What is a "zip file" or "compressed file?" How does formatting it that way compress it and what is compressing? | AskScience Blog

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Wednesday, April 12, 2017

What is a "zip file" or "compressed file?" How does formatting it that way compress it and what is compressing?

What is a "zip file" or "compressed file?" How does formatting it that way compress it and what is compressing?


What is a "zip file" or "compressed file?" How does formatting it that way compress it and what is compressing?

Posted: 12 Apr 2017 04:35 AM PDT

I understand the basic concept. It compresses the data to use less drive space. But how does it do that? How does my folder's data become smaller? Where does the "extra" or non-compressed data go?

submitted by /u/TheRaven1
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What differentiates edible gold from the gold in my computer or a ring?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 09:28 PM PDT

I've been watching a Youtube series called "Most Expensivest Sh*t". And in it the rapper Two Chainz basically reviews super expensive versions of everyday items. In one episode he tries a 5 dollar kernel of popcorn covered in "edible gold", what makes this gold edible and the gold you normally see inedible?

submitted by /u/Thenerdiest
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What exactly is the Navier-Stokes millennium problem trying to solve?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:37 PM PDT

I just took fluid mechanics 2 and I saw that there was a millennium problem regarding the Navier-Stokes eqn. Can someone elaborate on what it involves?

submitted by /u/Dab-O-Ranch
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Why is Turner syndrome a thing when extra X chromosomes are usually inactivated anyways?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 07:07 PM PDT

How does a DNA change appear in a trillion cells?

Posted: 12 Apr 2017 02:20 AM PDT

Methylation in epigenetics, or even a random mutation in DNA happens in one or a few cells - but how does it suddenly appear in all trillion cells, especially all the sperm cells, so that it is passed on?

submitted by /u/jnorris235
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 12 Apr 2017 08:04 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What determines whether a spray bottle will release a stream or spray?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 06:22 PM PDT

You can twist the nozzle on a spray bottle to change whether a stream of liquid or a spray comes out when you use it. Does that twisting action change the diameter of the orifice where the solution exits?

Additionally, is there a simple relationship describing how the orifice diameter, spray velocity, solution viscosity, etc. affects whether a stream or spray comes out?

submitted by /u/Quinos
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A conductive cable over a light-year long is connected to a positive & negative pole, how long until current flows?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 11:12 PM PDT

Assuming an infinitely large power source for the current. What would the electrical dynamics be if a cable capable of carrying the current from the (-) end to the (+) end starting the second of creating the complete circuit?
Do these electrical dynamics breakdown at some point of scale?
At this scale could we watch the 'flow' of electricity?

submitted by /u/FunkadelicAlex
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How does an artificial neural network work? How does it "learn", "evaluate" and "use" data accordingly?

Posted: 12 Apr 2017 02:53 AM PDT

Hello,

I've recently started getting interested in Artificial Neural Networks and, even though I'm a programmer, I can't grasp how the whole process works in terms of searching, scanning and evaluating, let alone storing and using new data as new criteria.

Does anybody have experience on the matter? I've checked wikipedia and similar results for a brief introduction on ANNs, but the concept is still far for me.

Thanks, have a great day :)

submitted by /u/IAMZizzi05
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Thought experiment: You have 100 coins. Flip each one: if heads remove the coin, if tails add 100 more coins. Keep flipping until you have no coins. Will this process ever terminate?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 01:21 PM PDT

It seems like it's never technically impossible, and it's an infinite process, which makes me think it must terminate eventually, but the process gets statistically more and more difficult to complete with each flip. What happens mathematically?

submitted by /u/Goodbye_Galaxy
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Why does derivation for the infinitely deep potential well electron energies use the standing wave on a string equation?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:57 PM PDT

In my textbook, the derivation for the infinite potential well energy formula:

E(n) = ((h2 / (8m(L2 )) *(n2 ) (1)

Is derived from considering the states of a fixed at 2 nodes:

L = (n*lambda) / 2 (2)

To derive the (1) I pasted, if we substitute lambda for the second equation into lambda = h / p we arrive at the first formula.

My question is however: this must imply that (2) is not merely used for an analogy to describe the energy states of an electron, we literally consider the wave formations of a string with two nodes and apply to the energy states of an electron. I'm new to learning this, so I'm still getting the concepts down, but how is this not only not used for analogy but actually used in the derivation? This has to do with an actual string with two nodes, not an electron pushed away with at two ends x = 0 and x = L. Could someone illuminate this logic for me?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/sangstar
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Is it possible to classically condition a function of the autonomic nervous system?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 04:44 PM PDT

The autonomic nervous system, for those who do not know, is what controls all the involuntary functions of the body, such as breathing, digestion, etc. By classical conditioning from psychology, is it possible, or have there been any examples of, organisms having a specific function of the autonomic nervous system triggered by an neutral stimulus?

submitted by /u/B_Wilks
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How does premature birth affect development throughout life (epigenetics?)

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 09:04 PM PDT

I was born two months premature, and at face value Im a pretty normal and fit guy, though I have atrocious ADD, I've never been the quickest on my feet in a conversation, and my personality feels a bit "cold". I don't feel I have any defects, but my joints do feel a bit "loose", for lack of a better word.

I never really considered how being born premature may have affected me, but as I started studying for a human biology degree I've started to think more about the possible epigenetic factors that influence development while in the womb, and maybe the added stress at birth from being separated in an incubator. Before I simply thought it would only impact somatic development, which would eventually catch up, but now I'm wondering if it may directly affect HOX genes.

Ive not really been able to find any good literature on the subject. Does anyone possibly know how premature birth can affect gene signalling?

submitted by /u/artesen
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How can the difference between two binomial distributions not follow a known probability distribution, but the difference between two normal distributions follow a normal distribution?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 04:51 PM PDT

Why doesn't the difference in binomial distributions follow a binomial distribution? Is it possible that the difference between binomial distributions follows a probability distribution that we just haven't discovered yet?

submitted by /u/Jdazzle217
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If we want to see things smaller than the wavelength of visible light, why can't we just make gamma ray microscopes?

Posted: 12 Apr 2017 12:01 AM PDT

I'm sure that there's a very good reason, but I don't know it.

submitted by /u/lirannl
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After learning a new language as an adult after a base language is known, what goes on in your brain as you speak the 2nd language? Does your brain translate the thoughts to the 1st language then to the 2nd language? How does this compare to learning 2 languages from birth?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:58 PM PDT

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