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Tuesday, December 6, 2016

With many devices today using Lithium to power them, how much Li is left in the earth?

With many devices today using Lithium to power them, how much Li is left in the earth?


With many devices today using Lithium to power them, how much Li is left in the earth?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 06:48 PM PST

What is the minimum amount of matter that may form a black hole?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 09:32 AM PST

Measuring a star's wobble is used to detect exoplanets, but how can the technique differentiate between one, or greater than two objects?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 12:52 PM PST

Thank you.

submitted by /u/GetInTheFight
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Could fusion power offset helium depletion?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 05:33 AM PST

If we in an imagined future got say 10% of our energy from fusion. Would the helium biproducts be enough for to satisfy our need for helium in science? What about both science and "recreational" use of helium?

submitted by /u/tazfriend
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Whу іs саrtіlаgе sо slоw tо rераіr?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 02:11 PM PST

Соuld іt bе duе tо сhоdnrосуtе рrоlfіеrаtіоn bеіng lоw, оr mаtrіх sуnthеsіs bеіng lоw, оr іs іt sоmеthіng еlsе whісh іs саusіng іt tо hеаl sо slоwlу?

submitted by /u/redditsci
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Why does water boil in a vacuum?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 07:19 AM PST

My father told me that when he was a kid, he did a physics-experiment in his school where he put a glas of water in some sort of vacuumchamber. And as the chamber created a greater vacuum the water would more easily boil. I asked him why that is but he does not remember and he didn't pay that much attention anyway. How come water boils in a vacuum and does it boil no mather the temperture?

submitted by /u/TiruM8
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Can "quantum weirdness" be understood in terms of information?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 04:30 AM PST

As far as I've been able to tell, in the quantum view, measurable physical entities are considered to be in two kinds of states: measured and non-measured.

When they are measured, the values of certain measurable values are leaked into another system (the measurement apparatus is one of these), and they get assigned a definite value.

So "measurement" simply means that information gets leaked from the measured system to the one that does the measuring.

Does it make sense to see measurement this way?

I've gathered this from reading about non-interacting measurement, that is, when the apparatus does not actually interact with what's measured, it just constrains its path in such a way so as to "know" what it's doing, even if it isn't actively checking. But when the experiment is set up in such a way so as not to leak information, physical systems evolve as if the measureable variables have all the possible values allowed by the experimental setup. This is usually called a "superposition".

Does it make sense to see superposition this way?

This seems to be the logic behind quantum computing: get some bits ready, isolate them informationally from the environment and let them go wild. Unmeasured, they will follow all allowed paths and compute things faster as if they were observed to follow specific paths. More types of logical gates are possible with new paths. You perform a measurement at the end to get the result.

Does it make sense to see quantum computing this way?

Entanglement seems to simply mean that two (or more) particles are informationally isolated from the environment, but not from eachother, with their measurable values correlated in a specific way. So they exist in their own "informational bubble", even when separated by large physical distances. A measurement of any of the entangled particles is like a breach in this bubble, which instantly reveals its entire structure to the system which measured it.

How's my take on entanglement?

From the point of view of any physical system, the evolution of other physical systems (including physical systems with only one member, single entities) is inevitably described by probability waves because as long as they are "out of touch", you can only have a vague hunch about what values they will have the next time you "connect" to them via measurement.

Does it make sense to view things this way? I work as a coder so thinking in terms of information transfer comes more naturally.

submitted by /u/Bubba_the_King
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How many stars were needed to supply all the elements in the solar system ?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 06:29 PM PST

Hey there, first of all I know that there was hydrogen and some helium, lithium and berylium formed during the big bang. But the other day I was looking at a spoon and was just thinking "wow, this was forged inside a/some stars".

So, was our solar system seeded by a unique star, a few stars or a shitload of stars ? Is there anyway to know with isotopes ?

Thank you

submitted by /u/TheTurp
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How will fusion reactors harness energy?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 07:06 AM PST

Over the years I have seen a lot about fusion reactors containing heat and energy. I understand the basic idea of containing plasma in a strong magnetic field. This way no energy gets transferred to the container. But I have never heard of a mechanism to safely use that heat/energy. How would one get the energy they are producing in a fusion reactor? I know how current fission reactors do it, but that system doesn't seem like it would work. Am I wrong?

submitted by /u/WimyWamWamWozl
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[Biology] Is there any advantage to having a slitted pupil over a round pupil?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 03:17 PM PST

With LED lighting seemingly taking over the lighting market, how much phosphorous is left in the earth to be mined?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 03:49 AM PST

Could a stationary bike with a generator really be used to power lights and simple appliances for 24 hours with only one hour of pedaling?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 05:56 AM PST

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/energy/2015/10/151006-energy-drink-billionaire-wants-to-power-homes-with-bikes/

According to Manoj Bhargava (U.S. Billionaire 5 hour energy drink) he has built a stationary bike with a generator that can do just that. I remember going to the science centre when I was younger and pedalling my butt off on a stationary bike just to get a lightbulb to stay dimly lit. How efficient would the generator have to be to achieve 24 hours of power with only one hour of pedalling?

submitted by /u/hunter116
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Why is 683lm/W maximum efficiency?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 11:55 PM PST

Currently studying for exams, and mye lecture book mentions that 683lm/W is max (theoretical) efficiency we can get out of a laser/anything that produces light?

submitted by /u/Clipperduck
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[Physics] Why does Nuclear Fusion only occur at such high heat?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 07:10 AM PST

I'm curious as to why nuclear fusion must happen at such high heat (100 million degrees C) rather than being achievable at a lower temperature.

submitted by /u/idiotsonfire
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What scale does gravity start working on?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 10:29 PM PST

I've heard before that gravity doesn't work on a quantum scale, so I assume this means that gravity doesn't effect quantum particles. However, where does it start working? Quarks? Sub-Atomic Particles? Atoms? Molecules? Do we even know?

submitted by /u/ohdaviing
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Is light outside the visible spectrum made out of photons? If so, how do they manage to penetrate walls unlike visible light?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 01:35 AM PST

How did old satellites transmit photo's to earth? Did they have a digital camera?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 10:32 AM PST

So how did they do it? Did they use CRT camera's and send an analogue video feed to earth? Of did they actually take photographs?

submitted by /u/domlang
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Is a perfect sphere of glass indestructible?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 01:04 AM PST

I had a thought, where if there is a sphere of glass that is mathematically perfect, down to a subatomic level, would that sphere then be indestructible? My reasoning (which might be incorrect) is that Rupert's Drop (the glass droplets that are super strong) are so strong because there is the same amount of force being applied across the entire surface of the drop (minus the tail), and so if they are super strong even while having the miniscule imperfections, would a flawless one not be ultra strong or indestructible? Obviously this idea isn't physically possible but I'm just wondering from a mathematical perspective.

submitted by /u/electrcboogaloo
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With SSD speeds getting faster and faster, will they eventually supersede the need for RAM?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 04:12 AM PST

how rare is a tectonic plate system in the solar system/known planets?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 12:07 AM PST

How did the photon temperature drop in a matter dominated universe, while still coupled?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 11:37 AM PST

For a pure radiation dominated universe the temperature (T) drops inversly to its scale factor (a), that is: T~a-1. For a pure matter dominated universe we have T~a-2. I would assume that in a matter dominated universe between 47000 years (radiation-matter equivalence) and 380000 years (photon-decoupling) after the big bang, the temperature of the universe would drop somewhere in between. However I have also read (in a random slide show pdf) that the photon temperature goes as T~a-1 in both cases. Which is true?

submitted by /u/Lassetass
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Why don't IR thermometers work well on shiny surfaces?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 03:33 AM PST

If sound generates heat, how much or how loud of a sound would you need to get a 1°C increase in temperature?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 05:04 PM PST

Theoretically

submitted by /u/Sgt_Wafflezz
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What caused the switch in the 40s from more girls to more boys to be born?

Posted: 06 Dec 2016 01:30 AM PST

So incidentally, while trying to learn python, I made an interesting discovery. I tried to do some excercises in data analysis and for that purpose downloaded the full register of US babynames from SSA available at their website. I managed to produce this curious graph.

As one can see there were more births of girls until the 40s, then the boys started to take over. In general I have heard that due to the fact that male sperm carries a Y chromosome which is lighter thatn an X-chromosome makes male sperm more likely to reach the egg first so we should expect more males to be born in general. However I don#t think biology was different before the 40s so I rather assume this is due to more complex reasons such as economic etc.

Thanks to anyone who can enlighten me!

submitted by /u/schawsk
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Monday, December 5, 2016

[Biology] Is it theoretically possible for a human to stop producing digestive waste?

[Biology] Is it theoretically possible for a human to stop producing digestive waste?


[Biology] Is it theoretically possible for a human to stop producing digestive waste?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 04:54 PM PST

If such a food existed that only gave the body exactly what it needed, could humans stop urination or defecation?

submitted by /u/ThePlanetX
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How can light carry momentum if it has no mass?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 05:53 AM PST

Why does the Laplace Transform work?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 06:16 PM PST

I study electrical engineering and we started using Laplace transforms. The only explanation we've gotten is that it's useful in solving problems. This is true, but why does it work? I have no intuition about why we're doing what we're doing with regard to performing the Laplace

submitted by /u/iRoastaJWhenIWakeUp
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How are food calories scientifically measured, and how well does this reflect what is actually biologically available in living systems?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 12:21 PM PST

What I have read suggests that basic values for caloric content are derived from bomb calorimeter studies, which seems to just represent how much heat energy can be given off by the substance through igniting it making careful measurements.

Obviously this would not be a perfect surrogate for calories available to all living systems. For instance humans are unable to digest cellulose, so although it could give off energy on ignition, it would not be biologically available to humans. So how did we figure out calorie content for various complex foods and what its functional impact would be on human nutrition?

submitted by /u/SixtySecondsWorth
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Does learning change our genetics?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 05:13 PM PST

Let's say I have two generations of humans. Let's say over 100 years there are five generations so a new person every 20 years. If I teach math up to the college level every generation in generation A but teach math up to junior high to ever generation in generation B, will the 6th generation of generation A be able to learn math better than the 6th generation of generation B? That is, if everything is held constant, does raw acquisition of knowledge change our genetics in such a way that the next generation will have genetics that will incline them to acquire knowledge quicker or understand information better? I hope I clarified the question, but if not please let me know, and I'll use another example.

submitted by /u/ArrowsUp
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Why doesn't the latest sunrise or earliest sunset coincide with the shortest day of the year?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 06:17 AM PST

Why are they are always off by a few days? For example, In Sydney NSW (AU), the shortest day of the year was June 21, but the latest sunrise was not until Jun 24, and the earliest sunset was on each day between Jun 5 and 18.

submitted by /u/1BitcoinOrBust
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Could you still accelerate on a playground swing if the fulcrum were perfectly frictionless, or would all your body motions just cancel out?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 12:59 PM PST

This one is doing a real number on my mechanics intuition!

On our frictionless swing, just pulling with your arms and kicking with your legs seems like it should be futile, since the forces should all cancel out when you pull your arms and legs back.

BUT, if you were to stand up on this frictionless swing, lean forward a bit, then jump and yank the chain up behind you, it seems like you could impart some energy into the system.

OK, so then what is happening when you normally pump up a swing with energy? Are you doing a trick using the friction in the fulcrum? Or are you doing a version of the above "jumping" inside your own body somehow? Or a combination of both?

Gack, my brain!

submitted by /u/SumDumScientist
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How do we know dates from genetics?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 04:13 PM PST

There's a lot of genetics-based inferences about population migrations and evolution. Take this sentence from wikipedia for example:

Sub-group X2 appears to have undergone extensive population expansion and dispersal around or soon after the Last Glacial Maximum, about 21,000 years ago.

The 21,000 years figure is based on what?

How much confidence should I put on this kind of knowledge?

submitted by /u/joe462
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Why is three phosphorylations the limit of Adenosine and not two or four?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 02:32 PM PST

Totally not procrastinating listening to protein kinase lecture.

submitted by /u/ZachF8119
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How do my eyes 'know' it is dark and therefore time to dilate?

Posted: 05 Dec 2016 04:55 AM PST

Are there any parts of Earth that cannot be photographed from a space satellite?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 01:43 PM PST

... due to physics. Maybe the satellite can't fly over that part of the Earth due to orbital physics? Or some other law of physics preventing any satellites from being able to fly over that part of Earth?

submitted by /u/cupboard1
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Can we predict the bulk properties of elements in the island of stability?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 12:54 PM PST

In Schlock Mercenary, they use those elements as unobtainium like they're super strong. Do we know if they are? Do we have reason to expect them to be?

While I'm at it, how about metastable metallic hydrogen? I'm not even entirely clear as to if that would be a liquid or solid.

submitted by /u/DCarrier
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Why aren't the caps from plastic bottles recyclable?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 09:41 AM PST

And why don't they make recyclable caps?

They always tell you to remove the cap before recycling, but what about that little ring that stays around the bottleneck when the cap is twisted off?

EDIT: My first post here, please be gentle. I flaired as "Earth Sciences" because I'm not sure where recycling fits in. Maybe Chemistry instead?

submitted by /u/disposable_account01
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Can seawater be used in resomation/ alkaline hydrolysis?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 09:57 AM PST

Aubre De Grey's SENS program. Real science or pure speculation?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 04:02 PM PST

Some of you might be familiar with Aubrey De Grey's talks and his research via the SENS foundation. He is a gerontologist and basically claims that it can be possible in the next decades to develop therapies that will reverse the effect of aging, making everyone live a lot longer (maybe 1000s of years) as people will mostly not die of cancer or Alzheimers or other diseases of old age.

There's been many crackpots claiming things like this through history but Aubrey has explained his methods in detail in his book Ending Aging, he's a respectable scientist and there's even been an open contest to disproof his theories, to the result of "this stuff is not impossible but looks difficult". So there's at least some plausibility and credentials behind the whole effort.

Here's an introduction to his "7 step" program to cure all effect of aging. Therapies that address all 7 can potentially revert the body to a younger state (his claim).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence

The question is, especially for other gerontologists and biologists in the hall. How crazy is all this? I've heard before that although not impossible, some of the claims behind some of those specific "7 steps" are wildly optimistic and not likely to happen in 100s of years. For example, one of those steps seems to be basically similar to "cure cancer". Is that accurate?

I'm 100% disinterested in the moral/ethical angle of all this (where would we put all people? Wouldn't just the rich live forever? Etc.). I'm just interested in the question, is it possible? Likely? SENS foundation is woefully underfunded so even if there's a remote possibility that this could all work it stands to reason we should all donate them money to find out.

A video of him explaining his methods (there's hundreds in YouTube, also interviews and debates)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMAwnA5WvLc

His foundation:

http://www.sens.org/

His book

https://www.amazon.com/Ending-Aging-Rejuvenation-Breakthroughs-Lifetime/dp/0312367074

submitted by /u/LazerEyesVR
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Do other properties like charge have a similar relationship to space-time as mass?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 11:46 AM PST

Hypothetically, if you were able to concentrate a large amount of positive (or negative) charge, for example, would you observe space-time curvature that resembles what happens with large concentrations of mass? If not, would there be any other expected changes, and what is it that's "special" about mass in comparison to other similar scalar properties?

submitted by /u/dark-eyes
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Is there any natural evidence of the higher dimensions or have we totally made the concept up?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 12:03 PM PST

It makes sense (though I can barely comprehend it) and was wondering if there has been any real sitings of fourth dimensional objects or activity. I was thinking maybe in quantum level since I heard the physics there doesn't behave normally?

submitted by /u/Gmoore5
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Can you measure irrational numbers in real life?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 12:30 PM PST

My roommate asked me this a couple minutes ago and we could not figure it out. She was looking at the kitchen floor tiles and wondering how the diagonal of the tile, assuming the tile is a 1x1 square, can be measured with a ruler if it is an irrational number (square root of 2).

I believe that with a infinitely sensitive ruler, we could be able to measure it right.

Is the reasoning correct? What are your thoughts scientists?

Thanks

submitted by /u/camparispritz
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Why do inductors become open circuits at high or "infinite" frequency?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 08:21 PM PST

My understanding is that the frequency changing nearly instantaneously would essentially fry the inductor as it tries to resist change in current. So, is this correct and is there more to it? Or am I going in the wrong direction?

submitted by /u/wowwowwubzzzzie
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What creates chaos in a dynamical, 4-body celestial system with zero total momentum?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 11:52 AM PST

I've used a program called VPython to create a 4-body system in which the positions and velocities of the bodies are numerically integrated from the universal law of gravitation. Giving each body some initial momentum such that the total momentum is equal to zero, the simulation shows the bodies rotating in closed orbits of some kind about their combined center of mass. At some point, however, the system always destabilizes itself, and the orbits become chaotic. Does anybody know that might cause this? If not an error in the accuracy of the code, is this rooted in some aspect of chaos theory that I do not understand? Thank you for any help.

submitted by /u/bobobob19
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How do animals consciously control chromatophores? How do their brains interface with the cells?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 09:48 AM PST

How much CO2 does the internet produce now?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 11:20 AM PST

I've searched a bit for this question but i couldnt find an accurate description that seemed trusted AND is recent (i figured this changed a very lot last years)

so i wonder how much CO2 or energy the internet uses globally in X amount of time. This is probablly a very hard question considering you could include or exclude production and use (eg charging) of hardware, keeping up servers, etc etc.

Well i dont even know how to phrase this better but i think the question in general is clear :3

submitted by /u/ilcaput
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Sunday, December 4, 2016

Why are snowflakes flat?

Why are snowflakes flat?


Why are snowflakes flat?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 08:49 AM PST

Why do snowflakes crystalize the way they do? Wouldn't it make more sense if snowflakes were 3-D?

submitted by /u/TrailOfPears
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What factors determine the number of photons that need to hit a telescope (per second) for the light source to be seen?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 05:07 AM PST

How do physical forces, such as gravity, of two objects solve their effects on each other simultaneously?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 11:11 PM PST

Say we have two objects in space orbiting each other and we want to understand how each object affects the other object. We can calculate the forces at a point in time by freezing the system and using those values in whatever equation we are using. This is how a computer simulation works, with each iteration the variables are consecutively calculated based on the current system state. In reality wouldn't the forces be instantly applied to the other object?

submitted by /u/molotovtommy
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If gravity waves squeeze/stretch spacetime then why isn't the wavelength of the light waves in LIGO affected in the same way as the length of the detector itself?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 08:21 PM PST

I'm not going to pretend that I have an significant understanding of GR, but what I don't understand is how the interference due to length change caused by gravity works. They always say that the gravity waves change the lengths of the arms in LIGO, and since they are perpendicular, as the waves pass through the destructive interference starts to break down since the two arms change differently and they see a signal. I just don't understand why if one of the arms of LIGO contracted as a wave passed through, the light traveling through that arm would not just be effected in a similar way. Shouldn't the gravity waves be effecting everything in space the same? What subtlety about light in GR am I missing here?

submitted by /u/Trogossitidae
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What does it look like when a 4D object passes through our 3rd dimension?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 04:50 AM PST

Just watched flatland, and found this part interesting: https://youtu.be/eyuNrm4VK2w?t=40m48s (you only have to watch like 15 secs)

In that part of the movie, a 3d sphere passes through a 2 dimensional world. Are there any animations made in 3d where we could see what it looks like when a 4d object passes through our dimension?

submitted by /u/Mastersofus
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Does temperature change if you go faster?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 03:34 AM PST

When you go faster, time dilation increases. But when time dilation increases, molecules tend to move slower. when molecules move slower people say that the temperature has decreased. For the person that is travelling on high speed (80% of the speed of light) it's temperature is normal. But does his temperature differ for the persons that are standing still?

submitted by /u/timvgr
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Why do liquids form a rough sphere when there is no gravity?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 09:47 PM PST

Just watched a trailer for Passengers and saw the part where she was drowning in globs of water and it made me curious.

submitted by /u/bigfrogiant95
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How can you prove that a mathematical problem cannot be analytically solved?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 04:31 PM PST

For example, some models in mechanical engineering or EM modelling, or some simple equations and integrals which are always computed numerically. How can you tell that some equation is fundamentally impossible to solve/derive by other means than computation/trial and error?

submitted by /u/NeverFurious
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Why is a voltage produced in an Ussing chamber when two ions are flowing in opposite directions to eachother?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 04:45 AM PST

I carried out this experiment at university the other week and I'm struggling to wrap my head around the concept.

Imagine that one half-chamber contains a solution of 100mM KCl and 1mM NaCl, whilst the opposite half chamber contains a solution of 1mM KCl and 100mM NaCl. When we measured the potential difference, there was a voltage of 4.9mV.

I don't understand why this happens if there are equal and opposite gradients of KCl and NaCl across the membrane, because surely the voltage should have 'cancelled out'?

submitted by /u/justanumber1234
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In a closed container when heat is added the pressure changes, but volume, density, and mass stay the same, how?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 07:16 PM PST

How exactly can pressure change if density stays the same?

submitted by /u/Calidude7
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What are some possible causes for lithium depletion in the universe / solar system?

Posted: 04 Dec 2016 02:55 AM PST

As can be seen in this gif, the abundance of elements drops at lithium (Li), remains low at beryllium (Be), and picks up again after boron (B).

I know that solar fusion in the core produces heavier and heavier elements. So one would expect the zig-zag pattern to remain while decreasing as the atomic number increases. Li, Be, and B should have higher abundances based on this. Apparently, some gravitational mechanism of stars may be behind depletion of trace amounts of Li, but not nearly enough to account for this discrepancy.

A physics professor mentioned something about cosmic rays being the cause, while an online article (I forgot the source) mentioned that some yet-to-be-discovered particle physics is the cause. I don't understand how either of these could be the cause. And if there are other causes of lithium depletion, I'm curious about those as well.

submitted by /u/mmmikeyyy
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How does the production of lactase decrease over time in individuals who are lactose intolerant?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 12:15 PM PST

I know that lactase production decreases because humans used to not require lactase after they were weaned, but how exactly does the body go about downregulating this genes (LCT via MCM6 I believe)?

submitted by /u/Beor_of_Beleriand
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In transistor doping, how are boron and phosphorous inserted uniformly into the large chain/sheet of silicon?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 01:32 PM PST

Also, how are so many transistors printed in such a short amount of time? Nowadays there are billions of transistors on a processor. But each one is a separate unit, right? How are so many printed while still all being able to function distinctly and correctly?

submitted by /u/AyyBodyFrizzesAlone
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Why do laptop chargers need the blocky bit halfway down the cord?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 08:58 AM PST

Is there an interpretation of the Advection Equations for Gravitational Potential in General Relativity?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 02:29 PM PST

I was working with the Wave Equation form of gravitational potential in General Relativity, in which the vacuum form of the Einstein field equations gives (I believe)

(d/dt)2I - c2 ΔI = 0

where I represents gravitational potential. Exploring the properties of this operation, you can see that

[ (d/dt)2 - c2 Δ ]I = 0

[ (d/dt)2 - c2 ∇•∇ ]I = 0

[ (d/dt) + c∇ ]•[ (d/dt) - c∇ ] = 0

(d/dt) + c∇ = 0 -or- (d/dt) - c∇ = 0

Which apparently make up the advection equations. I've never been a physics student so I'm not sure what these advection equations mean exactly. Wikipedia explains that "Advection is the transport of a substance. The properties of that substance are carried with it."

Does this have meaning in GR? Is there a "substance" being transported away, as in gravitational radiation?

Please excuse my ignorance - this is far from my main field of study (I'm a statistician).

Edit: I'm specifically trying to understand gravitational waves and their relation to gravitational radiation. I noticed this today when I was researching the (weak field limit) Einstein Field Equations and couldn't find any further information on this topic.

Edit edit: when I say "gravitational radiation" I mean the loss of mass/energy/momentum in a system through the propagation of gravitational waves. I'm trying to understand how the waves signal an inherent loss of such quantities.

submitted by /u/The_Sodomeister
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What is the exact reason to why tokamaks doesn't generate energy?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 08:46 AM PST

I couldn't find a clear answer online to this answer, so I figured I would post it here.

What is the exact reason to why tokamaks (or any magnetically confined reactor) doesn't work? I know it takes a lot of energy to heat the plasma and to contain it, and that we can only do that for short periods of time.

But what is the limiting factor? What step do we need to overcome to make fusion reactors produce energy?

I'd be thankful if you included sources!

submitted by /u/Chasar1
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Realistically (but pushing "framerate" and resolution to their expected limits), what is the smallest and fastest thing we can hope to ever "see" using any kind of microscope or similar instruments ? What are the different "limitation walls" we are poised to encounter ?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 09:41 AM PST

For context, i ask this question after seeing this gif in r/chemicalreactiongifs, that piqued my curiosity. It is a video of two gold nanoparticles merging together while imaged by an electron microscope.

 

So, provided we improve existing technology and push it to its theoretical limits:

  • What is the best resolution we can ever hope to achieve ?

  • What is the highest "framerate" we can ever hope to achieve at these tiny scales ?

  • As a bonus question: are new microscopy techniques investigated to go beyond expected limits of current instruments ?

 

Thanks !

submitted by /u/Keuwa
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What exactly is the relativistic mechanism that gives gold and caesium their golden colour?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 10:51 AM PST

In heavier atoms, the inner 1s electrons have speeds such that relativistic effects cannot be ignored. How does this affect the atoms' orbitals? And why not all heavy elements display obvious bizarre properties like, for example, the golden colour? Between gold and caesium there are several elements, and I never heard of anything relativistic-related happening to their properties.

Thanks in advance for your replies!

submitted by /u/Lichewitz
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What is the purpose or function of DNA laddering when apoptosis is triggered in a human cell?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 12:04 PM PST

In my biochemistry class we are learning about the process of apoptosis. In the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, cytochrome c is released into the cytosol from the mitochondria, along with other proteins like apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). We learned that AIF goes into the nucelus to trigger DNA laddering, but what is the actual purpose or function of the laddering? Cytochrome c is already triggering a caspase cascade to cause apoptosis.

I know it is helpful for scientists to recognize whether a cell has undergone apoptosis or necrosis, but is there a physiological purpose for the laddering?

submitted by /u/Godoffail
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Due to its proximity to the asteroid belt, how much more likely is Mars to suffer asteroid impacts, if at all?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 10:29 AM PST

Due to its proximity to the asteroid belt, how much more likely is Mars to suffer asteroid impacts, if at all? What are the odds of us having to 'reseed' any possible future colony?

I was watching a video of asteroid collisions, followed by one about Mars colonization, and it made me think of this.

submitted by /u/buckfutter35
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Spacecraft reentry is notoriously hot. Why doesn't the nose of a rocket experience that during launch, too?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 09:19 AM PST

Isn't it going just as fast to reach orbit, as when returning from that orbit?

submitted by /u/myself248
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For what kind of signal does it hold true that its autocorrelation function at point zero is equal to zero?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 11:12 AM PST

Hello, this is a quick little question from a test in my signals and systems class:

What kind of signal is f(t) if R_f(0)=0?

I thought the signal has to be f=0 due to how the math works out but apparently that's either not true or only partly true. Is it because constant signal isn't really periodic and the equation doesn't hold true for it? Anyways if its true that f=0 is the wrong answer, I suspect maybe the answer is "there is no such signal"?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Ov3rpowered
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Why does sound travel faster through warmer than through colder air?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 10:36 AM PST

What happens physically when crossing the Termination Shock?

Posted: 03 Dec 2016 09:36 AM PST

So, at the Termination Shock, the bubble of solar wind plasma slows down, making it dense and hot. How did the Voyager 1 and 2 cope with this? How hot does it get? I may be uneducated on some crucial law of physics that clearly states how this doesn't matter, but I'm trying to wrap my head around the idea. Thank you, /r/askscience!

submitted by /u/Username_Chex_Mix
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