- PLOS Science Wednesday: Hi Reddit, we are Florian Markowetz and James Breton. We published a paper in PLOS Medicine showing resistance to cancer treatment may be related to the heterogeneity in the tumor, which has implications for drug effectiveness – Ask Us Anything!
- Modern alternatives to Freud's concept of Id, Ego and Superego?
- If a commercial airplane has both engines fail at cruising altitude, how far can it glide in an attempt to find a safe place to land?
- What is the time elapsed in a nuclear detonation?
- Why is 0! greater than 0.5! ?
- Can we emulate the superposition of quantum computers in a standard computing?
- Would temperature affect the duration and frequency of water rippling?
- How was pi first calculated? How is it calculated now?
- What does "structure of lowest energy" mean?
- How Did Life Begin?
- Why is a sodium-potassium alloy more reactive than either metal alone?
- Does the discovery of a new element require the nucleus to be surrounded in its ground-state electron configuration or is it sufficient to just synthesize the nucleus?
- Looked up "chirp mass" on Wikipedia and it leaves out the juicy part: why is it called a chirp mass?
- Can light ever reach Earth (or any celestial body) from a star that originated it?
- Conceptual explanation for the sum of all natural numbers (1+2+3=-1/12)?
- How did commonly found specialized organs such as the liver originally develop?
- What is the evolutionary cause for urination and defecation to be two separate bodily functions instead of one combined expulsion?
- How does anesthesia work? What effect does it have on the brain to knock a person out but not allow them to dream?
- What are Tachyons, and what is the likelihood that they really exist? If the do exist, what could the be used for?
- How do butterfly wings work aerodynamically?
- What happens to Newtonian physics and quantum field theory as your approach Planck's scale?
- Is degeneracy pressure a non-local phenomenon?
- Since the Earth is not a perfect sphere is gravity different on different places? If so, would that mean time passes differently in those places as well?
| Posted: 18 May 2016 04:53 AM PDT Hi Reddit, My name is Florian Markowetz and I am a cancer researcher at the University of Cambridge in the Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute. My lab and I try to understand how genetic variability between and within patients leads to differences in cancer progression and outcome. And my name is James Brenton and I am a senior group leader at the CRUK Cambridge Institute, where I study the functional genomics of ovarian cancer and lead on translational studies in the clinic as a medical oncologist at Cambridge University Hospitals. We recently published a paper titled "Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in high-grade serous ovarian cancer: a phylogenetic reconstruction" in PLOS Medicine. The main hypothesis that we were trying to test was whether the magnitude of intratumoural heterogeneity in a patient's ovarian cancer was a predictor of their outcome. For this, we developed new methods to parsimoniously reconstruct phylogenies using copy number profiles. We found evidence that resistance to treatment could be linked to the degree of genetic heterogeneity in the tumor. The more heterogeneous a tumor is, the more likely is it that the patient becomes resistant. Our study is small, but it identified what could be one of the key reasons why drugs stop being effective after some time. We are looking forward to exploring this topic further with you and will be answering your questions at 1pm ET -- Ask Us Anything! You can find out more about me (Florian) and my research at my lab's webpage and on my blog Scientific B-Sides. And don't forget to follow me on Twitter @markowetzlab. [link] [comments]  |
| Modern alternatives to Freud's concept of Id, Ego and Superego? Posted: 18 May 2016 03:53 AM PDT Freud's model, since its introduction, hasn't been changed or updated a lot and all modern psychoanalisys works are based on that almost a century old theory. I'm wondering if there are any alternatives in the modern psychology that explain the human psyche differently/more in depth, or taking into account current discoveries in the field of psychology? For instance, I'd like to know how such things as defensive mechanisms, primitive biologically based and survival instincts are being interpreted and linked to the human psyche nowadays. Thanks in advance. [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 17 May 2016 07:38 PM PDT |
| What is the time elapsed in a nuclear detonation? Posted: 18 May 2016 02:58 AM PDT All I can find is speed of the shockwave, but how fast is the nuclear reaction going? I'm guessing the atomic fission occurs on the order of nanoseconds. Also, the violence of the detonation is because of the fast energy release, so then if the event could occur in, say, attoseconds, would that mean an even greater force? Conversely, if it were slowed down to "one hour" let's say, then what would that look like? [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 17 May 2016 07:13 PM PDT When I type 0.5! into my calculator, I get 0.8862.... But when I type 0! into my calculator, it gives me 1. How can a factorial of a smaller number be larger than a factorial of a larger number? I understand whole number factorials, but I don't understand decimal factorials at all. Also, how is it possible to have a factorial of a non-whole number? Is there some advanced way of defining factorials that we aren't taught in highschool? [link] [comments]  |
| Can we emulate the superposition of quantum computers in a standard computing? Posted: 17 May 2016 08:48 PM PDT Hey /r/askscience, I searched and I could not find my question asked or answered. Is it possible to emulate the superposition of quantum computers in standard computing? My very basic (and perhaps flawed) understanding of quantum computers is that due to the nature of quantum particles, qubits could be both on and off at the same time, letting the computer compute both the on and off state at the same time. Why can we not do this with standard computing by not observing the bit and assuming a both on and off state? [link] [comments]  |
| Would temperature affect the duration and frequency of water rippling? Posted: 17 May 2016 08:47 PM PDT For example does warm water (lets just say 100°F) ripple longer or at a different frequency than cold water( maybe around 60°F)? I am genuinely curious if thermodynamics plays a big role in this or not. [link] [comments]  |
| How was pi first calculated? How is it calculated now? Posted: 18 May 2016 02:52 AM PDT |
| What does "structure of lowest energy" mean? Posted: 18 May 2016 01:29 AM PDT How come: low surface area => low energy? see 10 seconds of the video linked below [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 18 May 2016 04:23 AM PDT |
| Why is a sodium-potassium alloy more reactive than either metal alone? Posted: 17 May 2016 08:31 PM PDT Pretty much the title. Noticed this Popular Mechanics article where someone's playing with alkali metal bullets, and I'm curious as to why the Na:K alloy seems to react more violently with water(melons) than pure sodium or potassium. [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 17 May 2016 07:05 AM PDT Put another way, what is the highest mass number atom (i.e. not a charged ion) that has ever been synthesized? [link] [comments]  |
| Looked up "chirp mass" on Wikipedia and it leaves out the juicy part: why is it called a chirp mass? Posted: 17 May 2016 06:44 PM PDT It's not capitalized, it doesn't have its own entry...what the hell, astrophysicists? [link] [comments]  |
| Can light ever reach Earth (or any celestial body) from a star that originated it? Posted: 17 May 2016 07:28 PM PDT Not sure how it could happen, but I'm imagining that refraction causes the light to move farther than the displacement of the planetary object moving obv slower than light? If possible, we'd literally be able to see what we were before we were here. [link] [comments]  |
| Conceptual explanation for the sum of all natural numbers (1+2+3=-1/12)? Posted: 17 May 2016 03:57 PM PDT Sooooo.... I was looking for advice on my dating profile and everyone freaked out about the "sum of natural numbers "(I had it listed on my things I think about). And now I'm a bit concerned because I show this example to my high schoolers when they ask me to blow their minds and I want to make share I'm not misleading them when I explain this to them conceptually. I understand there are rigorous proofs, hand wavy proofs, controversial proofs, BUT, I want to see if this makes sense conceptually as this is how I've been explaining it to my students.
My kids really get into it and they have taken it upon themselves to try to "prove" other infinite series on their own. Its pretty amazing. Their answers are WRONG, but the effort and the spike in their level of interest, specifically in math, is insane. I'd like to keep using it. Anyway, thanks for reading and for any insight you can offer. [link] [comments]  |
| How did commonly found specialized organs such as the liver originally develop? Posted: 18 May 2016 12:24 AM PDT The further evolution of these organs seems relatively straightforward, but how did they appear in the first place? Could some form of symbiotic background between organisms have been possible, perhaps leading to horizontal gene transfer? [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 18 May 2016 01:09 AM PDT |
| Posted: 17 May 2016 07:49 AM PDT I just had surgery (carpal tunnel release) and I was given anesthesia intravenously. I know you can't remember anything that happens, but the odd thing for me is that you can't dream. How does this work, and how does it kick in so fast? [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 17 May 2016 04:38 PM PDT |
| How do butterfly wings work aerodynamically? Posted: 18 May 2016 04:32 AM PDT Bird wings bend/fold when moving back up after flapping down, allowing them to move fluidly upwards and preventing them from producing upward force on the air and pushing the bird back down, but butterfly wings are more stiff and don't seem to bend, so how do butterfly wings, when flapped, not push the butterfly back down? *I wasn't sure which would be the best category for this question, as it would fit under Biology, Engineering, and Physics, so I just went with Physics. [link] [comments]  |
| What happens to Newtonian physics and quantum field theory as your approach Planck's scale? Posted: 17 May 2016 06:44 AM PDT Do Edit: My mistake. General Relativity not Newtonian physics. [link] [comments]  |
| Is degeneracy pressure a non-local phenomenon? Posted: 17 May 2016 09:50 PM PDT When you cool and compress a collection of fermions, you will reach a point where it is not possible to compress the fermions further. This is due to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which in turn is traceable the spin-statistics connection, i.e. the fact that what spin a particle has determines which type of statistics it obeys, whether Bose-Einstein (integer spin) or Pauli-Dirac (non-integer spin). Where the problem of non-locality comes in is that nothing (such as a field) mediates the spin-statistics connection. It is simply a fact of nature. Doesn't this mean that degeneracy pressure is a non-local phenomenon? [link] [comments]  |
| Posted: 17 May 2016 01:28 PM PDT |
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