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Saturday, January 30, 2016

What are the fastest accelerating things we have ever built?

What are the fastest accelerating things we have ever built?


What are the fastest accelerating things we have ever built?

Posted:

After seeing a reddit post in where a rocket (or missile) accelerates to Mach 10 in 5 seconds, I now have the question if there is anything similar or faster than this. Edit: Link to the gif: http://i.imgur.com/l7v5FzZ.gifv The title of the gif states that the missile is accelerating with 100g.

submitted by /u/noodlesoup231
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Does dreaming serve a purpose? Is there some benefit to dreaming versus not dreaming?

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Does the term "escape velocity" describe a minimum orbital velocity or can an object escape merely by going straight up at that speed?

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Another way of thinking of this is whether the escape velocity varies with the angle of travel relative to a stable orbit or the planet surface.

submitted by /u/o2fill
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Does any other animal besides humans just sit down and think ?

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Can the Uncertainty Principle break down in superposition?

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This may be terribly misinformed or fundamentally flawed query that belongs on ShowerThoughts, but can someone explain the outcome of the following scenario?

Consider a single instrument that is capable of measuring both the momentum and position of a single particle asynchronously (For added entertainment, imagine it's a cat). The instrument's function fluctuates between the two states, never possessing both simultaneously. The condition of these fluctuations is a switch, the position of which is affected by the readings from a geiger counter positioned next to a sample of a radioactive substance. If this instrument were to be positioned so as to measure the momentum and position of a given particle in an alternating and random fashion, would the particle's momentum and position be known with equal precision albeit in a state of superposition, thereby defying the uncertainty principle?

submitted by /u/Lachy25
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Do Gravitational Waves Satisfy the Wave Equation?

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Recently started learning about waves and their associated wave functions, and I believe my lecturer said "all simple waves should satisfy this equation". Though Gravitational waves are no way simple, would they still satisfy it in some way or another?

submitted by /u/Branwolf
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Is 10^80 an accurate representation of the amount of atoms in the universe?

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I saw a post about how Google developed an algorithm to beat world championship 'Go' players. One person interviewed said "there are more board configurations of 'Go' than are atoms in the universe." I researched it further and sure enough a lot of sources say the estimated amount of atoms in the observable universe is estimated to be around 1080. That's an incredibly huge number, however, I don't buy it one bit. Considering that the observable universe is 46 billion light years in any direction from us, I can't believe that 1080 is an accurate representation.

Is this accurate? Is there a concept I might be missing or misunderstanding? Am I underestimating 1080?

submitted by /u/Meexley
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If we could see atoms, would the chemical bonds be visible?

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How does radiation from the sun compares to radiation from a wi-fi router?

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I'm having this discussion where I said that being out in the sun for one minute is much more harmful, in terms of radiation, than living with a wi-fi router in the house for a year. Now he wants citations and proof, but I can't find anything online that compares radiation from the sun and wi-fi routers. Thank you!

submitted by /u/Ell_Djej
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Is it possible that a great flood, similar to the story in the bible?

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Obviously I'm not saying that the biblical account is historical truth but I was wondering if there was any scientific, probably geological, evidence to show there was a massive flood (most likely regionally). This came about as I was looking into different mythologies which all talk about a great flood of sorts. this takes place in hebrew, greek, egyptian, some native american, and many other mythologies. I figured if there was a story about it in so many mythologies then it probably came from an actual event that took place.

EDIT: I took out the term globally because even before this got posted after mod approval I figure Global was already out of the question because when thinking about an actual cause for it, my thinking being a massive tsunami, i figured the closest the world has probably come to that was probably before the advent of humanity (as in like the idea of a giant meteor that wiped out the dinosaurs). I wanted to stress the idea of massive catastrophic regional floods. Plus people love to attack the global idea and forget the regional.

EDIT: Thank You for all the answers.

submitted by /u/heardhiscall
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If light travels fastest in a vacuum then would fiber optic cables transmit data faster if they were moved into space?

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Can Fluorine lose an electron and have a +1 charge?

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Falling through the earth?

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In my head, I've been playing with a model where I fall through the gravitation of the earth. I'm assuming I managed to dodge all the individual particles as I fall, so that I'm not stopped by smashing my head into the ground. Also obviously assuming I'm not going to die from it.

So usually when people answer this question (which is usually demonstrated as a hole through the earth so that you're not obstructed), you fall past the center until you're near the surface on the other side, and you bounce back between the two sides getting further from the surface each time until you eventually settle in the middle of the earth's gravitation.

But I was thinking, what about the gravitation of the particles around you, such as the gravitation of the particles in the atmosphere, crust, oceans and mantle - even though the earth as a structure would attract you towards the center, wouldn't the gravity of these regions also affect you as a gradient, thus changing the path?

Sorry if this is a wrong way of looking at it, feel free to correct me.

submitted by /u/daigonite
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Why isn't molality more common than molarity?

Posted:

I often seen molarity used to describe solutions all the time, and molality only as a problem for just number crunching practice. I even see %mass used more often than molality.

I used to think molarity seemed like the better measurement to use, but the more I think about it, the more molality seems to be the better measurement. It seems like it would be more accurate to prepare solutions by molality vs molarity due to molality being density-independent, along with molality being used to calculate effects like boiling/freezing point elevation/depression.

submitted by /u/DrWari
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Why will the Smith Cloud cause stars formations, after entering the Milky Way?

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A sparse cloud of gas enters the area with a more dense distribution of matter (do i understand galaxies right?) - why would it cause a burst of star formations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%27s_Cloud). Will it be caused by gravitational forces from galaxy bodies? But should not they tear apart the cloud?

And why is it called impact, collision with disk and so on? As the clouds gets closer - the forces will grow stronger over time, without any jumps or collision points.

submitted by /u/ShPavel
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If I were a cowboy on the run in a skyscraper, from which floor could I jump from before I killed my escape horse?

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How much energy would be needed to make the Ocean Boil?

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Since salt increases the amount of energy/temperature that is needed for water to boil, and with the high concentration of salt in the ocean, how much would be needed for it to reach its boiling point? Could you measure on a smaller scale with the same density of salt as the entire ocean?

Someone in a speech today said "you cannot boil the ocean" and it made me think of how much it would take.

submitted by /u/HxCElephantz
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I flip a fair coin over and over. I stop after the proportion of heads among all flips exceeds 80%, but not earlier than after 10 flips. What is the expected time before I stop?

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EDIT: the important part is whether I expect to stop at all.

submitted by /u/thetimujin
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Is eating a raw diet the healthiest method of sustinence?

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Aka a largely vegan diet? I've heard this argument a great deal from vegans. As well as the argument that "we aren't supposed to eat meat" I.e. "Meat eating is unnatural".

submitted by /u/Fumesofpoon
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Friday, January 29, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: I'm George Crabtree, Director of DOE’s Batteries and Energy Storage Hub and one of the leaders of the energy storage revolution that seeks to replace traditional, fossil fuel technologies with more sustainable alternatives. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm George Crabtree, Director of DOE’s Batteries and Energy Storage Hub and one of the leaders of the energy storage revolution that seeks to replace traditional, fossil fuel technologies with more sustainable alternatives. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm George Crabtree, Director of DOE’s Batteries and Energy Storage Hub and one of the leaders of the energy storage revolution that seeks to replace traditional, fossil fuel technologies with more sustainable alternatives. AMA!

Posted:

JCESR is essentially a research partnership integrating government, academic, and industrial researchers from many disciplines to overcome critical scientific and technical barriers and create new breakthrough energy storage technology. Using chemistry, computers and a host of other tools, our mission is to deliver two prototypes, one for transportation and one for the grid, which when scaled to manufacturing are capable of delivering five times the energy density at one-fifth the cost of the commercial batteries available at our launch in 2012.

I will be back at 2:00 pm EST (11 am PST, 7 pm UTC) to answer you questions.

submitted by /u/George_Crabtree
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Why can mosquito transmitted viruses, such as Zika, only be transmitted by a specific mosquito species?

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I'm struggling with the concept that a virus like Zika can only spread through a specific mosquito species, why not all mosquitos, fleas, ticks, and all the other blood suckers out there. Also, looking for a detailed explanation of the entire virus transfer from one person to another, I feel like I may not have a good grasp on the transfer process and I would like to understand it better. Thanks.

Edit: I have been informed I should have used genus instead of species in the title. thanks!

submitted by /u/explanationmark
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If I flip a coin. Tails I stop and heads I flip again. What will be the average coin flip before I stop?

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How exactly are memories forgotten, and where do they go?

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Why do electrical clocks drift and why are atomic clocks more accurate and don't drift as much?

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I know some use vibrating quartz. Are the vibrations just not measured accurately or is it something to do with the quartz? Any other thing you can think about this subject would be cool, or if you know of a good lecture/talk about it. Anyways thanks for taking the time to read.

submitted by /u/firehurts13
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Is evolution always a very slow and gradual process? Has there ever been a freak mutation, an extra weird little finger or something, that caught on and became streamlined and "healthy" over time?

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Was wondering about this as I toiled away

submitted by /u/asdfasdfasdf123451
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what is it called when you put others down for something you like that may be a little weird?

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So, what i'm wanting to know is what is it called when you feel weird for liking something, so when you hear someone openly say they like it you almost uncontrollably start treating them as less and almost make fun of them?

submitted by /u/SmokeDeToke
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When it snows heavily, why don't the snow clouds result in lightning and thunder?

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Like how rain clouds result in lightning and thunder?

submitted by /u/Verdanaveo
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"earth/ground" node in electrical circuits, how does it work?

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I can't get my head around earth/ground in electrical circuits, from what I understand the Earth itself is a reservoir of free electrons and it was used as a return pathway in single phase power transmission systems back in the days, but how? And from where these electrons come from?

The earth consists of rocks and dirt which they have a very high resistance to the flow of electrons, how can it be treated as a current carrier? The "ground node" as we refer to it is just a metallic rod/mesh buried in the ground

submitted by /u/rootofminusone
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Explanation of Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse. Specifically, why does adding bolts increase the load?

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The original design had a beam, with a bolt at the end, with the nut connected at the bottom.

The constructed structure had a beam with two bolts, the bolt closest the the center had a nut connected at the top, and the bolt at the end had a bolt connected at the bottom.

Here is the image if my explanation was hard to follow: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/HRWalkway.svg

submitted by /u/anooblol
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Why does a photons frequency increase when it has more energy?

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What about the energy increase causes this?

submitted by /u/vacantbanana
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when a gene is recessive both parents need that gene in order for the trait to show, does this also mean that when both parents have that gene that definitely shows up?

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since the "ginger-gene" is recessive do all siblings have red hair then?

TL;DR: is my sister my sister?

submitted by /u/Enum1
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how are some neutron stars not black holes?

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facts 1- anything with a radius equal to to or smaller than its schwarzchild radius will become a black hole source

2- more massive objects can become black holes by a achieving a density equal to or greater than a less massive object would achieve upon reaching its schwarzchild radius source

3- the smallest observed mass of a neutron star is 1.1-1.4 solar mass source

4- the least dense neutron stars have a density of 3.7*1017 kg/cm3source

5- the sun would only need to achieve a density of 1.84*1016 kg/cm3 source

6- 1.1-1.4 and 3.71017 are greater than 1 and 1.841016 respectively

source- i think this is fairly self evident

clearly some of these facts are wrong but which and how

submitted by /u/randomredditor12345
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Help understanding pH of water?

Posted:

So I'm only in college biology1 and I'm not quite sure I understand what makes the acidity of water increase or decrease.

Tell me if I've got this right;

  1. Two water molecules are part of a hydrogen bond. This hydrogen bond overpowers the covalent bond and breaks one of the hydrogen atoms and steals it's proton, leaving behind an electron. This makes Hydronium (same as H+?) and hydroxide (same as OH-?)

  2. My textbook only addresses hydronium, saying that the more hydronium in the water the more acidic the water is.

So I understand if there's more hydronium, it's more acidic, but isn't the amount of hydronium the same as the amount of hydroxide?

Should it be saying "the more hydronium AND hydroxide in the water, the more acidic" ?

So then are we saying water, with a pH of 7, has an average amount of H+ and OH- and thusly water that is more alkaline has less than average number of H+ and OH- breaks?

submitted by /u/miiitchhh
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Thursday, January 28, 2016

Beta-blockers help dilate the blood vessels, but yet EP and NE cause vasodilation when they attach to beta-2-adrenergic receptors. Does that mean there are little to no Beta-2 receptors in the peripheral vessels, or does it mean less catecholamines bind to alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors?

Beta-blockers help dilate the blood vessels, but yet EP and NE cause vasodilation when they attach to beta-2-adrenergic receptors. Does that mean there are little to no Beta-2 receptors in the peripheral vessels, or does it mean less catecholamines bind to alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors?


Beta-blockers help dilate the blood vessels, but yet EP and NE cause vasodilation when they attach to beta-2-adrenergic receptors. Does that mean there are little to no Beta-2 receptors in the peripheral vessels, or does it mean less catecholamines bind to alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors?

Posted:

I am posting here because I do want an explanation, but I'd like it said in terms any average student would understand, which I don't think ELI5 would be able to provide this time around.

Edit: Thanks to all who have answered my question so far. I'm a nursing student taking Med-Surg (in my second semester out of four to take my NCLEX), which means for now a lot of the material is introductory, but so far I am understanding the material well decently.

submitted by /u/YourFinestPotions
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Does the concept of quantum tunneling translate into chemical reactions?

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Basically, does the idea of a particle tunneling through a barrier have any relation to reaction thermodynamics? For example, two elements react to form a molecule. For the reaction to occur, some amount of energy is required. Is it possible for the reaction to proceed through some "tunneling" mechanism by which the product is produced without making it over the energy barrier? Without the use of a catalyst or something along those lines, could the reactants "tunnel" through the energy barrier and form the product anyway?

submitted by /u/Farts_of_Wisdom
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DIY wind turbine blade aerodynamics. what is the optimal size/angle/material?

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I am using a old izuzu npr alternator for this turbine. I am using a belt system to increase RPMs making the automobile alternator a viable option for wind turbines with hopefully low drag. That being said - I have no clue how large I should make the blades/how thick the blades should be/what I should make said blades out of.

submitted by /u/musclemass220
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Is it possible for planets to orbit two stars, like a figure - eight kinda thing?

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If a perfectly spherical object that is completely uniform in mass has a spherical yet hollow core and another spherical and uniform mass object is placed directly in the center of the first object's cavity would it float?

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Assuming that neither masses are being acted upon by an outside gravity.

submitted by /u/Neilfromkansas
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Could a nuclear reactor operate in space?

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If we had a large space vessel that required vast amounts of electricity, could a nuclear reactor operate in space? It's my understanding nuclear reactors need to dissipate a high level of heat, is this possible in space?

submitted by /u/ezSpankOven
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Can we understand the Planck time and Planck length as the space-time minimal "grid" of the universe ?

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Hello, If the universe is a simulation (i'm not saying it is) or if we want to create a simulation of the universe at the most precise level, could the Planck time and Planck length be used as a grid where every object has a quantified position ?

-> Are the dimensions "analogical" or "numerical". Is there a space time grid ?

Thanks

submitted by /u/PrTesla
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If gravity propagates like light. What is it made of? Something similar to Photon?

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What is the maximum distance that a metal object can reliably be held in place by a magnet?

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Hey everyone, this question was formulated after taking a mechanical engineering control systems class this semester. Though the course is now behind me, the seed of an idea for a side project (inspired by one of our graded projects) has taken root in my head. I've been doing some googling around and tried to crunch some numbers, but I figured it couldn't hurt to ask engineers who have years of experience that have shaped your intuition.

Let's say that I have a hollow, 6" diameter globe with some kind of iron or steel on the inside. Not too heavy, and responsive to magnets. Super similar to stuff like this. If I use off-the-shelf parts and some really fine-tuned control systems, then my question is: what do you think is realistically the farthest distance from the magnetic controller that I could get the globe to stably levitate? Is the limit to that distance reliant on the magnet itself, the electronic controller, or the kind of positional detector (IR, etc) being used?

If this question has an easy answer, then I apologize...I couldn't find one myself, and I don't trust my own knowledge/assumptions to figure out a really good answer myself. Thanks everyone!

submitted by /u/Koh-the-Face-Stealer
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How do you figure out orbital resonance?

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i'm reading this book, nature's numbers, and I can't seem to grasp resonance. He gives an example of mercury, Rotational period - 58.65 days Orbital Period around sun - 87.92 days. He then multiplies 2 x 87.92 = 175.92 and then multiplies 3 x 58.65 = 175.95 showing mercury has a 2:3 resonance. Where does he get the 2 and the 3 to multiply the periods by?

submitted by /u/Jaime_loignon
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Why is Vmax always the same between a competitive inhibiter and a substrate?

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What if the concentration of a substrate greatly overpowers the competitive inhibiters? Or, am I misinterpreting what the velocity represents in a double-reciprical (line weaver Burk) plot?

submitted by /u/please_help_act
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Do beta blockers cause memory loss?

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Just played a game in which a character received a large dose of beta blockers as a child after a traumatic incident. In the game they say this caused entire memory loss relating to the aforementioned incident. Is any of this true? I know beta blockers can cause fuzziness, but could the reaction be this extreme? Or is it just the writers using a vague science term to justify the characters memory loss?

submitted by /u/HuffnPuff165
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How much amount of light is required to perceive colors?

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In a unlit room, it's pitch back to see. say, i have a light source (point) behind me, how much of light, illuminance or intensity, is required, so that i can start to perceive the colors of the objects in front of me? how much light is required for me to properly perceive the colors of the objects?
also, does the amount of light required depend on the size of the light source, position of the light source, distance of the colored objects from the light source/me, the size of the colored objects/room?

submitted by /u/man-i-cure
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Why do we associate certain colors as being good or evil?

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Is the normal force "real"?

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That is to say, is it a force that is distinguishable from the force "pushing" something against another, or is it something that isn't real but makes our model work.

submitted by /u/BrannistheMannis
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How do we know that the Earth's atmosphere used to contain more oxygen than nitrogen in the past?

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How electrons and holes in diodes separate from each other?

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It is easy to understand how electrons and holes recombine in the diode to produce light. But... how is the process for separating them after they have combined?

submitted by /u/Year12
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Is there a way to directly describe the intermolecular forces of water?

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Trying to model the bond forces between water molecules as I increase their temperature. So far the only thing I can find is that the intermolecular forces of a compound effect its boiling point, is there a unit of some sort that I can use to directly describe the force instead of indirect measurements such as viscosity or boiling point?

Also, if it can't be done as a whole because each IMF functions differently then describing them separately or as an average is fine as well.

EDIT: I've come across the fact that it takes 19kJ/mol to break the intermolecular bonds in water, but no site that mentions this seems to explain how that value was (experimentally?) derived.

submitted by /u/Gigahawk
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Do we have any idea what quarks might be made of?

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How much uniforme matter would we need to replace dark matter?

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If we would want to replace dark matter with a standard matter by filling the entire universe's vacuum with one element -- what element would that be, and in what proportion per cm2 of vacuum?

submitted by /u/grisanik
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How does quantum field theory align with/compare to the notion of spacetime?

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I'm getting confused about the relation of the two, if at all. Is space-time a manifestation of all three quantum fields? Is it instead a construct of the theory of relativity that falls apart when we begin to prove the forced actually underlying our universe?

submitted by /u/JimmyTango
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How thick in atoms does carbon need to be to absorb light?

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When a atom absorbs, and transmissions light, I have been told that single atoms are transparent, whatever the element. So how many atoms thick in carbon does it take to completely absorb all wavelength, and frequency of light. Is it basically as you increase the amount of atoms in a crystalline, or non crystalline structure, there is just too many electron absorbing the amount of photons hitting, and getting absorbed by the electrons, and light just cannot get through. The light just gets absorbed weather the material is amorphous, or not. So its only the energy of electron that will let light pass, and transmission through like in glass, and carbon diamond Is this correct. Thank you for your help, anything helps, even a few words.

submitted by /u/gammaknifeedu
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