different foods! You can check out MinuteEarth's new video about the topic here.

We are joined by the video creator Alex Reich (/u/reichale) as well as two experts on the subject.

Colin Khoury (/u/Californensis) is a research scientist at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the USDA National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation. He studies how changes in global crop diversity affect human health and the environment, and is particularly interested in the wild relatives of food crops.

Nathanael Johnson (/u/Nathanael47) is a Grist staff writer and the author of two books. Nate specializes in stories about food, agriculture, and science. He has written pieces for Harper's, This American Life, and New York Magazine. He lives in Berkeley, California.

Feel free to hit them with username mentions in your comments.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can an endergonic reaction produce light?

Posted: 25 May 2017 04:47 AM PDT

Is the vapor from a liquid in equilibrium hotter than the liquid itself and if so does that violate thermodynamic principles?

Posted: 24 May 2017 08:28 AM PDT

In an adiabatic container, if you put a liquid there, at certain pressure there would be some particles with enough kinetic energy to overcome the inter-molecular forces and escape. So the gas must be made only of particles with high energy so the temperature must be higher.

Summing up, what would happen is that an object at temperature T would spontaneously "split up" into an object with less temperature and another with higher temperature. Isn't this against thermodynamic principles? What is wrong with my reasoning?

submitted by /u/clumsywatch
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Why is it currently less common for the earth to encounter a large comet or asteroid than it was millions of years ago?

Posted: 24 May 2017 03:26 PM PDT

I was reading Astrophysics for People in a Hurry and one of the lines gave me pause "earth's occasional encounters with large comets and asteroids, a formerly common event"

NDG doesn't explain why this is, simply that it was formerly a common event.

I assumed that it was either the universe was expanding and now there is more room and less collisions. Or perhaps that there are now less comets and asteroids since over time they have collided and been destroyed? Or something else I didn't think of at all? Thanks!

submitted by /u/NowMoreEpic
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Do we know the shape of the nucleus in an atom? We learned in school that its a a cluster of protons and neutrons but is there any proof of this? Can it be one round ball holding all of the information in a quantum state(meaning it could be in any place within the ball)?

Posted: 24 May 2017 05:00 PM PDT

If the size of electrons and protons are not equal, how is it that the charge/effect they have on the atom is equal?

Posted: 24 May 2017 04:57 PM PDT

I understand that protons are about 2000x bigger than an electron. For example, why, then, does it not require ≈ 2000 electrons in a Hydrogen atom for it to have a neutral charge? Why the 1:1 ration if the electron is so much smaller?

Even further, I suppose, how is it that these parts of the atom even have a charge? What is it about them that allow them to be positivie or negative? Thank you!

submitted by /u/Sealove64
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Is the Placebo Effect present in any animals beside humans?

Posted: 24 May 2017 03:58 PM PDT

What are some examples of environmental toxic outbreaks?

Posted: 25 May 2017 05:29 AM PDT

I'm looking to study environmental science in a few months and I'm reading up on toxic outbreaks but so far can only find examples such as toxic cynanobateria. I'm curious to know more. Does anyone know of any severe outbreaks? Is there an outbreak that has only presented in the last 10 years?

Thank-you :)

submitted by /u/Androidasylum
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What actually changes between weaker and more powerful versions of hardware? And what makes it more expensive?

Posted: 24 May 2017 09:12 AM PDT

Most all electronics come in vastly different levels of computational power, speed or storage space.

But iterations of one type of hardware - especially if they are the same brand and/or form factor - tend to look the exact same, externally.

CPU's are mostly the same size, aren't they? And even more so with storage devices: m.2 SSDs all look more or less the same! SD cards - or microSD - look all alike, even those times when I could find teardowns of them . . . yet, there is a vast difference between speeds or storage size!

Which brings me to the second part of this question: pricing. I would instinctively say that materials should make up most of the cost of any given piece of tech - with manufacturing, R&D, marketing and the like not being as incisive, given the sheer amount of products made and sold. And given that, as I said earlier, form factors are mostly the same, I would think that the internals shouldn't differ that much!

Yet, there is sadly an all too tangible difference between a i3 and a i7 CPU (and even more so across generations), or between a ~$13 32GB microSD, and a $200 256GB one!

submitted by /u/Yeltsin86
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Why is the southwest area of China cold?

Posted: 25 May 2017 07:38 AM PDT

As shown in this picture http://imgur.com/a/QqnJ6 from this website ventusky.com

What makes such a large difference between India and China?

submitted by /u/CasualTea_
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Why does FTL/tachyons defy causality?

Posted: 25 May 2017 05:18 AM PDT

It is my understanding that causality, being cause and effect, would be defied by reverse-time-travel. If I know Jim is going to die before he does, I can prevent it; causality broken. That being said, if I know he's going to die before the photons showing his death strike me, I am no more able to prevent it than if I find out by conventional means. No matter how fast you are, even including FTL movements and instantaneous reflexes, you can not prevent an event that has occurred.

I have a redditor's understanding of why FTL is impossible for known-particles, keep in mind that this question is about causality specifically.

edit: is it just because the object would also move backward in time?

submitted by /u/Carfiter
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Is Kirchhoff's law in electronic circuits just Faraday's law for electrostatics?

Posted: 25 May 2017 01:30 AM PDT

The integral of the electric field along a closed path is zero. Although electronic circuits aren't really electrostatics, as the charges are moving around.

submitted by /u/crih
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Radioactive decay, rocks, and helium, as radioactive material decay helium is released, shouldn't there be no helium in the rocks at this point due to the age of the earth and the rate of decay?

Posted: 24 May 2017 09:20 AM PDT

If a telescope can show light from a star 900 years ago, would a larger telescope one the same star show the light more recently?

Posted: 25 May 2017 04:49 AM PDT

I think that title is probably a mess.

I use telescope 1 to view star A and it took that light 900 years to travel to telescope 1.

If I use telescope 2 (which is much stronger than telescope 1) to view star A, would it be possible that the light is only 850 (random number) years old?

submitted by /u/ProgGirl
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How do we know that entangled particles don't have predetermined spins from the very start?

Posted: 24 May 2017 02:49 PM PDT

If we measure one of entangled particles, the other one immediately gets opposite spin. But how do we know that their spin wasn't "chosen" before we measured them? Like, upon creation one was up-ish and the other was down-ish. We can't possibly know their spin without measuring, right?

submitted by /u/adzik1
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